裸燕麦(莜麦)与春小麦根系发育的比较研究
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摘要
试验于2003年在河北省张家口市张北县河北农业大学张北实验站进行。本试验以坝上地区主要的粮、经、饲兼用作物——莜麦的早熟品种(坝莜一号)和晚熟品种(品五)为试验材料,并以春小麦为对照,对莜麦和春小麦中后期根系的发育规律进行了比较研究。结果表明:
     1莜麦早熟品种和晚熟品种生育中后期根系的发育规律基本相同,根系干重于抽穗开花期达到最大值,之后至灌浆期根系干重降至最低,灌浆期至成熟期根重表现回升性增长,成熟期根系干重为灌浆期的104.85%~108.74%。春小麦生育后期根系生物量的变化规律与莜麦不同,表现为单峰曲线,于开花期达最大值6.98g,之后根量持续下降,成熟期根系干重为开花期的69.20%。
     通过分层根系研究发现,莜麦的根系主要集中分布在0~30cm土层内,早熟品种此层根系所占比例较低,平均为59.87%:晚熟品种较高,平均为63.61%。莜麦生育后期0~30cm土层内的根量呈下降趋势,而30~90cm土层内的根量增加。与莜麦相比,春小麦0~30cm土层分布的根量较少,所占比例平均为44.91%。
     2莜麦早熟品种和晚熟品种生育中后期根系总体积的变化与根干重的变化基本一致,大致可分为:拔节到抽穗开花期的快速增长阶段、抽穗开花期至灌浆期的缓慢下降阶段、灌浆期至成熟期的缓慢上升阶段。春小麦后期根系总体积基本上呈单峰曲线变化,开花以后根系体积持续下降。
     春小麦与莜麦分层根系体积的比较研究表明,春小麦后期0~30cm土层内根系体积所占比例较低,平均为45.9%;莜麦此层根系体积所占比例较高,早熟品种为57.7%,晚熟品种为63.9%。这与根干重的变化规律相一致。
     3莜麦早熟品种和晚熟品种的根系表面积在抽穗以前均增长较快,晚熟品种抽穗以后至灌浆期,根系表面积急剧下降,之后至成熟根系表面积波动性上升;早熟品种抽穗以后直至成熟,根系表面积波动性变化。春小麦后期根系表面积呈单峰曲线变化,开花期之后根系表面积持续下降,这不利于小麦的籽粒灌浆。从绝对量上比较,莜麦的根系表面积大于春小麦,莜麦晚熟品种的根系表面积大于早熟品种。
     对分层根系表面积的研究表明,莜麦0~30cm土层内的根系表面积下降较快,30cm以下变化很小;春小麦0~20cm土层内的根系表面积下降较快,20cm以下变化不大。说明生育后期深层根系对莜麦和春小麦产量的提高起着更为重要的作用。
     4莜麦两个品种生育中后期,根系全氮含量变化趋势基本一致,均随生育期推移呈下降趋势,大致分为两个阶段:快速下降期(拔节期——抽穗期或灌浆初期)和缓
    
    慢下降期(抽穗期或灌浆初
    化趋势略有不同。晚熟品种
    期—成熟期)。两个品种中后期分层根系全氮含量的变
    的根系全氮含量均呈L
    型曲线。
    O一10cm土层中的根系全氮含量近直线下降
    型变化,
    _、“,一二一r。,,民尔王熟百里赶直线下降,其余各土握
    早熟品种不同时期各个土层中根系的全氮含量均呈
    感爹拐撰
This experiment was conducted in Zhangbei experiment station of Agricultural University of Hebei in Zhangbei county in 2003. Naked oats which is the main grain crop and economic crop and forage was used as experimental material with two varieties, Pin-5(late maturity) and Bayou-1 (early maturity), and spring wheat was used as control. The rule of growth and development of the roots of naked oats and spring wheat in mid-late period had been studied. The results were summarized as follows:
    1 Both early maturity and late maturity varieties, the rule of growth and development of roots of naked oats during the mid-late period was similar. The dry weight of roots reached their peaks at the heading and flowering period, and the early maturity variety was a few days earlier than that of the late maturity variety, then declined gradually, with the lowest value occurred at grain filling. After grain filling, the dry weights of roots increased slowly. The dry weights of roots of mature period is 104.85%~108.74% times as that of the grain filling period. In the late period of spring wheat, the rule of growth and development of roots was a single-peak curve, with the maximum occurred at flowering period, then the root biomass declined gradually, the dry weight of roots of mature period is 69.20% times as that of flowering period.
    Research on different soil layers of roots showed that, both early maturity and late maturity varieties, the roots of naked oats mainly distributed in 0-3 0cm soil layer, the ratio of the early maturity in this layer was 59.87%, which was a little lower than that of late maturity variety which is 63.61%. In the late period of naked oats, the root biomass in 0~30cm soil layer exhibited decreasing trend, but increased in 40~90cm soil layer. Compared with naked oats, the root biomass of spring wheat in 0~30cm was very little, the rate of which was 44.91%.
    2 Both early maturity and late maturity varieties, the change of the total volume of roots of naked oats in the mid-late period was consistent with that of the dry weight of roots. It can be divided into three stages, i.e. rapidly increasing stage (from jointing period to heading and flowering period), slowly declining stage (from heading and flowering period to grain filling period), and slowly rising stage (from grain filling period to mature period). That of spring wheat in late period was a single-peak curve, and the total volume of roots declined gradually after flowering.
    
    
    Comparative research on different layers of roots of naked oats and spring wheat showed that, the rate of the root volume in 0~30cm layer of spring wheat was 45.9%, which was a little lower than that of naked oats which was 57.7%~63.9%.
    3 Both early maturity and late maturity varieties, the root surface area decreased rapidly before heading. From heading to grain filling period, that of late maturity varieties declined rapidly, with the lowest value occurred at grain filling, and increased wavily thereafter. From heading to mature period, that of early maturity varieties appeared multi-peak curve. The root surface area of spring wheat was a single-peak curve in late period and declined gradually after flowering, which was harmful to grain filling. Considering the absolute amount, the root surface area of naked oats was larger than that of spring wheat, and that of late maturity variety was higher than that of early maturity of naked oats.
    Research on the root surface area of different soil layers showed that, the root surface area in 0-30cm soil layer decreased rapidly and changed not obviously below 30cm, that of spring wheat in 0~20cm soil layer decreased rapidly and changed not obviously below 20cm. This research showed that the deeper layer roots (30~90cm) played an important role in late period to the improving yield of naked oats and spring wheat.
    4 In the mid-late period of the two naked oats varieties, the trend of the content of total nitrogen was basically consistent, i.e. appeared declining trend with growing process. It included two stages, which were both decline
引文
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