生活事件对初中生抑郁的影响:自尊和反刍思维的链式中介作用
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摘要
为了探讨生活事件、自尊、反刍思维和初中生抑郁之间的关系,研究采用青少年生活事件量表、自尊量表、反刍思维量表和儿童抑郁量表对684名初中生进行调查。结果显示:(1)生活事件与初中生抑郁呈显著正相关;(2)自尊和反刍思维在生活事件和初中生抑郁间起链式中介作用。生活事件不仅是触发初中生抑郁的重要外部因素,而且生活事件还会通过影响自尊和经由反刍思维对初中生抑郁产生间接作用。因此,减少和避免生活事件对初中生心理的冲击,增强其自尊水平,调整其负性认知方式是改善和预防初中生抑郁的重要途径。
To explore the chain mediation mechanism among life events,self-esteem,rumination and depression in middle school students. Adolescent life events checklist,self-esteem scale,ruminative responses scale and children's depression inventory were employed into this study to investigate 684 middle school students. The results show that:( 1) There is a significant positive correlation between life events and depression in middle school students;( 2) self-esteem and rumination play a chain mediation role between negative life events and depression among middle school students. Negative life events are not only the important external factor that result in the depression of middle school students,but also have indirect effects on middle school students' depression by influence self-esteem and rumination. Therefore,important ways to improve and prevent the depression of middle school students are to reduce the impact of life events on psychology,enhance the level of self-esteem and adjust the pattern of negative cognition.
To explore the chain mediation mechanism among life events,self-esteem,rumination and depression in middle school students. Adolescent life events checklist,self-esteem scale,ruminative responses scale and children's depression inventory were employed into this study to investigate 684 middle school students. The results show that:( 1) There is a significant positive correlation between life events and depression in middle school students;( 2) self-esteem and rumination play a chain mediation role between negative life events and depression among middle school students. Negative life events are not only the important external factor that result in the depression of middle school students,but also have indirect effects on middle school students' depression by influence self-esteem and rumination. Therefore,important ways to improve and prevent the depression of middle school students are to reduce the impact of life events on psychology,enhance the level of self-esteem and adjust the pattern of negative cognition.
引文
Beck,A.T.(2008).The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates.American Journal of Psychiatry,165(8),969-977.
Beer,J.S.(2014).Exaggerated positivity in self-evaluation:A social neuroscience approach to reconciling the role of self-esteem protection and cognitive bias.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,8(10),583-594.
Collishaw,S.,Maughan,B.,Goodman,R.,&Pickles,A.(2004).Time trends in adolescent mental health.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45(8),1350-1362.
Hankin,B.L.,Lakdawalla,Z.,Carter,I.L.,Abela,J.R.Z,&Adams,P.(2007).Are neuroticism,cognitive vulnerabilities and self-esteem overlapping or distinct risks for depression?Evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,26(1),29-63.
Kendler,K.S.,&Gardner,C.O.(2016).Depressive vulnerability,stressful life events and episode onset of major depression:A longitudinal model.Psychological Medicine,46(9),1865-1874.
Klein,D.N.,Kotov,R.,&Bufferd.S.J.(2011).Personality and depression:Explanatory models and review of the evidence.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,7(1),269-295.
Koster,E.H.,Lissnyder,E.D.,Derakshan,N.,&Raedt,R.D.(2011).Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective:The impaired disengagement hypothesis.Clinical Psychology Review,31(1),138-145.
Kuster,F.,Orth,U.,&Meier,L.L.(2012).Rumination mediates the prospective effect of low self-esteem on depression:A five-wave longitudinal study.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,38(6),747-759.
Lyubomirsky,S.,Layous,K.,Chancellor,J.,&Nelson,S.K.(2015).Thinking about rumination:The scholarly contributions and intellectual legacy of Susan Nolen-Hoeksema.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,11(1),1-22.
Maughan,B.,Collishaw,S.,&Stringaris,A.(2013).Depression in childhood and adolescence.Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,22(1),35-40.
Mcgee,R.,&Williams,S.(2000).Does low self-esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents?Journal of Adolescence,23(5),569-582.
Mclaughlin,K.A.,Borkovec,T.D.,&Sibrava,N.J.(2007).The effect of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.Behavior Therapy,38(1),23-38.
Mendelson,T.,&Tandon,S.D.(2016).Prevention of depression in childhood and adolescence.Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics,25(2),201-218.
Merikangas,K.R.,He,J.P.,Burstein,M.,Swanson,S.A.,Avenevoli,S.,Cui,L.,et al.(2010).Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents:Results from the national comorbidity survey replication-adolescent supplement(NCS-A).Journal of the A-merican Academy of Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,49(10),980-989.
Michl,L.C.,Mclaughlin,K.A.,Shepherd,K.,&Nolen-Hoeksema,S.(2013).Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety:Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,122(2),339-352.
Moberly,N.J.,&Watkin,E.R.(2008).Ruminative self-focus,negative life events,and negative affect.Behaviour Research and Therapy,46(9),1034-1039.
Moffitt,T.E.,Caspi,A.,Taylor,A.,Kokaua,J.,Milne,B.J.,Polanczyk,G.,et al.(2010).How common are common mental disorders?Evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospective versus retrospective ascertainment.Psychological Medicine,40(6),899-909.
Mojtabai,R.,Olfson,M.,&Han,B.(2016).National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.Pediatrics,138(6),1-10.
Myers,K.,&Winters,N.C.(2002).Ten-year review of rating scales II:Scales for internalizing disorders.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,41(6),634-659.
Nolen-Hoeksema,S.(1991).Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,100(4),569.
Nolen-Hoeksema,S.(2000).The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,109(3),504-511.
Nolen-Hoeksema,S.,Wisco,B.E.,&Lyubomirsky,S.(2008).Rethinking rumination.Perspectives onPsychological Science,3(5),400-424.
Orth,U.,&Robins,R.W.(2013).Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression.Current Directions in Psychological Science,22(6),455-460.
Orth,U.,Robins,R.W.,Widaman,K.F.,&Conger,R.D.(2014).Is low self-esteem a risk factor for depression?Findings from a longitudinal study of mexican-origin youth.Developmental Psychology,50(2),622-633.
Phillips,A.C.,Carroll,D.,&Der,G.(2015).Negative life events and symptoms of depression and anxiety:Stress causation and/or stress generation.Anxiety,Stress,&Coping,28(4),357-371.
Price,R.B.,Rosen,D.,Siegle,G.J.,Ladouceur,C.D.,Tang,K.,Allen,et al.(2016).From anxious youth to depressed adolescents:Prospective prediction of 2-year depression symptoms via attentional bias measures.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,125(2),267-278.
Roberts,H.,Watkins,E.R.,&Wills,A.J.(2013).Cueing an unresolved personal goal causes persistent ruminative self-focus:An experimental evaluation of control theories of rumination.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,44(4),449-455.
Robinson,M.S.,&Alloy,L.B.(2003).Negative cognitive styles and stress-reactive rumination interact to predict depression:A prospective study.Cognitive Therapy and Research,27(3),275-291.
Ruscio,A.M.,Gentes,E.L.,Jones,J.D.,Hallion,L.S.,Coleman,E.S.,&Swendsen,J.(2015).Rumination predicts heightened responding to stressful life events in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,124(1),17-26.
Shervin,A.,&Moghani,L.M.(2016).Stressful life events and risk of depression 25 years later:Race and gender differences.Frontiers in Public Health,4(49),1-10.
Steiger,A.E.,Allemand,M.,Robins,R.W.,&Fend,H.A.(2014).Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,106(2),325-338.
Tafarodi,R.W.,Marshall,T.C.,&Milne,A.B.(2003).Self-esteem and memory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.84(1),29-45.
Thapar,A.,Collishaw,S.,Pine,D.S.,&Thapar,A.K.(2012).Depression in adolescence.The Lancet,379(9820),1056-1067.
Yanagisawa,K.,Masui,K.,Furutani,K.,Nomura,M.,Ura,M.,&Yoshida,H.(2011).Does higher general trust serve as a psychosocial buffer against social pain?An NIRS study of social exclusion.Social Neuroscience.6(2),190-197.
陈红敏,赵雷,伍新春.(2014).生活事件对情感和行为的影响:理论比较与启示.心理科学进展,22(3),492-501.
丁新华,王极盛.(2002).中学生生活事件与抑郁的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,16(11),788-790.
方杰,温忠麟,张敏强,孙配贞.(2014).基于结构方程模型的多重中介效应分析.心理科学进展,3(37),735-741.
冯正直,张大均.(2005).中学生抑郁症状的流行病学特征研究.中华行为医学与脑科学杂志,14(2),103-105.
高丽,张向葵,田录梅.(2010).归因方式对不同自尊水平个体状态焦虑情绪的影响.中国临床心理学杂志,18(1),111-113.
韩秀,杨宏飞.(2009).Nolen-Hoeksema反刍思维量表在中国的试用.中国临床心理学杂志,17(5),550-549.
侯金芹,陈祉妍.(2016).青少年抑郁情绪的发展轨迹:界定亚群组及其影响因素.心理学报,48(8),957-968.
李白璐,边玉芳.(2016).初中生生活满意度的发展趋势及社会支持、自尊的影响:一项3年追踪研究.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),900-904.
林崇德.(2008).发展心理学.北京:人民教育出版社,321-360.
刘贤臣,刘连启,杨杰,柴福勋,王爱祯,孙良民,赵贵芳,马登岱.(1997).青少年生活事件量表的信度效度检验.中国临床心理学杂志,11(1),34-36.
罗一君,孔繁昌,牛更枫,周宗奎.(2017).压力事件对初中生抑郁的影响:网络使用动机与网络使用强度的作用.心理发展与教育,33(3),337-344.
田录梅,李双.(2005).自尊概念辨析.心理学探新,25(2),26-29.
汪向东,王希林,马弘.(1999).心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版).北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,318-319.
王小新,安金玲.(2009).初中生自尊主观幸福感及其与心理健康关系分析.中国学校卫生,30(8),744-746.
温忠麟,侯杰泰,马什赫伯特.(2004).结构方程模型检验:拟合指数与卡方准则.心理学报,36(2),186-194.
吴明证,孙晓玲,梁宁建.(2009).青少年自尊与抑郁的关系:迷思的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,17(6),753-755.
吴文峰,卢永彪,谭芙蓉,姚树桥.(2010).儿童抑郁量表中文版在中小学生中的信效度.中国心理卫生杂志,24(10),775-779.
伍新春,王文超,周宵,陈秋燕,林崇德.(2018).汶川地震8.5年后青少年身心状况研究.心理发展与教育,34(1),80-89.
谢家树,李杰,易嫦娥,邓多林.(2014).初中生生活事件与生活满意度的关系:心理弹性的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,22(4),676-679.
熊红星,张璟,叶宝娟.(2012).共同方法变异的影响及其统计控制途径的模型分析.心理科学进展,20(5),757-769.
阳德华,王耘,董奇.(2000).初中生的抑郁与焦虑:结构与发展特点.心理发展与教育,16(3),12-17.
杨会芹,刘晖.(2014).生活事件自尊及冗思对初中留守儿童内化情绪问题影响路径分析.中国临床心理学杂志,22(6),1107-1110.
杨娟,章晨晨,姚树桥.(2010).高中生沉思与应激性生活事件对抑郁症状的影响:1年追踪研究.心理学报,42(9),939-945.
张向葵,祖静,赵悦彤.(2015).儿童青少年自尊发展理论建构与实证研究.心理发展与教育,31(1),15-20.
张志华,王强,杨林胜,郝加虎,黄芬,程慧,叶冬青.(2007).中学生生活事件与抑郁的相关性研究.中国学校卫生,28(3),226-227.
Beer,J.S.(2014).Exaggerated positivity in self-evaluation:A social neuroscience approach to reconciling the role of self-esteem protection and cognitive bias.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,8(10),583-594.
Collishaw,S.,Maughan,B.,Goodman,R.,&Pickles,A.(2004).Time trends in adolescent mental health.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,45(8),1350-1362.
Hankin,B.L.,Lakdawalla,Z.,Carter,I.L.,Abela,J.R.Z,&Adams,P.(2007).Are neuroticism,cognitive vulnerabilities and self-esteem overlapping or distinct risks for depression?Evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,26(1),29-63.
Kendler,K.S.,&Gardner,C.O.(2016).Depressive vulnerability,stressful life events and episode onset of major depression:A longitudinal model.Psychological Medicine,46(9),1865-1874.
Klein,D.N.,Kotov,R.,&Bufferd.S.J.(2011).Personality and depression:Explanatory models and review of the evidence.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,7(1),269-295.
Koster,E.H.,Lissnyder,E.D.,Derakshan,N.,&Raedt,R.D.(2011).Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective:The impaired disengagement hypothesis.Clinical Psychology Review,31(1),138-145.
Kuster,F.,Orth,U.,&Meier,L.L.(2012).Rumination mediates the prospective effect of low self-esteem on depression:A five-wave longitudinal study.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,38(6),747-759.
Lyubomirsky,S.,Layous,K.,Chancellor,J.,&Nelson,S.K.(2015).Thinking about rumination:The scholarly contributions and intellectual legacy of Susan Nolen-Hoeksema.Annual Review of Clinical Psychology,11(1),1-22.
Maughan,B.,Collishaw,S.,&Stringaris,A.(2013).Depression in childhood and adolescence.Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,22(1),35-40.
Mcgee,R.,&Williams,S.(2000).Does low self-esteem predict health compromising behaviours among adolescents?Journal of Adolescence,23(5),569-582.
Mclaughlin,K.A.,Borkovec,T.D.,&Sibrava,N.J.(2007).The effect of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.Behavior Therapy,38(1),23-38.
Mendelson,T.,&Tandon,S.D.(2016).Prevention of depression in childhood and adolescence.Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics,25(2),201-218.
Merikangas,K.R.,He,J.P.,Burstein,M.,Swanson,S.A.,Avenevoli,S.,Cui,L.,et al.(2010).Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in US adolescents:Results from the national comorbidity survey replication-adolescent supplement(NCS-A).Journal of the A-merican Academy of Child&Adolescent Psychiatry,49(10),980-989.
Michl,L.C.,Mclaughlin,K.A.,Shepherd,K.,&Nolen-Hoeksema,S.(2013).Rumination as a mechanism linking stressful life events to symptoms of depression and anxiety:Longitudinal evidence in early adolescents and adults.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,122(2),339-352.
Moberly,N.J.,&Watkin,E.R.(2008).Ruminative self-focus,negative life events,and negative affect.Behaviour Research and Therapy,46(9),1034-1039.
Moffitt,T.E.,Caspi,A.,Taylor,A.,Kokaua,J.,Milne,B.J.,Polanczyk,G.,et al.(2010).How common are common mental disorders?Evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospective versus retrospective ascertainment.Psychological Medicine,40(6),899-909.
Mojtabai,R.,Olfson,M.,&Han,B.(2016).National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.Pediatrics,138(6),1-10.
Myers,K.,&Winters,N.C.(2002).Ten-year review of rating scales II:Scales for internalizing disorders.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,41(6),634-659.
Nolen-Hoeksema,S.(1991).Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,100(4),569.
Nolen-Hoeksema,S.(2000).The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,109(3),504-511.
Nolen-Hoeksema,S.,Wisco,B.E.,&Lyubomirsky,S.(2008).Rethinking rumination.Perspectives onPsychological Science,3(5),400-424.
Orth,U.,&Robins,R.W.(2013).Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression.Current Directions in Psychological Science,22(6),455-460.
Orth,U.,Robins,R.W.,Widaman,K.F.,&Conger,R.D.(2014).Is low self-esteem a risk factor for depression?Findings from a longitudinal study of mexican-origin youth.Developmental Psychology,50(2),622-633.
Phillips,A.C.,Carroll,D.,&Der,G.(2015).Negative life events and symptoms of depression and anxiety:Stress causation and/or stress generation.Anxiety,Stress,&Coping,28(4),357-371.
Price,R.B.,Rosen,D.,Siegle,G.J.,Ladouceur,C.D.,Tang,K.,Allen,et al.(2016).From anxious youth to depressed adolescents:Prospective prediction of 2-year depression symptoms via attentional bias measures.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,125(2),267-278.
Roberts,H.,Watkins,E.R.,&Wills,A.J.(2013).Cueing an unresolved personal goal causes persistent ruminative self-focus:An experimental evaluation of control theories of rumination.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,44(4),449-455.
Robinson,M.S.,&Alloy,L.B.(2003).Negative cognitive styles and stress-reactive rumination interact to predict depression:A prospective study.Cognitive Therapy and Research,27(3),275-291.
Ruscio,A.M.,Gentes,E.L.,Jones,J.D.,Hallion,L.S.,Coleman,E.S.,&Swendsen,J.(2015).Rumination predicts heightened responding to stressful life events in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,124(1),17-26.
Shervin,A.,&Moghani,L.M.(2016).Stressful life events and risk of depression 25 years later:Race and gender differences.Frontiers in Public Health,4(49),1-10.
Steiger,A.E.,Allemand,M.,Robins,R.W.,&Fend,H.A.(2014).Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,106(2),325-338.
Tafarodi,R.W.,Marshall,T.C.,&Milne,A.B.(2003).Self-esteem and memory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.84(1),29-45.
Thapar,A.,Collishaw,S.,Pine,D.S.,&Thapar,A.K.(2012).Depression in adolescence.The Lancet,379(9820),1056-1067.
Yanagisawa,K.,Masui,K.,Furutani,K.,Nomura,M.,Ura,M.,&Yoshida,H.(2011).Does higher general trust serve as a psychosocial buffer against social pain?An NIRS study of social exclusion.Social Neuroscience.6(2),190-197.
陈红敏,赵雷,伍新春.(2014).生活事件对情感和行为的影响:理论比较与启示.心理科学进展,22(3),492-501.
丁新华,王极盛.(2002).中学生生活事件与抑郁的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,16(11),788-790.
方杰,温忠麟,张敏强,孙配贞.(2014).基于结构方程模型的多重中介效应分析.心理科学进展,3(37),735-741.
冯正直,张大均.(2005).中学生抑郁症状的流行病学特征研究.中华行为医学与脑科学杂志,14(2),103-105.
高丽,张向葵,田录梅.(2010).归因方式对不同自尊水平个体状态焦虑情绪的影响.中国临床心理学杂志,18(1),111-113.
韩秀,杨宏飞.(2009).Nolen-Hoeksema反刍思维量表在中国的试用.中国临床心理学杂志,17(5),550-549.
侯金芹,陈祉妍.(2016).青少年抑郁情绪的发展轨迹:界定亚群组及其影响因素.心理学报,48(8),957-968.
李白璐,边玉芳.(2016).初中生生活满意度的发展趋势及社会支持、自尊的影响:一项3年追踪研究.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),900-904.
林崇德.(2008).发展心理学.北京:人民教育出版社,321-360.
刘贤臣,刘连启,杨杰,柴福勋,王爱祯,孙良民,赵贵芳,马登岱.(1997).青少年生活事件量表的信度效度检验.中国临床心理学杂志,11(1),34-36.
罗一君,孔繁昌,牛更枫,周宗奎.(2017).压力事件对初中生抑郁的影响:网络使用动机与网络使用强度的作用.心理发展与教育,33(3),337-344.
田录梅,李双.(2005).自尊概念辨析.心理学探新,25(2),26-29.
汪向东,王希林,马弘.(1999).心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版).北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,318-319.
王小新,安金玲.(2009).初中生自尊主观幸福感及其与心理健康关系分析.中国学校卫生,30(8),744-746.
温忠麟,侯杰泰,马什赫伯特.(2004).结构方程模型检验:拟合指数与卡方准则.心理学报,36(2),186-194.
吴明证,孙晓玲,梁宁建.(2009).青少年自尊与抑郁的关系:迷思的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,17(6),753-755.
吴文峰,卢永彪,谭芙蓉,姚树桥.(2010).儿童抑郁量表中文版在中小学生中的信效度.中国心理卫生杂志,24(10),775-779.
伍新春,王文超,周宵,陈秋燕,林崇德.(2018).汶川地震8.5年后青少年身心状况研究.心理发展与教育,34(1),80-89.
谢家树,李杰,易嫦娥,邓多林.(2014).初中生生活事件与生活满意度的关系:心理弹性的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,22(4),676-679.
熊红星,张璟,叶宝娟.(2012).共同方法变异的影响及其统计控制途径的模型分析.心理科学进展,20(5),757-769.
阳德华,王耘,董奇.(2000).初中生的抑郁与焦虑:结构与发展特点.心理发展与教育,16(3),12-17.
杨会芹,刘晖.(2014).生活事件自尊及冗思对初中留守儿童内化情绪问题影响路径分析.中国临床心理学杂志,22(6),1107-1110.
杨娟,章晨晨,姚树桥.(2010).高中生沉思与应激性生活事件对抑郁症状的影响:1年追踪研究.心理学报,42(9),939-945.
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