不同水旱复种轮作方式对稻田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响
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摘要
通过连续2年的田间试验,研究不同水旱复种轮作方式对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响.结果表明:稻田2年水旱复种轮作后的土壤总有机碳(TOC)呈现先升高后下降的趋势,易氧化有机碳(ROC)分蘖期最高、成熟期最低,土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)在分蘖期最高,可溶性有机碳(DOC)则在成熟期达到最高.土壤TOC的差异变化最大值和最小值分别出现在孕穗期和成熟期,ROC出现在返青期和孕穗期,DOC出现在成熟期和返青期,SMBC出现在分蘖期和返青期."冬闲-早稻-晚稻→冬闲-早稻-晚稻"的土壤TOC、DOC变化幅度最大,"紫云英-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻"的土壤ROC变化幅度最大,"蔬菜-花生/玉米-晚稻→紫云英-早稻-晚稻"模式的SMBC变化幅度最大."马铃薯-玉米/大豆-晚稻→蔬菜-花生/玉米-晚稻"在孕穗期的TOC含量较高;"紫云英-早稻-晚稻→油菜-花生-晚稻"能在晚稻生长的前期和中期积累较多的土壤ROC;"油菜-花生-晚稻→马铃薯-玉米/大豆-晚稻"在返青期和成熟期的土壤DOC含量较高,在孕穗期和抽穗期的SMBC较高.土壤各有机碳及其组分的大小关系为:TOC>ROC>SMBC>DOC.可见在当地土壤肥力条件下,水旱复种轮作方式能提高土壤有机碳及其组分的含量,有利于改善土壤质量,提高土壤肥力.
The variations of soil organic carbon and its fractions in different paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems were evaluated in field trials in two consecutive years. During paddyupland multiple cropping rotations conducted over 2 years,the content of soil total organic carbon( TOC) first increased and then decreased. The content of readily oxidized organic carbon( ROC)was highest at the rice tillering stage and lowest at the mature stage. The soil microbial biomass carbon( SMBC) was highest at the tillering stage. The dissolved organic carbon( DOC) content was highest at the mature stage. The maximum and minimum differences were at the booting stage and mature stage for TOC content,at the greening stage and booting stage for ROC content,at the mature stage and the greening stage for DOC content,at the tillering stage and the greening stage for SMBC,respectively. The soil TOC and DOC contents showed the largest variations in the ‘winter fallow-early rice-late rice → winter fallow-early rice-late rice ' rotation. The soil ROC content showed the largest variation in the ‘milk vetch-early rice-late rice → rape-peanut-late rice'rotation. The maximum variation of SMBC was in the ‘vegetables-peanut/corn-late rice → milk vetchearly rice-late rice'rotation. The ‘potato-maize/soybean-late rice → vegetables-peanut/corn-late rice'rotation resulted in higher soil TOC content at the booting stage. The pattern of ‘milk vetchearly rice-late rice → oil rape-peanut-late rice'led to higher soil ROC contents in the early and middle growth stages of late rice. In the ‘rape-peanut-late rice → potato-maize/soybean-late rice'rotation,the highest DOC contents were at the greening stage and the mature stage,and the highest SMBC were at the booting stage and the heading stage,respectively. All these diffe-rences were significant. The rank the contents of soil organic carbon fractions from highest to lowest followed the order: TOC>ROC>SMBC>DOC. The results suggested that paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems could increase the contents of soil organic carbon and its fractions and improve soil quality and fertility.
The variations of soil organic carbon and its fractions in different paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems were evaluated in field trials in two consecutive years. During paddyupland multiple cropping rotations conducted over 2 years,the content of soil total organic carbon( TOC) first increased and then decreased. The content of readily oxidized organic carbon( ROC)was highest at the rice tillering stage and lowest at the mature stage. The soil microbial biomass carbon( SMBC) was highest at the tillering stage. The dissolved organic carbon( DOC) content was highest at the mature stage. The maximum and minimum differences were at the booting stage and mature stage for TOC content,at the greening stage and booting stage for ROC content,at the mature stage and the greening stage for DOC content,at the tillering stage and the greening stage for SMBC,respectively. The soil TOC and DOC contents showed the largest variations in the ‘winter fallow-early rice-late rice → winter fallow-early rice-late rice ' rotation. The soil ROC content showed the largest variation in the ‘milk vetch-early rice-late rice → rape-peanut-late rice'rotation. The maximum variation of SMBC was in the ‘vegetables-peanut/corn-late rice → milk vetchearly rice-late rice'rotation. The ‘potato-maize/soybean-late rice → vegetables-peanut/corn-late rice'rotation resulted in higher soil TOC content at the booting stage. The pattern of ‘milk vetchearly rice-late rice → oil rape-peanut-late rice'led to higher soil ROC contents in the early and middle growth stages of late rice. In the ‘rape-peanut-late rice → potato-maize/soybean-late rice'rotation,the highest DOC contents were at the greening stage and the mature stage,and the highest SMBC were at the booting stage and the heading stage,respectively. All these diffe-rences were significant. The rank the contents of soil organic carbon fractions from highest to lowest followed the order: TOC>ROC>SMBC>DOC. The results suggested that paddy-upland multiple cropping rotation systems could increase the contents of soil organic carbon and its fractions and improve soil quality and fertility.
引文
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[2] Liu X-H(刘巽浩). The Farming. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1994:156-171(in Chinese)
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[14] Zech W,Senesi N,Guggenberger G,et al. Factors controlling humification and mineralization of soil organic matter in the tropics. Geoderma,1997,79:117-161
[15] Witt C,Cassman KG,Olk DC,et al. Crop rotation and residue management effects on carbon sequestration,nitrogen cycling and productivity of irrigated rice systems. Plant and Soil,2000,225:263-278
[16] Gao J-S(高菊生),Cao W-D(曹卫东),Li D-C(李冬初),et al. Effects of long-term double-rice and green manure rotation on rice yield and soil organic matter in paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(16):4542-4548(in Chinese)
[17] Chen H,Hou R,Gong Y,et al. Effects of 11 years of conservation tillage on soil organic matter fractions in wheat monoculture in Loess Plateau of China. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience,2009,106:85-94
[18] Lu Y-H(鲁艳红). Studies on Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter and Its Relation to Soil Quality in Reddish Paddy Soil under Long-term Fertilization. PhD Thesis. Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2011(in Chinese)
[19] Chen J(陈娟),Ma Z-M(马忠明),Liu L-L(刘莉莉),et al. Effect of tillage system on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and enzyme activities. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(3):667-675(in Chinese)
[20] Bao S-D(鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000:44-49(in Chinese)
[21] Xu M-G(徐明岗),Yu R(于荣),Sun X-F(孙小凤),et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on labile organic matter and carbon management index(CMI)of the typical soils of China. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2006,12(4):459-465(in Chinese)
[22] Xiao X-P(肖小平),Tang H-M(唐海明),Nie Z-M(聂泽民),et al. Effects of winter cover crop straw recycling on soil organic carbon and soil carbon pool management index in paddy fields. Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture(中国生态农业学报),2013,21(10):1202-1208(in Chinese)
[23] Wang L-H(王丽宏),Zeng Z-H(曾昭海),Yang G-L(杨光立),et al. Effects of winter crops on microbial biomass C and N during rice growth. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2009,15(2):381-385(in Chinese)
[24] Hou C-C(侯翠翠),Song C-C(宋长春),Li Y-C(李英臣),et al. Seasonal dynamics of soil organic carbon and active organic carbon fractions in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetlands topsoil under different water conditions. Environmental Science(环境科学),2011,32(1):290-297(in Chinese)
[25] Kalbitz K,Solinger S,Park JH,et al. Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils:A review.Soil Science,2000,165:277-304
[26] Zhang J-Z(张敬智),Ma C(马超),Gao H-J(郜红建). Investigation of soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure evolution of northeast paddy black soil in waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Journal of Agro-Environment Science(农业环境科学学报),2017,36(6):1160-1166(in Chinese)
[27] Zhou X(周兴),Liao Y-L(廖育林),Lu Y-H(鲁艳红),et al. Responses of contents of soil organic carbon fractions to Chinese milk vetch-rice straw synergistic dispatching under the condition of reducing fertilizer application. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2017,31(3):283-290(in Chinese)
[2] Liu X-H(刘巽浩). The Farming. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1994:156-171(in Chinese)
[3] Kaur T, Brar BS, Dhillon NS. Soil organic matter dynamics as affected by long-term use of organic and inorganic fertilizers under maize-wheat cropping system.Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2008,81:59-69
[4] Song D(宋丹). Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Organic Carbon and Estimation of Carbon Fixation Potential in Cultivated Land of Lower Liaohe River Plain. PhD Thesis. Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2013(in Chinese)
[5] Jimenez MDLP,Horra ADL,Pruzzo L,et al. Soil quality:A new index based on microbiological and biochemical parameters. Biology&Fertility of Soils,2002,35:302-306
[6] Tang H-M(唐海明),Cheng K-K(程凯凯),Xiao XP(肖小平),et al. Effects of different winter cover crops on soil organic carbon in a double cropping rice paddy field. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(2):465-473(in Chinese)
[7] Zhou X(周兴). Responses of Rice Yield and Soil Organic Carbon to Chemical Fertilizer Application Rates under Utilized the Chinese Milk Vetch. PhD Thesis.Changsha:Central South University,2014(in Chinese)
[8] Xu M-G(徐明岗),Liang G-Q(梁国庆),Zhang F-D(张夫道),et al. Soil Fertility Evolution in China. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2006:7-33(in Chinese)
[9] Wang L-L(王玲莉),Lou Y-L(娄翼来),Shi Y-L(石元亮),et al. Long-term fertilization on indicators of soil active organic carbon. Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2008,39(4):752-755(in Chinese)
[10] Li JH,Jiao SM,Gao RQ,et al. Differential effects of legume species on the recovery of soil microbial communities,and carbon and nitrogen contents,in abandoned fields of the Loess Plateau,China. Environmental Management,2012,50:1193-1203
[11] Ji Q(姬强),Sun H-Y(孙汉印),Taraqqi AK,et al. Impact of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon and water use efficiency under continuous wheatmaize binary cropping system. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(4):1029-1035(in Chinese)
[12] Sahrawat KL. Organic matter accumulation in submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy,2003,81:169-201
[13] Yadav RL,Dwivedi BS,Prasad K,et al. Yield trends,and changes in soil organic-C and available NPK in a long-term rice-wheat system under integrated use of manures and fertilizers. Field Crops Research,2000,68:219-246
[14] Zech W,Senesi N,Guggenberger G,et al. Factors controlling humification and mineralization of soil organic matter in the tropics. Geoderma,1997,79:117-161
[15] Witt C,Cassman KG,Olk DC,et al. Crop rotation and residue management effects on carbon sequestration,nitrogen cycling and productivity of irrigated rice systems. Plant and Soil,2000,225:263-278
[16] Gao J-S(高菊生),Cao W-D(曹卫东),Li D-C(李冬初),et al. Effects of long-term double-rice and green manure rotation on rice yield and soil organic matter in paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(16):4542-4548(in Chinese)
[17] Chen H,Hou R,Gong Y,et al. Effects of 11 years of conservation tillage on soil organic matter fractions in wheat monoculture in Loess Plateau of China. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience,2009,106:85-94
[18] Lu Y-H(鲁艳红). Studies on Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter and Its Relation to Soil Quality in Reddish Paddy Soil under Long-term Fertilization. PhD Thesis. Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2011(in Chinese)
[19] Chen J(陈娟),Ma Z-M(马忠明),Liu L-L(刘莉莉),et al. Effect of tillage system on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and enzyme activities. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer(植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(3):667-675(in Chinese)
[20] Bao S-D(鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. 3rd Ed. Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000:44-49(in Chinese)
[21] Xu M-G(徐明岗),Yu R(于荣),Sun X-F(孙小凤),et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on labile organic matter and carbon management index(CMI)of the typical soils of China. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2006,12(4):459-465(in Chinese)
[22] Xiao X-P(肖小平),Tang H-M(唐海明),Nie Z-M(聂泽民),et al. Effects of winter cover crop straw recycling on soil organic carbon and soil carbon pool management index in paddy fields. Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture(中国生态农业学报),2013,21(10):1202-1208(in Chinese)
[23] Wang L-H(王丽宏),Zeng Z-H(曾昭海),Yang G-L(杨光立),et al. Effects of winter crops on microbial biomass C and N during rice growth. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science(植物营养与肥料学报),2009,15(2):381-385(in Chinese)
[24] Hou C-C(侯翠翠),Song C-C(宋长春),Li Y-C(李英臣),et al. Seasonal dynamics of soil organic carbon and active organic carbon fractions in Calamagrostis angustifolia wetlands topsoil under different water conditions. Environmental Science(环境科学),2011,32(1):290-297(in Chinese)
[25] Kalbitz K,Solinger S,Park JH,et al. Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils:A review.Soil Science,2000,165:277-304
[26] Zhang J-Z(张敬智),Ma C(马超),Gao H-J(郜红建). Investigation of soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure evolution of northeast paddy black soil in waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Journal of Agro-Environment Science(农业环境科学学报),2017,36(6):1160-1166(in Chinese)
[27] Zhou X(周兴),Liao Y-L(廖育林),Lu Y-H(鲁艳红),et al. Responses of contents of soil organic carbon fractions to Chinese milk vetch-rice straw synergistic dispatching under the condition of reducing fertilizer application. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2017,31(3):283-290(in Chinese)