高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响
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摘要
为探讨高糖饲料对吉富罗非鱼(GIFT Oreochromis niloticus)生长性能、饲料利用和糖脂代谢的影响,设置糖水平为34%的对照饲料(C组,能量水平13.68 k J·g-1)、糖水平为48%的高糖高能饲料(HCE组,能量水平16.03 k J·g-1)和高糖等能饲料(HE组,能量水平13.81 k J·g-1),在室内循环水系统中饲养初始体质量(20.34±0.42)g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼60 d。结果表明,HCE组和HE组的增重率、特定生长率、肝脏粗蛋白均显著低于C组(P<0.05),饲料系数、肝脏粗脂肪、肝糖原、总糖表观消化率、血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著高于C组(P<0.05);HE组增重率、全鱼粗脂肪、血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇均显著低于HCE组(P<0.05);高糖组肝脏葡萄糖激酶显著高于C组,HE组葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶、苹果酸酶、脂肪酸合成酶活性最高,C组最低(P<0.05);由肝脏组织切片看出,高糖饲料引起吉富罗非鱼肝脏细胞肿大变形,出现空泡,HCE组对肝脏损伤更加显著。研究结果表明,吉富罗非鱼能够耐受48%糖水平的饲料,但长期摄食导致鱼体糖脂代谢紊乱,尤其影响脂肪代谢,造成鱼体脂肪蓄积,肝功能损伤,不利于生长与健康。
To investigate the effects of high-carbohydrate diet on the growth performance,feed utilization,glucose and lipid metabolism of GIFT Oreochromis niloticus,we had fed the GIFT juveniles [initial body mass( 20. 34 ± 0. 42) g] with normal diet( C diet,34% cholesterol level,dietary energy of 13. 68 k J·g-1),high-carbohydrate and high-energy diet( HCE diet,48% cholesterol level,dietary energy of 16. 03 k J·g-1) and high-carbohydrate isoenergy diet( HE diet,dietary energy of 13. 81 k J·g-1) in indoor circulating water system for 60 d. The results show that the weight gain rate,specific growth rate,liver crude protein contents of HCE and HE groups were lower than those of C group significantly( P < 0. 05); while HCE and HE groups had significantly higher feed conversion ratio,crude fat content and glycogen content of liver,apparent digestibility of carbohydrate,low density lipoprotein cholesterol( LDLC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol( HDL-C). The weight gain rate,whole body fat content,serum triglyceride( TG),totalcholesterol( T-CHO) of HE group were lower than those of HCE group significantly( P < 0. 05). The activities of glucokinase( GK) of HCE and HE group were higher than those of C group,and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase( G-6-PDH),malic enzyme( ME),fatty acid synthase( FAS) of HCE were the highest in the three groups,and those of the C group were the lowest( P < 0. 05). High carbohydrate groups induced swelling of liver cells and appearance of vacuoles. Hepatic injury was more serious in HCE group. In conclusion,GIFT can tolerate the feed with 48% carbohydrate content,but that is not conducive to the growth and health of GIFT,leading to fat accumulation and liver injury,disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism especially fat metabolism.
To investigate the effects of high-carbohydrate diet on the growth performance,feed utilization,glucose and lipid metabolism of GIFT Oreochromis niloticus,we had fed the GIFT juveniles [initial body mass( 20. 34 ± 0. 42) g] with normal diet( C diet,34% cholesterol level,dietary energy of 13. 68 k J·g-1),high-carbohydrate and high-energy diet( HCE diet,48% cholesterol level,dietary energy of 16. 03 k J·g-1) and high-carbohydrate isoenergy diet( HE diet,dietary energy of 13. 81 k J·g-1) in indoor circulating water system for 60 d. The results show that the weight gain rate,specific growth rate,liver crude protein contents of HCE and HE groups were lower than those of C group significantly( P < 0. 05); while HCE and HE groups had significantly higher feed conversion ratio,crude fat content and glycogen content of liver,apparent digestibility of carbohydrate,low density lipoprotein cholesterol( LDLC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol( HDL-C). The weight gain rate,whole body fat content,serum triglyceride( TG),totalcholesterol( T-CHO) of HE group were lower than those of HCE group significantly( P < 0. 05). The activities of glucokinase( GK) of HCE and HE group were higher than those of C group,and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase( G-6-PDH),malic enzyme( ME),fatty acid synthase( FAS) of HCE were the highest in the three groups,and those of the C group were the lowest( P < 0. 05). High carbohydrate groups induced swelling of liver cells and appearance of vacuoles. Hepatic injury was more serious in HCE group. In conclusion,GIFT can tolerate the feed with 48% carbohydrate content,but that is not conducive to the growth and health of GIFT,leading to fat accumulation and liver injury,disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism especially fat metabolism.
引文
[1]TENDENCIA E A,FERMIN A C,DELA PENA M R,et al.Effect of Epinephelus coioides,Chanos chanos,and GIFT tilapia in polyculture with Penaeus monodon on the growth of the luminous bacteria Vibrio harveyi[J].Aquaculture,2006,253(1/2/3/4):48-56.
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[5]王菲,李向飞,李贵锋,等.不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解能力的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(9):1386-1394.
[6]蔡春芳,陈立侨.鱼类对糖的利用评述[J].水生生物学报,2006,30(5):608-613.
[7]赵艳景,胡虹,王颖.缢蛏多糖的提取及抗氧化作用研究[J].水产科学,2010,29(2):91-94.
[8]ANDERSEN D E,REID S D,MOON T W,et al.Metabolic effects associated with chronically elevated cortisol in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Can J Fish Aquat Sci,2011,48(9):1811-1817.
[9]PANSERAT S,MDALE F,BLIN C,et al.Hepatic glucokinase is induced by dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout,gilthead seabream,and common carp[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2000,278(5):R1164-R1170.
[10]DIAS J,RUEDA-JASSO R,PANSERAT S,et al.Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth,lipid deposition and metabolic hepatic enzymes in juvenile Senegalese sole(Solea senegalensis,Kaup)[J].Aquacult Res,2004,35(12):1122-1130.
[11]BAUTISTA J M,GARRIDO-PERTIERRA A,SOLER G.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Dicentrarchus labrax liver:kinetic mechanism and kinetics of NADPH inhibition[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,1988,967(3):354-363.
[12]刘泓宇,毛义波,谭北平,等.饲料糖水平对不同食性鱼类生长及葡萄糖耐受能力的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(12):1852-1862.
[13]吴凡,文华,蒋明,等.饲料碳水化合物水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2011,32(4):91-95.
[14]吴凡,文华,蒋明,等.饲料碳水化合物水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能和血液主要生化指标的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,18(12):8-14.
[15]OTCHOUMOU A K,BLE C M,NIAMKE S L,et al.Effect of dietary carbohydrate:lipid ratio on growth performance and body composition of African catfish(Heterobranchus longifilis)finger-lings[J].Israeli J Aquacult-Bamidgeh,2011,63(2):169-180.
[16]AMANAT AL,AL-ASGAH N A.Effect of feeding different carbohydrate to lipid ratios on the growth performance and body composition of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fingerlings[J].Animal,2001,50(1):91-100.
[17]ALI M Z,JAUNCEY K.Optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio in African catfish Clarias gariepinus(Burchell 1822)[J].Aquacult Int,2004,12(2):169-180.
[18]HILTON J W,DIXON D G.Effect of increased liver glycogen and liver weight on liver function in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri richardson:recovery from anaesthesia and plasma 35 S-sulphobromophthalein clearance[J].J Fish Dis,1982,5(3):185-195.
[19]LOPZ L M,OLMOS SOTO J,TREJO ESCAMILLA I A,et al.Evaluation of carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio in diets supplemented with Bacillus subtilis probiotic strain on growth performance,body composition and digestibility in juvenile white seabass(Atractoscion nobilis,Ayres 1860)[J].Aquacult Res,2016,47(6):1864-1873.
[20]HAIDAR M N,PETIE M,HEINSBROEK L T,et al.The effect of type of carbohydrate(starch vs.nonstarch polysaccharides)on nutrients digestibility,energy retention and maintenance requirements in Nile tilapia[J].Aquaculture,2016,463:241-247.
[21]MOHAPATRA M,SAHU N P,CHAUDHARI A.Utilization of gelatinized carbohydrate in diets of Labeo rohita fry[J].Aquacult Nutr,2003,9(3):189-196.
[22]刘迎隆.不同添加量的糖对军曹鱼生长代谢的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014:17-21.
[23]王朝明,罗莉,张桂众,等.饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和脂肪代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(4):969-976.
[24]STONE D J.Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish[J].Rev Fish Sci,2003,11(4):337-369.
[25]崔志峰,郝彦周,孙卫明,等.纤维素在鱼类饲料中适宜含量的研究概况[J].华北农学报,2006,21(12):79-81.
[26]刘波,谢骏,苏永腾,等.高碳水化合物日粮对翘嘴红#生长、GK及GK m RNA表达的影响[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(1):47-53.
[27]缪凌鸿,刘波,戈贤平,等.高碳水化合物水平日粮对异育银鲫生长、生理、免疫和肝脏超微结构的影响[J].水产学报,2011,35(2):221-230.
[28]蔡春芳.青鱼(Mylopharyngodon pieces Richardson)和鲫(Carassius auratus)对饲料糖的利用及其代谢机制的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004:40-53.
[29]QIANG J,YANG H,MA X Y,et al.Comparative studies on endocrine status and gene expression of hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in juvenile GIFT tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fed high-carbohydrate diets[J].Aquacult Res,2014,47(3):758-768.
[30]LOVELL T.Nutrition and feeding of fish[J].Aquaculture,1989,267(s1/2/3/4):13-70.
[31]GAO W,LIU Y J,TIAN L X,et al.Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition,nutrient utilization and hepatic enzymes activities of herbivorous grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Aquacult Nutr,2010,16(3):327-333.
[32]TRIGATTI B L,KRIEGER M,RIGOTTI A.Influence of the HDL receptor SR-BI on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2003,23(10):1732-1738.
[33]陈孟瑶.饲料中不同淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪水平对罗非鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响[D].厦门:集美大学,2014:28-40.
[34]蔡春芳,王永玲,陈立侨,等.饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼、鲫生长和体成分的影响[J].中国水产科学,2006,13(3):452-459.
[35]AMEER F,SCANDIUZZI L,HASNAIN S,et al.De novo lipogenesis in health and disease[J].Metabolism,2014,63(7):895-902.
[36]ROLLIN X,MDALE F,GUTIERES S,et al.Short-and longterm nutritional modulation of acetyl-Co A carboxylase activity in selected tissues of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Br J Nutr,2003,89(6):803-810.
[37]LIKIMANI T A,WILSON R P.Effects of diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in channel catfish hepatic and adipose tissue[J].J Nutr,1982,112(1):112-117.
[38]JOCKEN J W E,LANGIN D,SMIT E,et al.Adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase protein expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue is decreased after an isoenergetic low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diet in the metabolic syndrome[J].Metab Clin Experiment,2012,61(10):1404-1412.
[39]孙君君,卢荣华,常志光,等.糖对草鱼肝脂代谢关键基因转录水平的调控研究[J].水产科学,2015,12(11):696-701.
[40]蒋利和,吴宏玉,黄凯,等.饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏代谢功能的影响[J].水产科学,2012,37(2):245-255.
[2]WANG Y,LIU Y J,TIAN L X,et al.Effects of dietary carbohydrate level on growth and body composition of juvenile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus[J].Aquacult Res,2005,36(14):1408-1413.
[3]WILSON R P.Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish[J].Aquaculture,1994,124(1/2/3/4):67-80.
[4]ASADUZZAMAN M,WAHAB M A,VERDEGEM M,et al.Effects of carbohydrate source for maintaining a high C∶N ratio and fish driven re-suspension on pond ecology and production in periphyton-based freshwater prawn culture systems[J].Aquaculture,2010,301(1/2/3/4):37-46.
[5]王菲,李向飞,李贵锋,等.不同糖脂比对建鲤幼鱼生长、体组成、消化及糖酵解能力的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(9):1386-1394.
[6]蔡春芳,陈立侨.鱼类对糖的利用评述[J].水生生物学报,2006,30(5):608-613.
[7]赵艳景,胡虹,王颖.缢蛏多糖的提取及抗氧化作用研究[J].水产科学,2010,29(2):91-94.
[8]ANDERSEN D E,REID S D,MOON T W,et al.Metabolic effects associated with chronically elevated cortisol in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Can J Fish Aquat Sci,2011,48(9):1811-1817.
[9]PANSERAT S,MDALE F,BLIN C,et al.Hepatic glucokinase is induced by dietary carbohydrates in rainbow trout,gilthead seabream,and common carp[J].Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol,2000,278(5):R1164-R1170.
[10]DIAS J,RUEDA-JASSO R,PANSERAT S,et al.Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth,lipid deposition and metabolic hepatic enzymes in juvenile Senegalese sole(Solea senegalensis,Kaup)[J].Aquacult Res,2004,35(12):1122-1130.
[11]BAUTISTA J M,GARRIDO-PERTIERRA A,SOLER G.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Dicentrarchus labrax liver:kinetic mechanism and kinetics of NADPH inhibition[J].Biochim Biophys Acta,1988,967(3):354-363.
[12]刘泓宇,毛义波,谭北平,等.饲料糖水平对不同食性鱼类生长及葡萄糖耐受能力的影响[J].水产学报,2015,39(12):1852-1862.
[13]吴凡,文华,蒋明,等.饲料碳水化合物水平对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标的影响[J].华南农业大学学报,2011,32(4):91-95.
[14]吴凡,文华,蒋明,等.饲料碳水化合物水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能和血液主要生化指标的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,18(12):8-14.
[15]OTCHOUMOU A K,BLE C M,NIAMKE S L,et al.Effect of dietary carbohydrate:lipid ratio on growth performance and body composition of African catfish(Heterobranchus longifilis)finger-lings[J].Israeli J Aquacult-Bamidgeh,2011,63(2):169-180.
[16]AMANAT AL,AL-ASGAH N A.Effect of feeding different carbohydrate to lipid ratios on the growth performance and body composition of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fingerlings[J].Animal,2001,50(1):91-100.
[17]ALI M Z,JAUNCEY K.Optimal dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio in African catfish Clarias gariepinus(Burchell 1822)[J].Aquacult Int,2004,12(2):169-180.
[18]HILTON J W,DIXON D G.Effect of increased liver glycogen and liver weight on liver function in rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri richardson:recovery from anaesthesia and plasma 35 S-sulphobromophthalein clearance[J].J Fish Dis,1982,5(3):185-195.
[19]LOPZ L M,OLMOS SOTO J,TREJO ESCAMILLA I A,et al.Evaluation of carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio in diets supplemented with Bacillus subtilis probiotic strain on growth performance,body composition and digestibility in juvenile white seabass(Atractoscion nobilis,Ayres 1860)[J].Aquacult Res,2016,47(6):1864-1873.
[20]HAIDAR M N,PETIE M,HEINSBROEK L T,et al.The effect of type of carbohydrate(starch vs.nonstarch polysaccharides)on nutrients digestibility,energy retention and maintenance requirements in Nile tilapia[J].Aquaculture,2016,463:241-247.
[21]MOHAPATRA M,SAHU N P,CHAUDHARI A.Utilization of gelatinized carbohydrate in diets of Labeo rohita fry[J].Aquacult Nutr,2003,9(3):189-196.
[22]刘迎隆.不同添加量的糖对军曹鱼生长代谢的影响[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014:17-21.
[23]王朝明,罗莉,张桂众,等.饲料脂肪水平对胭脂鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和脂肪代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(4):969-976.
[24]STONE D J.Dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish[J].Rev Fish Sci,2003,11(4):337-369.
[25]崔志峰,郝彦周,孙卫明,等.纤维素在鱼类饲料中适宜含量的研究概况[J].华北农学报,2006,21(12):79-81.
[26]刘波,谢骏,苏永腾,等.高碳水化合物日粮对翘嘴红#生长、GK及GK m RNA表达的影响[J].水生生物学报,2008,32(1):47-53.
[27]缪凌鸿,刘波,戈贤平,等.高碳水化合物水平日粮对异育银鲫生长、生理、免疫和肝脏超微结构的影响[J].水产学报,2011,35(2):221-230.
[28]蔡春芳.青鱼(Mylopharyngodon pieces Richardson)和鲫(Carassius auratus)对饲料糖的利用及其代谢机制的研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2004:40-53.
[29]QIANG J,YANG H,MA X Y,et al.Comparative studies on endocrine status and gene expression of hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in juvenile GIFT tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)fed high-carbohydrate diets[J].Aquacult Res,2014,47(3):758-768.
[30]LOVELL T.Nutrition and feeding of fish[J].Aquaculture,1989,267(s1/2/3/4):13-70.
[31]GAO W,LIU Y J,TIAN L X,et al.Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth performance,body composition,nutrient utilization and hepatic enzymes activities of herbivorous grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[J].Aquacult Nutr,2010,16(3):327-333.
[32]TRIGATTI B L,KRIEGER M,RIGOTTI A.Influence of the HDL receptor SR-BI on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2003,23(10):1732-1738.
[33]陈孟瑶.饲料中不同淀粉、蛋白质和脂肪水平对罗非鱼生长及生理生化指标的影响[D].厦门:集美大学,2014:28-40.
[34]蔡春芳,王永玲,陈立侨,等.饲料糖种类和水平对青鱼、鲫生长和体成分的影响[J].中国水产科学,2006,13(3):452-459.
[35]AMEER F,SCANDIUZZI L,HASNAIN S,et al.De novo lipogenesis in health and disease[J].Metabolism,2014,63(7):895-902.
[36]ROLLIN X,MDALE F,GUTIERES S,et al.Short-and longterm nutritional modulation of acetyl-Co A carboxylase activity in selected tissues of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Br J Nutr,2003,89(6):803-810.
[37]LIKIMANI T A,WILSON R P.Effects of diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in channel catfish hepatic and adipose tissue[J].J Nutr,1982,112(1):112-117.
[38]JOCKEN J W E,LANGIN D,SMIT E,et al.Adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase protein expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue is decreased after an isoenergetic low-fat high-complex carbohydrate diet in the metabolic syndrome[J].Metab Clin Experiment,2012,61(10):1404-1412.
[39]孙君君,卢荣华,常志光,等.糖对草鱼肝脂代谢关键基因转录水平的调控研究[J].水产科学,2015,12(11):696-701.
[40]蒋利和,吴宏玉,黄凯,等.饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝脏代谢功能的影响[J].水产科学,2012,37(2):245-255.