甘肃中部高寒区覆盖栽培对马铃薯土壤酶活性及产量变化影响
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摘要
覆盖栽培作为旱作农业节水的关键技术之一,在适宜条件下可以对马铃薯生长的土壤环境和土壤微生态区系产生影响。通过高寒旱区马铃薯田间试验,研究露地栽培(OF)、降解地膜覆盖栽培(DF)、黑色地膜覆盖栽培(BF)、秸秆覆盖栽培(SM)和白色地膜覆盖栽培(WF)5种不同覆盖栽培方式对土壤酶活性和马铃薯产量构成的影响。不同土层各处理蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶酶活性表现不同。在10 cm土层BF蔗糖酶活性显著高于OF和DF处理,WF、DF过氧化氢酶活性显著低于BF处理,脲酶活性各处理无显著差异;WF碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于BF处理(10和20 cm土层),SM显著低于DF(30 cm土层)。从酶活性变化垂直分布看出,随着土层深度增加,各处理蔗糖酶活性逐渐降低;OF和DF过氧化氢酶活性降低,其他处理"先升高后降低";DF和WF碱性磷酸酶、脲酶活性变化规律相似,表现为"先降低后升高",其他处理降低。从植株和块茎性状来看,主茎数、单株薯重和平均薯重各处理间无显著差异,SM株高和商品薯率(除了OF处理)显著高于其他处理。SM模式下马铃薯产量最高为24 268 kg/hm~2,较OF增产7 235 kg/hm~2,增幅为42.5%。
Mulching cultivation, as one of the key technologies for water saving in dry farming, can affect soil environments of potato growth and soil microecological zone in suitable conditions. Through field trial in the cold region,the influences of five different cultivation methods, including open field cultivation(OF), degraded plastic film mulching cultivation(DF), black plastic film mulching cultivation(BF), straw mulching cultivation(SM) and white plastic film mulching cultivation(WF), were studied on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and yield components of potato. Activities of invertase,urease, catalase and alkaline phosphatase were different in different soil layers. Invertase activity of BF was significantly higher than those of OF and DF, catalase activities of WF and DF were significantly lower than that of BF, and urease activity had no significant difference in each treatment(10 cm soil layer). Alkaline phosphatase activity of WF was significantly lower than that of BF(10 and 20 cm soil layer), and SM was significantly lower than that of DF(30 cm soil layer). According to the vertical distribution of enzyme activity, with the vertical soil depth increasing, invertase gradually decreased in each treatment. Catalase activities of OF and DF were decreased, while others showed a trend of increase,and then decrease. The changes in alkaline phosphatase and urease activities of DF and WF were similar and showed a pattern of decrease, and then increase, while other treatments were decreased. As for plant and tuber traits, there was no significant difference among treatments for the main stem numbers, tuber yield per plant and mean tuber weight. Plant height and marketable tuber percentage(except for OF) of SM were significantly higher than those of other treatments.The yield(24 268 kg/ha) of SM was the highest, which increased by 7 235 kg/ha compared with OF, and increased by 42.5%.
Mulching cultivation, as one of the key technologies for water saving in dry farming, can affect soil environments of potato growth and soil microecological zone in suitable conditions. Through field trial in the cold region,the influences of five different cultivation methods, including open field cultivation(OF), degraded plastic film mulching cultivation(DF), black plastic film mulching cultivation(BF), straw mulching cultivation(SM) and white plastic film mulching cultivation(WF), were studied on rhizosphere soil enzyme activity and yield components of potato. Activities of invertase,urease, catalase and alkaline phosphatase were different in different soil layers. Invertase activity of BF was significantly higher than those of OF and DF, catalase activities of WF and DF were significantly lower than that of BF, and urease activity had no significant difference in each treatment(10 cm soil layer). Alkaline phosphatase activity of WF was significantly lower than that of BF(10 and 20 cm soil layer), and SM was significantly lower than that of DF(30 cm soil layer). According to the vertical distribution of enzyme activity, with the vertical soil depth increasing, invertase gradually decreased in each treatment. Catalase activities of OF and DF were decreased, while others showed a trend of increase,and then decrease. The changes in alkaline phosphatase and urease activities of DF and WF were similar and showed a pattern of decrease, and then increase, while other treatments were decreased. As for plant and tuber traits, there was no significant difference among treatments for the main stem numbers, tuber yield per plant and mean tuber weight. Plant height and marketable tuber percentage(except for OF) of SM were significantly higher than those of other treatments.The yield(24 268 kg/ha) of SM was the highest, which increased by 7 235 kg/ha compared with OF, and increased by 42.5%.
引文
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[12]倪丽佳,李非里,刘秋亚,等.地膜覆盖对土壤微生态环境的影响[J].浙江工业大学学报, 2011, 39(4):407-410.
[13]曹莉,秦舒浩,张俊莲,等.垄沟覆膜栽培方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报, 2012,47(3):42-46.
[14]王学娟,周玉梅,江肖洁,等.增温对长白山苔原土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].生态学报, 2014, 34(20):5706-5713.
[15]王娟,李德明,秦舒浩,等.不同揭膜时期对半干旱区马铃薯土壤酶活性的动态影响研究[J].农业现代化研究, 2015, 36(2):297-302.
[2]谢永贤.不同培肥措施对土壤养分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].土壤肥料, 2017(1):5-29.
[3]赖忠盛,文启凯,肖明,等.覆膜条件下耕层土壤中主要酶与有效养分及其相关性的初步研究[J].新疆农业大学学报, 1989(2):41-45.
[4]刘星华,王琦,贾生海.栽培方式对旱作春玉米土壤酶活性及干物质积累和产量形成的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报, 2015,43(9):73-81.
[5]周丽霞,丁明懋.土壤微生物学特性对土壤健康的指示作用[J].生物多样性, 2007, 15(2):162-171.
[6]孟立君,吴凤芝.土壤酶研究进展[J].东北农业大学学报, 2004,35(5):622-626.
[7]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2000:30-92.
[8]樊军.高原旱地长期定位试验土壤酶活性研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学, 2001.
[9]王娟,刘淑英,王平,等.不同施肥处理对西北半干旱区土壤酶活性的影响及其动态变化[J].土壤通报, 2008, 39(2):299-303.
[10]姜小凤,王淑英,丁宁平,等.施肥方式对旱地土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响[J].核农学报, 2010, 24(1):136-141.
[11]刘飞,诸葛玉平,王会,等.控释肥对马铃薯生长及土壤酶活性的影响[J].水土保持学报, 2011, 25(2):185-188, 202.
[12]倪丽佳,李非里,刘秋亚,等.地膜覆盖对土壤微生态环境的影响[J].浙江工业大学学报, 2011, 39(4):407-410.
[13]曹莉,秦舒浩,张俊莲,等.垄沟覆膜栽培方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报, 2012,47(3):42-46.
[14]王学娟,周玉梅,江肖洁,等.增温对长白山苔原土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J].生态学报, 2014, 34(20):5706-5713.
[15]王娟,李德明,秦舒浩,等.不同揭膜时期对半干旱区马铃薯土壤酶活性的动态影响研究[J].农业现代化研究, 2015, 36(2):297-302.