生物炭和秸秆还田对干旱区玉米农田土壤温室气体通量的影响
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摘要
为了研究生物炭及秸秆还田对干旱区玉米农田温室气体通量的影响,以内蒙古科尔沁地区玉米农田为试验对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对分别施入生物炭0t·hm~(-2)(CK)、15t·hm~(-2)(C15)、30t·hm~(-2)(C30)、45t·hm~(-2)(C45)及秸秆还田(SNPK)的土壤进行温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)通量的原位观测,并估算生长季CH_4和N_2O的综合增温潜势(GWP)与排放强度(GHGI)。结果表明:添加生物炭能够显著减少土壤CO_2和N_2O的排放量,并促进土壤对CH_4的吸收作用。其中处理C15对CO_2的减排效果最好,与对照相比CO_2排放量降低21.16%。随着施入生物炭量的增加,生物炭对N_2O排放的抑制作用不断增强,处理C45对减排效果最好,与对照相比N_2O排放量降低86.25%。处理C15对土壤吸收CH_4的促进效果最好, CH_4吸收量增加56.62%;处理C45对CH_4的排放有促进作用,使生长季土壤吸收CH_4减少81.36%。SNPK对温室气体的减排作用接近处理C15。添加生物炭和秸秆还田对提高玉米产量和降低农田GWP与GHGI均有显著效果,施用生物炭及秸秆还田均有效提高了科尔沁地区的玉米产量,且玉米产量随着施入生物炭含量的增大而提升。从GWP上来看,施用15t·hm~(-2)生物炭对温室气体减排的整体效果最好。从GHGI上来看,施用生物炭及秸秆还田均具有一定的经济效益和减排意义,其中施用15 t·hm~(-2)生物炭的综合效益最高。因此综合经济效益与环境因素,建议科尔沁地区农田在种植玉米时添加15t·hm~(-2)生物炭,如不具备购买生物炭条件,可以考虑秸秆还田来实现玉米增产与温室气体减排。
Biochar refers to a kind of stable and carbon-rich solid matter, generally composed of biomass and fertilizers, such as litter and crop straw, which have been pyrolyzed and carbonized under high temperatures in either a completely anaerobic or partially anoxic state. To explore the effects of biochar and straw returning on the greenhouse gas fluxes of corn fields in arid areas, an experiment was conducted on a corn field in the Horqin District, Inner Mongolia. A static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) technique was used to conduct in situ observations on greenhouse gas(CO_2, CH_4, and N_2O) fluxes under different experimental treatments. These treatments included different application rates of biochar: 0(CK), 15(C15), 30(C30), and 45 t·hm~(-2)(C45); and straw returning(SNPK). For the experiments, the global warming potential(GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity(GHGI) during the growing season were estimated. The results showed that the addition of biochar could significantly reduce the soil CO_2 and N_2O emissions. During the growing season, the CO_2 fluxes in the C15, C30, C45, and SNPK treatments decreased by 21.16%, 14.34%, 17.02%, and 19.93%, respectively. Among these treatments, C15 exhibited the best emission reduction effect. Compared with CK, the N_2O fluxes of C15, C30, C45, and SNPK reduced by 24.42%, 56.83%,86.25%, and 28.28%, respectively. With the increase in biochar rates, the inhibition effect on N_2O emissions increased. Among the treatments, C45 provided the greatest reduction in emissions. Appropriate addition of biochar could promote the soil to absorb CH_4. Compared with CK, the soil CH_4 absorption of C15, C30, and SNPK increased by 56.62%, 32.05%, and 40.35%,respectively. The CH_4 absorption of C45 decreased by 81.36% compared with CK. Excessive biochar could cause less CH_4 absorption in the soil. There was a positive correlation between soil CO_2 flux, temperature, and moisture during the growing season. The CH_4 and N_2O fluxes of CK, C15, and SNPK were significantly correlated with the soil temperature and moisture during the growing season. However, the CH_4 and N_2O fluxes of C30 and C45 did not exhibit a significant correlation with the soil temperature or moisture during the growing season. The addition of biochar and straw returning to the field had a significant effect on increasing the corn yield and reducing the GWP and GHGI in the farmlands. Biochar and straw returning both effectively increased the corn yield in the Horqin District. The corn yield increased as the amount of biochar increased. From the perspective of the GWP, a biochar rate of 15 t·hm~(-2) had the best overall effect on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, similar to the SNPK treatment. From the perspective of the GHGI, biochar and straw returning had certain economic benefits and significant reducing-effects of greenhouse gas emissions. Among the different treatments investigated, 15 t·hm~(-2) of biochar had the highest comprehensive benefits, and the C45 and SNPK treatments were slightly inferior to C15, but higher than C30.Therefore, from the perspectives of comprehensive economic benefits and environmental factors, it was suggested that 15 t·hm~(-2) of biochar should be added to the farmlands in Horqin when growing corn. If biochar was not available, straw returning can also be considered to achieve an increase in corn yields and decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.
Biochar refers to a kind of stable and carbon-rich solid matter, generally composed of biomass and fertilizers, such as litter and crop straw, which have been pyrolyzed and carbonized under high temperatures in either a completely anaerobic or partially anoxic state. To explore the effects of biochar and straw returning on the greenhouse gas fluxes of corn fields in arid areas, an experiment was conducted on a corn field in the Horqin District, Inner Mongolia. A static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) technique was used to conduct in situ observations on greenhouse gas(CO_2, CH_4, and N_2O) fluxes under different experimental treatments. These treatments included different application rates of biochar: 0(CK), 15(C15), 30(C30), and 45 t·hm~(-2)(C45); and straw returning(SNPK). For the experiments, the global warming potential(GWP) and greenhouse gas intensity(GHGI) during the growing season were estimated. The results showed that the addition of biochar could significantly reduce the soil CO_2 and N_2O emissions. During the growing season, the CO_2 fluxes in the C15, C30, C45, and SNPK treatments decreased by 21.16%, 14.34%, 17.02%, and 19.93%, respectively. Among these treatments, C15 exhibited the best emission reduction effect. Compared with CK, the N_2O fluxes of C15, C30, C45, and SNPK reduced by 24.42%, 56.83%,86.25%, and 28.28%, respectively. With the increase in biochar rates, the inhibition effect on N_2O emissions increased. Among the treatments, C45 provided the greatest reduction in emissions. Appropriate addition of biochar could promote the soil to absorb CH_4. Compared with CK, the soil CH_4 absorption of C15, C30, and SNPK increased by 56.62%, 32.05%, and 40.35%,respectively. The CH_4 absorption of C45 decreased by 81.36% compared with CK. Excessive biochar could cause less CH_4 absorption in the soil. There was a positive correlation between soil CO_2 flux, temperature, and moisture during the growing season. The CH_4 and N_2O fluxes of CK, C15, and SNPK were significantly correlated with the soil temperature and moisture during the growing season. However, the CH_4 and N_2O fluxes of C30 and C45 did not exhibit a significant correlation with the soil temperature or moisture during the growing season. The addition of biochar and straw returning to the field had a significant effect on increasing the corn yield and reducing the GWP and GHGI in the farmlands. Biochar and straw returning both effectively increased the corn yield in the Horqin District. The corn yield increased as the amount of biochar increased. From the perspective of the GWP, a biochar rate of 15 t·hm~(-2) had the best overall effect on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, similar to the SNPK treatment. From the perspective of the GHGI, biochar and straw returning had certain economic benefits and significant reducing-effects of greenhouse gas emissions. Among the different treatments investigated, 15 t·hm~(-2) of biochar had the highest comprehensive benefits, and the C45 and SNPK treatments were slightly inferior to C15, but higher than C30.Therefore, from the perspectives of comprehensive economic benefits and environmental factors, it was suggested that 15 t·hm~(-2) of biochar should be added to the farmlands in Horqin when growing corn. If biochar was not available, straw returning can also be considered to achieve an increase in corn yields and decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.
引文
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[5]BRENNAN L,OWENDE P.Biofuels from microalgae-Areview of technologies for production,processing,and extractions of biofuels and co-products[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2010,14(2):557-577
[6]VAN ZWIETEN L,KIMBER S,MORRIS S,et al.Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1/2):235-246
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[8]DING Y,LIU Y X,WU W X,et al.Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2010,213(1/4):47-55
[9]罗煜,赵小蓉,李贵桐,等.生物质炭对不同pH值土壤矿质氮含量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(19):166-173LUO Y,ZHAO X R,LI G T,et al.Effect of biochar on mineral nitrogen content in soils with different pH values[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(19):166-173
[10]张斌,刘晓雨,潘根兴,等.施用生物质炭后稻田土壤性质、水稻产量和痕量温室气体排放的变化[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(23):4844-4853ZHANG B,LIU X Y,PAN G X,et al.Changes in soil properties,yield and trace gas emission from a paddy after biochar amendment in two consecutive rice growing cycles[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(23):4844-4853
[11]SHENBAGAVALLI S,MAHIMAIRAJA S.Characterization and effect of biochar on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in soil[J].International Journal of Advanced Biological Research,2012,2(2):249-255
[12]KARHU K,MATTILA T,BERGSTR?M I,et al.Biochar addition to agricultural soil increased CH4 uptake and water holding capacity-Results from a short-term pilot field study[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2011,140(1/2):309-313
[13]成功,张阿凤,王旭东,等.运用“碳足迹”的方法评估小麦秸秆及其生物质炭添加对农田生态系统净碳汇的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(3):604-612CHENG G,ZHANG A F,WANG X D,et al.Assessment of wheat straw and its biochar effects on carbon sink in agricultural ecosystems using“carbon footprint”method[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(3):604-612
[14]NASER H M,NAGATA O,TAMURA S,et al.Methane emissions from five paddy fields with different amounts of rice straw application in central Hokkaido,Japan[J].Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2007,53(1):95-101
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