过瘤胃豆粕替代常规豆粕对奶牛生产性能及血浆生化指标的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在探究不同比例过瘤胃豆粕替代常规豆粕对奶牛生产性能及血浆生化指标的影响。选择胎次、体重、平均泌乳量和泌乳天数相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛60头,随机分为4组,每组15头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组用过瘤胃豆粕替代基础饲粮中12.5%的常规豆粕,试验Ⅱ组用过瘤胃豆粕替代基础饲粮中25.0%的常规豆粕,试验Ⅲ组用过瘤胃豆粕替代基础饲粮中50.0%的常规豆粕。预试期为15 d,正试期为45 d。结果表明:1)各试验组奶牛的干物质采食量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随着过瘤胃豆粕替代比例的增加而升高,但各试验组之间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。2)各试验组奶牛的产奶量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随着过瘤胃豆粕替代比例的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。试验Ⅲ组奶牛的乳蛋白率显著高于试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅰ组和对照组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅱ组奶牛的乳尿素氮含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组和对照组(P<0.05)。各组之间奶牛的乳脂率、乳糖率、非脂乳固体、乳体细胞数差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)各试验组血浆总蛋白和葡萄糖含量均显著高于对照组(P <0.05),且随着过瘤胃豆粕替代比例的增加而显著升高(P<0.05)。各组间血浆尿素氮含量及谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶活性差异均不显著(P>0.05)。由此可见,在我国规模化奶牛场应用过瘤胃豆粕替代常规豆粕可以提高奶牛的干物质采食量,改善乳成分,同时改善奶牛机体代谢。在本试验条件下,以过瘤胃豆粕替代基础饲粮中50.0%的常规豆粕效果最佳。
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different ratios of rumen-protected soybean meal replacing conventional soybean meal on performance and plasma biochemical indexes of dairy cows. Sixty healthy Holstein dairy cows with similar parity,weight,average milk yield and lactation days were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 15 cows per group. Cows in the control group were fed a basal diet,cows in the experimental group Ⅰ were fed the diet which used 12.5% rumen-protected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal,cows in the experimental group Ⅱ were fed the diet which used 25.0% rumenprotected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal,and cows in the experimental group Ⅲ were fed the diet which used 50.0% rumen-protected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal. The pre-experimental period lasted for 45 days,and the experimental period lasted for 45 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the dry matter intake of dairy cows of experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the control group( P<0.05),and increased with the rumen-protected soybean meal replacement ratio increasing,but there was no significant difference among the experimental groups( P > 0.05). 2) The milk yield of dairy cows of experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the control group( P<0.05),and significantly increased with the rumen-protected soybean meal replacement ratio increasing( P < 0.05). The milk protein percentage of dairy cows of experimental group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of experimental group Ⅱ,experimental group Ⅰ and the control group( P<0.05). The milk urea nitrogen content of dairy cows of experimental group Ⅲ and experimental group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of experimental group Ⅰ and the control group( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in milk fat percentage,lactose percentage,total milk solid and milk somatic cell count among all groups( P>0.05). 3) The contents of total protein and glucose in plasma of experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group( P<0.05),and significantly increased with the rumen-protected soybean meal replacement ratio increasing( P < 0. 05). There were no significant differences in urea nitrogen content and alanine aminotransferase,aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities in plasma among all groups( P>0.05). Therefore,the application of rumenprotected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal in large-scale dairy farms in China can improve the dry matter intake of dairy cows,improve the milk composition and metabolism of dairy cows. Under the experimental conditions,the rumen-protected soybean meal instead of 50.0% conventional soybean meal in the basal diet has the best effect.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3135-3142]
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different ratios of rumen-protected soybean meal replacing conventional soybean meal on performance and plasma biochemical indexes of dairy cows. Sixty healthy Holstein dairy cows with similar parity,weight,average milk yield and lactation days were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 15 cows per group. Cows in the control group were fed a basal diet,cows in the experimental group Ⅰ were fed the diet which used 12.5% rumen-protected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal,cows in the experimental group Ⅱ were fed the diet which used 25.0% rumenprotected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal,and cows in the experimental group Ⅲ were fed the diet which used 50.0% rumen-protected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal. The pre-experimental period lasted for 45 days,and the experimental period lasted for 45 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the dry matter intake of dairy cows of experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the control group( P<0.05),and increased with the rumen-protected soybean meal replacement ratio increasing,but there was no significant difference among the experimental groups( P > 0.05). 2) The milk yield of dairy cows of experimental groups was significantly higher than that of the control group( P<0.05),and significantly increased with the rumen-protected soybean meal replacement ratio increasing( P < 0.05). The milk protein percentage of dairy cows of experimental group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that of experimental group Ⅱ,experimental group Ⅰ and the control group( P<0.05). The milk urea nitrogen content of dairy cows of experimental group Ⅲ and experimental group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that of experimental group Ⅰ and the control group( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in milk fat percentage,lactose percentage,total milk solid and milk somatic cell count among all groups( P>0.05). 3) The contents of total protein and glucose in plasma of experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group( P<0.05),and significantly increased with the rumen-protected soybean meal replacement ratio increasing( P < 0. 05). There were no significant differences in urea nitrogen content and alanine aminotransferase,aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities in plasma among all groups( P>0.05). Therefore,the application of rumenprotected soybean meal instead of conventional soybean meal in large-scale dairy farms in China can improve the dry matter intake of dairy cows,improve the milk composition and metabolism of dairy cows. Under the experimental conditions,the rumen-protected soybean meal instead of 50.0% conventional soybean meal in the basal diet has the best effect.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3135-3142]
引文
[1]王晨.南美减产和中美贸易摩擦推导豆粕价格攀升[J].广东饲料,2018,27(4):19-21.
[2]张春刚,贾连平,刘光磊,等.过瘤胃豆粕对高产泌乳牛生产性能及乳成分的影响[J].中国奶牛,2012(22):41-43.
[3] COLMENERO J J O,BRODERICK G A.Effect of amount and ruminal degradability of soybean meal protein on performance of lactating dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(5):1635-1643.
[4]冯仰廉,周建民,张晓明,等.我国奶牛饲料产奶净能值测算方法的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,1987(1):12-14.
[5] AOAC.Official methods of analysis[S]. 17th ed. Arlington:Association of Official Analytical Chemists,2000.
[6]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432—1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[7] VAN SOEST P J,SNIFFEN C J,MERTENS D R,et al.A net protein system for cattle:the rumen submodel for nitrogen[C]//OWENS F N. Protein requirements for cattle:proceedings of an international symposium.Stillwater:Oklahoma State University,1981:265.
[8]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436—2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[9]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6437—2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[10] ALLEN MS. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle.[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(7):1598-1624.
[11] BELYEA R L,MARIN P J,SEDGWICK H T.Utilization of chopped and long alfalfa by dairy heifers[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1985,68(5):1297-1301.
[12]陈昌建.夏季如何提高奶牛干物质采食量[J].中国乳业,2016,26(10):46-48.
[13] OVERTON T R,LACOUNT D W,CICELA T M,et al. Evaluation of a ruminally protected methionine product for lactating dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79(4):631-638.
[14]孟利梅.提高奶牛泌乳量的措施[J].畜牧兽医科学(电子版),2017(9):34.
[15]段玲欣,张润厚,嘎尔迪,等.奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃蛋白质和缓冲剂对产奶量和乳成分的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(1):29-34.
[16] PEREIRA A B D,ZERINGUE L K,LEONARDI C,et al. Short communication:substituting dry distillers grains with solubles and rumen-protected amino acids for soybean meal in late-lactation cows’diets based on corn silage or ryegrass silage[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(11):8121-8127.
[17] NURSOY H,RONQUILLO MG,FACIOLA A P,et al.Lactation response to soybean meal and rumen-protected methionine supplementation of corn silagebased diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2017,101(3):2084-2095.
[18]马慧.新型高品质过瘤胃蛋白质对荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能的影响[J].中国乳业,2015(3):44-48.
[19] WILSON T B,FAULKNER D B,SHIKE D W.Influence of late gestation drylot rations differing in protein degradability and fat content on beef cowand subsequent calf performance[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(12):5819-5828.
[20]何国茹.玉米、豆粕、棉粕、玉米蛋白粉主要营养成分含量变化规律分析[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[21]云伏雨.瘤胃保护赖氨酸对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.
[22] GIALLONGO F,HARPER MT,OH J,等.过瘤胃蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响[J].饲料博览,2016(7):54.
[23]夏楠,王加启,赵国琦,等.瘤胃保护性氨基酸在奶牛生产中的应用研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(9):5-9.
[24]赵旭博,董文兵,王顺民,等.国外牛奶中尿素含量检测新进展[J].食品研究与开发,2004,25(6):109-114.
[25] MOORE D A,VARGA G.BUN and MUN:urea nitrogen testing in dairy cattle[J]. Comp Cont Edu Pract Vet,1996,18:712-721.
[26] GODDEN S M,KELTON D F,LISSEMORE K D,et al.Milk urea testing as a tool to monitor reproductive performance in Ontario dairy herds[J].Journal of Animal Science,2001,84(6):1397-1406.
[27] CHEN Z H,BRODERICK G A,LUCHINI N D,等.不同来源瘤胃保护蛋氨酸对泌乳奶牛产奶量和氮利用率的影响[J].张树金译.饲料博览,2011(10):17.
[28] SINCLAIR K D,GARNSWORTHY P C,MANN G E,et al. Reducing dietary protein in dairy cowdiets:implications for nitrogen utilization,milk production,welfare and fertility[J]. Animal,2014,8(2):262-274.
[29] PIEPENBRINK MS,OVERTON T R,CLARK J H.Response of cows fed a lowcrude protein diet to ruminally protected methionine and lysine[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79(9):1638-1646.
[30] PATTON R A,HRISTOV A N,LAPIERRE H.Protein feeding and balancing for amino acids in lactating dairy cattle[J]. Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2014,30(3):599-621.
[31]宋平,张永根,刘艳丽.黑龙江省不同饲养方式下奶牛部分血液生化指标的测定与比较[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007(12):32-33.
[32]毕晓华,张晓明.过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸对奶牛氨基酸代谢和血液生化指标的影响[J].饲料研究,2014(21):48-53.
[33]何剑斌,刘明春,张文亮,等.奶牛血液生化指标的检测[J].中国兽医杂志,2005,41(2):14-17.
[34]胡兰.动物生物化学[M].中国农业大学出版社,2007:141-142.
[2]张春刚,贾连平,刘光磊,等.过瘤胃豆粕对高产泌乳牛生产性能及乳成分的影响[J].中国奶牛,2012(22):41-43.
[3] COLMENERO J J O,BRODERICK G A.Effect of amount and ruminal degradability of soybean meal protein on performance of lactating dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2006,89(5):1635-1643.
[4]冯仰廉,周建民,张晓明,等.我国奶牛饲料产奶净能值测算方法的研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,1987(1):12-14.
[5] AOAC.Official methods of analysis[S]. 17th ed. Arlington:Association of Official Analytical Chemists,2000.
[6]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432—1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[7] VAN SOEST P J,SNIFFEN C J,MERTENS D R,et al.A net protein system for cattle:the rumen submodel for nitrogen[C]//OWENS F N. Protein requirements for cattle:proceedings of an international symposium.Stillwater:Oklahoma State University,1981:265.
[8]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436—2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[9]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6437—2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[10] ALLEN MS. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle.[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(7):1598-1624.
[11] BELYEA R L,MARIN P J,SEDGWICK H T.Utilization of chopped and long alfalfa by dairy heifers[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1985,68(5):1297-1301.
[12]陈昌建.夏季如何提高奶牛干物质采食量[J].中国乳业,2016,26(10):46-48.
[13] OVERTON T R,LACOUNT D W,CICELA T M,et al. Evaluation of a ruminally protected methionine product for lactating dairy cows[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79(4):631-638.
[14]孟利梅.提高奶牛泌乳量的措施[J].畜牧兽医科学(电子版),2017(9):34.
[15]段玲欣,张润厚,嘎尔迪,等.奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃蛋白质和缓冲剂对产奶量和乳成分的影响[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2000,21(1):29-34.
[16] PEREIRA A B D,ZERINGUE L K,LEONARDI C,et al. Short communication:substituting dry distillers grains with solubles and rumen-protected amino acids for soybean meal in late-lactation cows’diets based on corn silage or ryegrass silage[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(11):8121-8127.
[17] NURSOY H,RONQUILLO MG,FACIOLA A P,et al.Lactation response to soybean meal and rumen-protected methionine supplementation of corn silagebased diets[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2017,101(3):2084-2095.
[18]马慧.新型高品质过瘤胃蛋白质对荷斯坦奶牛泌乳性能的影响[J].中国乳业,2015(3):44-48.
[19] WILSON T B,FAULKNER D B,SHIKE D W.Influence of late gestation drylot rations differing in protein degradability and fat content on beef cowand subsequent calf performance[J]. Journal of Animal Science,2015,93(12):5819-5828.
[20]何国茹.玉米、豆粕、棉粕、玉米蛋白粉主要营养成分含量变化规律分析[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[21]云伏雨.瘤胃保护赖氨酸对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.
[22] GIALLONGO F,HARPER MT,OH J,等.过瘤胃蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和组氨酸对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响[J].饲料博览,2016(7):54.
[23]夏楠,王加启,赵国琦,等.瘤胃保护性氨基酸在奶牛生产中的应用研究[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(9):5-9.
[24]赵旭博,董文兵,王顺民,等.国外牛奶中尿素含量检测新进展[J].食品研究与开发,2004,25(6):109-114.
[25] MOORE D A,VARGA G.BUN and MUN:urea nitrogen testing in dairy cattle[J]. Comp Cont Edu Pract Vet,1996,18:712-721.
[26] GODDEN S M,KELTON D F,LISSEMORE K D,et al.Milk urea testing as a tool to monitor reproductive performance in Ontario dairy herds[J].Journal of Animal Science,2001,84(6):1397-1406.
[27] CHEN Z H,BRODERICK G A,LUCHINI N D,等.不同来源瘤胃保护蛋氨酸对泌乳奶牛产奶量和氮利用率的影响[J].张树金译.饲料博览,2011(10):17.
[28] SINCLAIR K D,GARNSWORTHY P C,MANN G E,et al. Reducing dietary protein in dairy cowdiets:implications for nitrogen utilization,milk production,welfare and fertility[J]. Animal,2014,8(2):262-274.
[29] PIEPENBRINK MS,OVERTON T R,CLARK J H.Response of cows fed a lowcrude protein diet to ruminally protected methionine and lysine[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1996,79(9):1638-1646.
[30] PATTON R A,HRISTOV A N,LAPIERRE H.Protein feeding and balancing for amino acids in lactating dairy cattle[J]. Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2014,30(3):599-621.
[31]宋平,张永根,刘艳丽.黑龙江省不同饲养方式下奶牛部分血液生化指标的测定与比较[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007(12):32-33.
[32]毕晓华,张晓明.过瘤胃保护蛋氨酸对奶牛氨基酸代谢和血液生化指标的影响[J].饲料研究,2014(21):48-53.
[33]何剑斌,刘明春,张文亮,等.奶牛血液生化指标的检测[J].中国兽医杂志,2005,41(2):14-17.
[34]胡兰.动物生物化学[M].中国农业大学出版社,2007:141-142.
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