黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血浆生化指标和组织结构的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究黑水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血浆生化指标和组织结构的影响。选用初始均重为5.2 g的鲈鱼幼鱼540尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。6组试验鱼分别投喂以黑水虻幼虫粉替代基础饲料(含28.00%的鱼粉,鱼粉中粗蛋白质含量为67.50%)中0(G0,作为对照)、10%(G10)、20%(G20)、30%(G30)、40%(G40)、50%(G50)鱼粉的6种等氮(粗蛋白质含量为39.9%)等能(总能为17.9 MJ/kg)的试验饲料,试验期为56 d。结果表明:黑水虻幼虫粉替代不同比例的鱼粉对鲈鱼幼鱼的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、摄食量、蛋白质效率、饲料系数以及存活率均未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。各组鲈鱼幼鱼肥满度无显著差异(P>0.05),但G50组的脏体比和肝体比显著高于G0组(P<0.05)。全鱼粗蛋白质、粗灰分、水分、钙、总磷以及必需氨基酸含量无显著差异(P>0.05),但G20~G50组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于G0组(P<0.05)。除G20组鲈鱼幼鱼血浆球蛋白含量显著高于G0组(P<0.05)外,其他血浆生化指标各替代组(G10~G50组)与G0组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。随着替代比例的增加,肝脏组织出现胞浆疏松、溶解或空泡状,部分或较多胞核消失;各替代组的肠道绒毛长度均低于G0组,且G0组与G10和G40组的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);除G20组外,其他替代组的肌层厚度与G0组相比均出现显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,黑水虻幼虫粉替代基础饲料中50%的鱼粉(黑水虻幼虫粉在基础饲料中的添加量为27.8%,占饲料蛋白质的23.7%)对鲈鱼幼鱼的生长性能无显著影响,但高替代比例会使鱼体脂肪沉积增加,肝脏组织出现病变,肠道结构发育受损。
In order to study the effects of fish meal replacement by black soldier fly( Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal on growth performance,body composition,plasma biochemical indexes and tissue structure of juvenile Lateolabrax japonicas,six isonitrogenous( crude protein content was 39.85%) and isoenergetic( gross energy was 17.9 MJ/kg) experimental diets were prepared by replacing 0( G0,as control),10%( G10),20%( G20),30%( G30),40%( G40) and 50%( G50) of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal based on a basal diet( fish meal content was 28.00% and crude protein content in fish meal was 67.50%). A total of540 juvenile Lateolabrax japonicas with an initial body weight of 5.2 g were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. The experiment lasted for 56 days. The results showed that the final body weight,weight gain rate,specific growth rate,feed intake,protein efficiency ratio,feed coefficient and survival rate were not significantly affected by different replacement ratios of fish meal by black soldier fly larvae meal( P>0.05). No significant difference was found in condition factor among all groups( P>0.05),but the viscerosomtic index and hepatosomatic index in G50 group were significantly higher than those in G0 group( P<0.05). The contents of crude protein,ash,moisture,calcium,total phosphorus and essential amino acids in whole body were not significantly different among all groups( P> 0.05),but the crude lipid content in G20 to G50 groups was significantly higher than that in G0 group( P<0.05). The plasma globulin content in G20 group was significantly higher than that in G0 group( P<0.05),but the other plasma biochemical indexes in replacing groups( G10 to G50 groups) had no significant differences compared with G0 group( P>0.05). The number of hepatocytes with empty vacuoles degeneration and nuclear disappear increased progressively with the replacement ratio increasing. Intestinal villus height in G0 group was the highest,which was significantly higher than that in G10 and G40 groups( P<0.05); except G20 group,the muscular thickness in other replacing groups was significantly decreased compared with G0 group( P<0.05). Base on the results,it is concluded that 50% of fish meal could be replaced by black soldier fly larvae meal( 27.8% black soldier fly larvae meal in basal diet and account for 23. 7% of diet protein) without causing a significant reduction in growth performance,but high replacement ratios cause fat deposition increase,hepatic pathological changes and intestinal development damage.
In order to study the effects of fish meal replacement by black soldier fly( Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal on growth performance,body composition,plasma biochemical indexes and tissue structure of juvenile Lateolabrax japonicas,six isonitrogenous( crude protein content was 39.85%) and isoenergetic( gross energy was 17.9 MJ/kg) experimental diets were prepared by replacing 0( G0,as control),10%( G10),20%( G20),30%( G30),40%( G40) and 50%( G50) of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal based on a basal diet( fish meal content was 28.00% and crude protein content in fish meal was 67.50%). A total of540 juvenile Lateolabrax japonicas with an initial body weight of 5.2 g were randomly divided into 6 groups with 3 replicates per group and 30 fish per replicate. The experiment lasted for 56 days. The results showed that the final body weight,weight gain rate,specific growth rate,feed intake,protein efficiency ratio,feed coefficient and survival rate were not significantly affected by different replacement ratios of fish meal by black soldier fly larvae meal( P>0.05). No significant difference was found in condition factor among all groups( P>0.05),but the viscerosomtic index and hepatosomatic index in G50 group were significantly higher than those in G0 group( P<0.05). The contents of crude protein,ash,moisture,calcium,total phosphorus and essential amino acids in whole body were not significantly different among all groups( P> 0.05),but the crude lipid content in G20 to G50 groups was significantly higher than that in G0 group( P<0.05). The plasma globulin content in G20 group was significantly higher than that in G0 group( P<0.05),but the other plasma biochemical indexes in replacing groups( G10 to G50 groups) had no significant differences compared with G0 group( P>0.05). The number of hepatocytes with empty vacuoles degeneration and nuclear disappear increased progressively with the replacement ratio increasing. Intestinal villus height in G0 group was the highest,which was significantly higher than that in G10 and G40 groups( P<0.05); except G20 group,the muscular thickness in other replacing groups was significantly decreased compared with G0 group( P<0.05). Base on the results,it is concluded that 50% of fish meal could be replaced by black soldier fly larvae meal( 27.8% black soldier fly larvae meal in basal diet and account for 23. 7% of diet protein) without causing a significant reduction in growth performance,but high replacement ratios cause fat deposition increase,hepatic pathological changes and intestinal development damage.
引文
[1]OONINCX D G A B,DE BOER I J M.Environmental impact of the production of mealworms as a protein source for humans-a life cycle assessment[J].PLoSOne,2012,7(12):e51145.
[2]VAN HUIS A.Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2013,58(1):563-583.
[3]MAY B M.The occurrence in New Zealand and the life-history of the soldier fly Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera:Stratiomyidae)[J].New Zealand Journal of Science,1961,4:55-65.
[4]SHEPPARD C.House fly and lesser fly control utilizing the black soldier fly in manure management systems for caged laying hens[J].Environmental Entomology,1983,12(5):1439-1442.
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[6]LALANDER C,DIENER S,MAGRI M E,et al.Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)-from a hygiene aspect[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,458-460:312-318.
[7]SHEPPARD D C.Using soldier flies as a manure management tool for volume reduction,housefly control and feedstuff production[J].Journal of French Language Studies,1995,24(4):f1-f4.
[8]NEWTON G L,SHEPPARD D C,WATSON D W,et al.The black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,as a manure management/resource recovery tool[C]//Proceedings of the Symposium on the State of the Science of Animal Manure and Waste Management.San Antonio,Texas,USA,2005.
[9]ST-HILAIRE S,SHEPPARD C,TOMBERLIN J K,et al.Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2007,38(1):59-67.
[10]BONDARI K,SHEPPARD D C.Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production[J].Aquaculture,1981,24:103-109.
[11]RANA K M S,SALAM M A,HASHEML S,et al.Development of black soldier fly larvae production technique as an alternate fish feed[J].International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture,2015,5(1):41-47.
[12]HEM S,TOURE S,SAGBLA C,et al.Bioconversion of palm kernel meal for aquaculture:experiences from the forest region(Republic of Guinea)[J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2008,7(8):1192-1198.
[13]ADENIYI,VICTORIA O,FOLORUNSHO,et al.Performance of Clarias gariepinus(Burchell,1822)fed dietary levels of black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens(Linnaeus,1758)prepupae meal as a protein[J].International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture,2015,5(3):89-93.
[14]SEALEY W M,GAYLORD T G,BARROWS F T,et al.Sensory analysis of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae,Hermetia illucens[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2011,42(1):34-45.
[15]STAMER A,WESSLESS S,NEIDIGK R,et al.Black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal as an example for a new feed ingredients class in aquaculture diets[C]//Proceeding of the 4th Isofar Scientific Conference:Building Organic Bridges at the Organic World Congress.Islanbul,Turkey,2014.
[16]KROECKEL S,HARJES A G E,ROTH I,et al.When a turbot catches a fly:evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)as fish meal substitute-growth performance and chitin degradation in juvenile turbot(Psetta maxima)[J].Aquaculture,2012,364/365:345-352.
[17]CUMMINS V C,Jr,RAWLES S D,THOMPSON KR,e t al.Evaluation of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)[J].Aquaculture,2017,473:337-344.
[18]LI S L,JI H,ZHANG B X,et al.Defatted black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal in diets for juvenile Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian):growth performance,antioxidant enzyme activities,digestive enzyme activities,intestine and hepatopancreas histological structure[J].Aquaculture,2017,477:62-70.
[19]MAGALHES R,SNCHEZ-LPEZ A,LEAL R S,et al.Black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)pre-pupae meal as a fish meal replacement in diets for European seabass(Dicentrarchus labrax)[J].Aquaculture,2017,476:79-85.
[20]CATACUTAN M R,COLOSO R M.Growth of juvenile Asian seabass,Lates calcarifer,f ed varying carbohydrate and lipid levels[J].Aquaculture,1997,149(1/2):137-144.
[21]XU H G,DOU B SH,ZHENG K K,et al.Lipid Requirements in growing Japanese seabass(Lateolabrax japonicus)of two different sizes[J].The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh,2015,67:1151.
[22]陈乃松,肖温温,梁勤朗,等.饲料中脂肪与蛋白质比对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和非特异性免疫的影响[J].水产学报,2012,36(8):1270-1280.
[23]HU J R,WANG G X,HUANG Y H,et al.Effects of the substitution of fish meal with black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal in yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)diets[J].The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh,2017,69:1382.
[24]SANTOS A F B D.Evaluation of the potential of prepupae meal of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)as potential ingredient for Rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):effect on flesh quality[D].Firenze:Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto,Universitàdegli Studi di Firenze,2016.
[25]KHOUSHAB F,YAMABHAI M.Chitin research revisited[J].Marine Drugs,2010,8(7):1988-2012.
[26]ZHANG J L,LIU J N,LI L,et al.Dietary chitosan improves hypercholesterolemia in rats fed high-fat diets[J].Nutrition Research,2008,28(6):383-390.
[27]LI Q P,GOONERATNE S R,WANG R L,et al.Effect of different molecular weight of chitosans on performance and lipid metabolism in chicken[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2016,211:174-180.
[28]ABRO R,SUNDELL K,SANDBLOM E,et al.Evaluation of chitinolytic activities and membrane integrity in gut tissues of Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus)fed fish meal and zygomycete biomass[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2014,175:1-8.
[29]KAUSHIK S J,CRAVEDE J P,LALLES J P,et al.Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth,protein utilization,potential estrogenic or antigenic effects,cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Aquaculture,1995,133(3/4):257-274.
[30]GOULDING N J,GIBNEY M J,TAYLOR T G,et al.Reversible hypercholesterolaemia produced by cholesterolfree fish meal protein diets[J].Atherosclerosis,1983,49(2):127-137.
[31]文远红,黄燕华,王国霞,等.蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼抗氧化指标、消化酶活性及前肠、肝胰脏组织结构的影响[J].饲料工业,2015,36(4):29-35.
[32]JOHN P J.Alteration of certain blood parameters of freshwater teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to Metasystox and Sevin[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2007,33(1):15-20.
[33]BELFORTI M,GAI F,LUSSIANA C,et al.Tenebrio molitor meal in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)diets:effects on animal performance,nutrient digestibility and chemical composition of fillets[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2015,14(4):670-676.
[34]胡俊茹,何飞,莫文艳,等.采食不同有机废弃物黑水虻幼虫饲料价值分析[J].中国饲料,2017(15):24-27.
[35]SCHIAVONE A,CULLERE M,DE MARCO M,et al.Partial or total replacement of soybean oil by black soldier fly larvae(Hermetia illucens L.)fat in broiler diets:effect on growth performances,feed-choice,blood traits,carcass characteristics and meat quality[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2017,16(1):93-100.
[2]VAN HUIS A.Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2013,58(1):563-583.
[3]MAY B M.The occurrence in New Zealand and the life-history of the soldier fly Hermetia illucens(L.)(Diptera:Stratiomyidae)[J].New Zealand Journal of Science,1961,4:55-65.
[4]SHEPPARD C.House fly and lesser fly control utilizing the black soldier fly in manure management systems for caged laying hens[J].Environmental Entomology,1983,12(5):1439-1442.
[5]NEWTON L,SHEPPARD C,WATSON D S,et al.Using the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,as a valueadded tool for the management of swine manure[R].Animal and Poultry Raleigh,NC:Waste Management Center,North Carolina State University,2005.
[6]LALANDER C,DIENER S,MAGRI M E,et al.Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)-from a hygiene aspect[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,458-460:312-318.
[7]SHEPPARD D C.Using soldier flies as a manure management tool for volume reduction,housefly control and feedstuff production[J].Journal of French Language Studies,1995,24(4):f1-f4.
[8]NEWTON G L,SHEPPARD D C,WATSON D W,et al.The black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens,as a manure management/resource recovery tool[C]//Proceedings of the Symposium on the State of the Science of Animal Manure and Waste Management.San Antonio,Texas,USA,2005.
[9]ST-HILAIRE S,SHEPPARD C,TOMBERLIN J K,et al.Fly prepupae as a feedstuff for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2007,38(1):59-67.
[10]BONDARI K,SHEPPARD D C.Soldier fly larvae as feed in commercial fish production[J].Aquaculture,1981,24:103-109.
[11]RANA K M S,SALAM M A,HASHEML S,et al.Development of black soldier fly larvae production technique as an alternate fish feed[J].International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture,2015,5(1):41-47.
[12]HEM S,TOURE S,SAGBLA C,et al.Bioconversion of palm kernel meal for aquaculture:experiences from the forest region(Republic of Guinea)[J].African Journal of Biotechnology,2008,7(8):1192-1198.
[13]ADENIYI,VICTORIA O,FOLORUNSHO,et al.Performance of Clarias gariepinus(Burchell,1822)fed dietary levels of black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens(Linnaeus,1758)prepupae meal as a protein[J].International Journal of Research in Fisheries and Aquaculture,2015,5(3):89-93.
[14]SEALEY W M,GAYLORD T G,BARROWS F T,et al.Sensory analysis of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,fed enriched black soldier fly prepupae,Hermetia illucens[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,2011,42(1):34-45.
[15]STAMER A,WESSLESS S,NEIDIGK R,et al.Black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal as an example for a new feed ingredients class in aquaculture diets[C]//Proceeding of the 4th Isofar Scientific Conference:Building Organic Bridges at the Organic World Congress.Islanbul,Turkey,2014.
[16]KROECKEL S,HARJES A G E,ROTH I,et al.When a turbot catches a fly:evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)as fish meal substitute-growth performance and chitin degradation in juvenile turbot(Psetta maxima)[J].Aquaculture,2012,364/365:345-352.
[17]CUMMINS V C,Jr,RAWLES S D,THOMPSON KR,e t al.Evaluation of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal as partial or total replacement of marine fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)[J].Aquaculture,2017,473:337-344.
[18]LI S L,JI H,ZHANG B X,et al.Defatted black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal in diets for juvenile Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian):growth performance,antioxidant enzyme activities,digestive enzyme activities,intestine and hepatopancreas histological structure[J].Aquaculture,2017,477:62-70.
[19]MAGALHES R,SNCHEZ-LPEZ A,LEAL R S,et al.Black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)pre-pupae meal as a fish meal replacement in diets for European seabass(Dicentrarchus labrax)[J].Aquaculture,2017,476:79-85.
[20]CATACUTAN M R,COLOSO R M.Growth of juvenile Asian seabass,Lates calcarifer,f ed varying carbohydrate and lipid levels[J].Aquaculture,1997,149(1/2):137-144.
[21]XU H G,DOU B SH,ZHENG K K,et al.Lipid Requirements in growing Japanese seabass(Lateolabrax japonicus)of two different sizes[J].The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh,2015,67:1151.
[22]陈乃松,肖温温,梁勤朗,等.饲料中脂肪与蛋白质比对大口黑鲈生长、体组成和非特异性免疫的影响[J].水产学报,2012,36(8):1270-1280.
[23]HU J R,WANG G X,HUANG Y H,et al.Effects of the substitution of fish meal with black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)larvae meal in yellow catfish(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)diets[J].The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh,2017,69:1382.
[24]SANTOS A F B D.Evaluation of the potential of prepupae meal of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens)as potential ingredient for Rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss):effect on flesh quality[D].Firenze:Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto,Universitàdegli Studi di Firenze,2016.
[25]KHOUSHAB F,YAMABHAI M.Chitin research revisited[J].Marine Drugs,2010,8(7):1988-2012.
[26]ZHANG J L,LIU J N,LI L,et al.Dietary chitosan improves hypercholesterolemia in rats fed high-fat diets[J].Nutrition Research,2008,28(6):383-390.
[27]LI Q P,GOONERATNE S R,WANG R L,et al.Effect of different molecular weight of chitosans on performance and lipid metabolism in chicken[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2016,211:174-180.
[28]ABRO R,SUNDELL K,SANDBLOM E,et al.Evaluation of chitinolytic activities and membrane integrity in gut tissues of Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus)fed fish meal and zygomycete biomass[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,2014,175:1-8.
[29]KAUSHIK S J,CRAVEDE J P,LALLES J P,et al.Partial or total replacement of fish meal by soybean protein on growth,protein utilization,potential estrogenic or antigenic effects,cholesterolemia and flesh quality in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss[J].Aquaculture,1995,133(3/4):257-274.
[30]GOULDING N J,GIBNEY M J,TAYLOR T G,et al.Reversible hypercholesterolaemia produced by cholesterolfree fish meal protein diets[J].Atherosclerosis,1983,49(2):127-137.
[31]文远红,黄燕华,王国霞,等.蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼抗氧化指标、消化酶活性及前肠、肝胰脏组织结构的影响[J].饲料工业,2015,36(4):29-35.
[32]JOHN P J.Alteration of certain blood parameters of freshwater teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to Metasystox and Sevin[J].Fish Physiology and Biochemistry,2007,33(1):15-20.
[33]BELFORTI M,GAI F,LUSSIANA C,et al.Tenebrio molitor meal in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)diets:effects on animal performance,nutrient digestibility and chemical composition of fillets[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2015,14(4):670-676.
[34]胡俊茹,何飞,莫文艳,等.采食不同有机废弃物黑水虻幼虫饲料价值分析[J].中国饲料,2017(15):24-27.
[35]SCHIAVONE A,CULLERE M,DE MARCO M,et al.Partial or total replacement of soybean oil by black soldier fly larvae(Hermetia illucens L.)fat in broiler diets:effect on growth performances,feed-choice,blood traits,carcass characteristics and meat quality[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2017,16(1):93-100.
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