不同茬口对小麦养分利用和产量的影响
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摘要
为了探究不同茬口对小麦生产的影响,在测定玉米、大豆、花生、甘薯4种不同作物收获后土壤养分状况的基础上,对不同茬口下小麦植株养分吸收、利用和产量进行了研究。结果表明,与玉米茬相比,大豆茬的土壤速效磷含量降低,土壤速效氮和速效钾含量提高,花生茬的土壤速效氮和速效磷含量提高,甘薯茬的土壤速效氮和速效钾含量下降;大豆、花生和甘薯茬有利于小麦植株养分的积累,并能显著提高千粒重,但甘薯茬的小麦产量显著低于玉米茬。因此,大豆和花生可作为冬小麦种植区两熟复种模式的适宜前茬作物。
In order to explore the effects of different previous crops on wheat production, the characteristics of nutrient absorption, nutrient utilization and yield of wheat were studied on the basis of the soil nutrient status after harvesting four different previous crops including corn,soybean,peanut and sweet potato. The results showed that, compared with the preceding corn planting, more available phosphorus was consumed and the content of available nitrogen and available potassium in the soil were increased with the previous soybean treatment, while the contrasting trends were performed with the treatment of preceding sweet potato planting; the content of available nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil were improved after preceding peanut planting. Additionally, the accumulation of nutrient in wheat plants was benefited from previous soybean, peanut and sweet potato planting and the 1 000-grain weight of wheat grain was significantly increased. While the wheat yield of the previous sweet potato was significantly reduced more than that of the preceding corn planting. Soybean and peanut may be the suitable preceding crops for wheat in this region of southern of North China plain,because they improved the nutrients accumulation in soil and wheat plant to a certain extent.
In order to explore the effects of different previous crops on wheat production, the characteristics of nutrient absorption, nutrient utilization and yield of wheat were studied on the basis of the soil nutrient status after harvesting four different previous crops including corn,soybean,peanut and sweet potato. The results showed that, compared with the preceding corn planting, more available phosphorus was consumed and the content of available nitrogen and available potassium in the soil were increased with the previous soybean treatment, while the contrasting trends were performed with the treatment of preceding sweet potato planting; the content of available nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil were improved after preceding peanut planting. Additionally, the accumulation of nutrient in wheat plants was benefited from previous soybean, peanut and sweet potato planting and the 1 000-grain weight of wheat grain was significantly increased. While the wheat yield of the previous sweet potato was significantly reduced more than that of the preceding corn planting. Soybean and peanut may be the suitable preceding crops for wheat in this region of southern of North China plain,because they improved the nutrients accumulation in soil and wheat plant to a certain extent.
引文
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[2]晋艳,杨宇虹,段玉琪,等.烤烟轮作、连作对烟叶产量质量的影响[J].西南农业学报,2004,17(S1):267. JIN Y,YANG Y H,DUAN Y Q,et al.Effect of rotational cropping and continuous cropping on yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco [J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2004,17(S1):267.
[3]郑良永,胡剑非,林昌华,等.作物连作障碍的产生及防治[J].热带农业科学,2005,25(2):5. ZHENG L Y,HU J F,LIN C H,et al.The production of succession cropping obstacles and its prevention and cure steps [J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,2005,25(2):58.
[4]王玉峰,张淑香,李世东,等.黑土中大豆连作障碍诊断系统的建立初报-主要障碍因子的确立[J].农机化研究,2007(2):164. WANG Y F,ZHANG S X,LI S D,et al.Establishment for the diagnosis system of soybean continuous cropping in black soil of main inhibitors [J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2007(2):164.
[5]刘巧真,郭芳阳,吴照辉,等.烤烟连作土壤障碍因子及防治措施[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(10):87. LIU Q Z,GUO F Y,WU Z H,et al.Controlling measures and factors of fuel-tobacco continuous cropping [J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(10):87.
[6]徐飞,宋玉立,周益林,等.2013-2016年河南省小麦茎基腐病的发生危害情况及特点[J].植物保护,2016,42(6):126. XU F,SONG Y L,ZHOU Y L,et al.Occurrence dynamics and characteristics of Fusarium root and crown rot of wheat in Henan Province during 2013-2016 [J].Plant Protection,2016,42(6):126.
[7]金彦博,郭凤霞,白刚,等.岷县不同茬口对当归苗栽生长及抗病性的影响[J].草业学报,2018,27(4):69. JIN Y B,GUO F X,CHEN Y,et al.Effect of various crop residues on growth and disease resistance of Angelica sinensis seedlings in Min County [J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2018,27(4):69.
[8]宋树慧,何梦麟,任少勇,等.不同前茬对马铃薯产量、品质和病害发生的影响[J].作物杂志,2014(2):123. SONG S H,HE M L,REN S Y,et al.Effect of different preceding crops on yield,quality and disease of potato [J].Crops,2014(2):123.
[9]ZHU B,YI L,HU Y,et al.Nitrogen release from incorporated 15N-labelled Chinese milk vetch(Astragalus sinicus L.) residue and its dynamics in a double rice cropping system [J].Plant & Soil,2014,374(1-2):331.
[10]王明道,刘红记,时延光,等.不同作物茬口微生物数量的变化对烟草品质的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2013,52(18):4419. WANG M D,LIU H J,SHI Y G,et al.Effects of microorganism numbers from different crop stubbles on tobacco quality [J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2013,52(18):4419.
[11]郑云开,尤民生.农业景观生物多样性与害虫生态控制[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1508. ZHENG Y K,LONG M S.Biological diversity in support of ecologically-based pest management at landscape level [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1508.
[12]陈梦楠,高志强,孙敏,等.休闲期耕作配施磷肥对旱地小麦氮素吸收与转运的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2015,35(11):1569. CHEN M N,GAO Z Q,SUN M,et al.Effect of phosphorus application under tillage in fallow period on nitrogen absorption and translocation in dryland wheat [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2015,35(11):1569.
[13]季青,郭新宇,王纪华,等.玉米形态建成研究进展[J].玉米科学,2004,12(S2):31. JI Q,GUO X Y,WANG J H,et al.The development of maize morphological architecture research [J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2004,12(S2):31.
[14]张辉,张立花,黄玉芳,等.施钾对小麦/玉米产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(5):988. ZHANG H,ZHANG L H,HUANG Y F,et al.Effect of potassium application on yield and soil potassium balance in maize and wheat rotation system [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(5):988.
[15]江东岭,杜雄,张宁,等.种植密度对夏玉米群体库源关系的影响[J].华北农学报,2009,24(3):201. JIANG DL,DU X,ZHANG N,et al.Effects of plant density on sink-source relationship of summer maize(Zea mays L.) [J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2009,24(3):201.
[16]LABERGE G,HAUSSMANN B I G,AMBUS P,et al.Cowpea N rhizodeposition and its below-ground transfer to a co-existing and to a subsequent millet crop on a sandy soil of the Sudano-Sahelian eco-zone [J].Plant and Soil,2011,340(1-2):369.
[17]VESTERAGER J M,NIELSEN N E,HOSLASH H.Nitrogen budgets in crop sequences with or without phosphorus-fertilised cowpea in the maize-based cropping systems of semi-arid eastern Africa [J].African Journal of Agricultural Research,2007,2(6):261.
[18]夏玄,龚振平.氮素与豆科作物固氮关系研究进展[J].东北农业大学学报,2017,48(1):79-88. XIA X,GONG Z P.Research advance on the relationship between nitrogen and Leguminous nitrogen fixation [J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2017,48(1):79.
[19]魏丹,李艳,李玉梅,等.氮磷钾元素对黑龙江不同地区大豆产量和品质的影响[J].大豆科学,2017,36(1):87. WEI D,LI Y,LI Y M,et al.Effect of N,P,K fertilization on yield and quality of soybean in Heilongjiang Province [J].Soybean Science,2017,36(1):87.
[20]郭凌凯,刘登望,李林.不同肥料配施对花生品质与产量的影响[J].作物研究,2016,30(5):539. GUO L K,LIU D W,LI L.The effect of different fertilizer ratio on quality and yield of peanut [J].Crop Research,2016,30(5):539.
[21]张鹏.我国薯类基础研究的动态与展望[J].生物技术通报,2015,31(4):65. ZHANG P.Trends and prospect of basic research on root and tuber crops in China [J].Biotechnology Bulletin,2015,31(4):65.
[22]江苏省农业科学院.中国甘薯栽培学,(第12版)[M].上海科学技术出版社,1984. Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences.Cultivation of sweet potato in China(Twelfth Edition) [M].Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1984.
[23]吴旭银,张淑霞,周印富,等.甘薯“冀审薯200001”氮磷钾吸收特性的研究[J].河北科技师范学院学报,2001,15(3):1. WU X Y,ZHANG S X,ZHOU Y F,et al.Study of assimilation characters of sweet-potato “Jishenshu 200001” of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium [J].Journal of Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology,2001,15(3):1.
[24]SIELING K,STAHL C,WINKELMANN C,et al.Growth and yield of winter wheat in the first 3 years of a monoculture under varying N fertilization in NW Germany [J].European Journal of Agronomy,2005,22(1):71.
[25]王兰.小麦需肥特性与高效施肥技术[J].现代农业科技,2016(5):65. WANG L.Characteristics of wheat fertilizer requirement and efficient fertilization technology [J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016(5):65.
[26]汪敬恒,沈其荣,徐阳春,等.冬小麦夏玉米两熟制下不同类型氮肥的肥效研究[J].麦类作物学报,2013,33(5):972. WANG J H,SHEN Q R,XU Y C,et al.Effect of different types of nitrogen fertilizer on wheat-corn double cropping system [J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2013,33(5):972.
[27]郭明明,赵广才,郭文善,等.追氮时期和施钾量对小麦氮素吸收运转的调控[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(3):590. GUO M M,ZHAO G C,GUO W S,et al.Regulation of nitrogen topdressing stage and potassium fertilizer rate on absorption and translocation of nitrogen by wheat [J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(3):590.
[28]徐晖,崔怀洋,张伟,等.播期、密度和施氮量对稻茬小麦光明麦1号氮肥表观利用率的调控[J].作物学报,2016,42(1):123. XU H,CUI H Y,ZHANG W,et al.Effects of sowing date,density and nitrogen application amount on nitrogen utilization rate of Guangmingmai 1 grown in rice-wheat system [J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(1):123.
[29]BAIS H P,WEIR T L,PERRY L G,et al.The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms [J].Annual Review of Plant Biology,2006,57(1):233.
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