不同刈割时间和间隔对羊草产量和品质的影响
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摘要
以松嫩平原羊草(Leymus chinensis)草甸为研究对象,研究不同刈割时间和间隔对羊草产量和品质的影响。结果表明:羊草产量具有明显的季节性,随着刈割时间的推迟呈单峰型变化,在8月中旬达到峰值255 g·m~(-2)(P=0. 002),粗蛋白(CP)产量呈双峰型变化,分别在6月15日和8月1日达到峰值12. 3 g·m~(-2)和14. 2 g·m~(-2),但两者无显著变化。CP含量随着刈割时间的推迟呈线性减少的趋势(P <0. 001),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的变化则相反(P <0. 001)。牧草生长季初首次刈割至关重要,6月1日羊草产量和CP产量均显著高于5月15日(P <0. 05),且从6月1日-7月15日,羊草CP产量无显著变化。因此,6月1日为最佳的刈割开始时间。不同的刈割间隔对羊草的产量和品质具有显著的影响(P <0. 05)。刈割50 d处理羊草全年产量和CP产量显著低于30 d和40 d的处理(P <0. 05),其NDF和ADF含量显著高于30 d和40 d的处理。40 d处理的羊草全年生物量和CP产量高于30 d处理,但两者无显著差异。此外,随着刈割强度的增加,CP,P及K的含量呈增加的趋势。综上,羊草适宜的刈割起始时间为6月1日,刈割周期为40 d。
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of mowing time and interval on dry matter( DM) yield and chemical composition of Leymus chinensis based on L. chinensis Meadow in Songnen Plain. The results showed that as the mowing time delayed,L. chinensis DM yield increased quadratically with peak DM yield of 255 g·m~(-2) on August 15 th( P = 0. 002). Mowing time affected crude protein( CP) yield quadratically with two peak values which were 12. 3 g·m~(-2) on June 15 thand 14. 2 g·m~(-2) on August 1 st,respectively,but there was no significant difference. The CP content of L. chinensis decreased lineally( P < 0. 001) and its neutral detergent fiber( NDF) and acid detergent fiber( ADF) increased linearly( P < 0. 001) as the mowing time extended. The fist cut of mowing in spring season was extremely important. In present study,DM Yield and CP yield of L. chinensis on June 1 stwas significantly( P <0. 05) higher than May 15 thand CP yield of L. chinensis on June 1 sthad no significant difference compared with other mowing time except for August 1 st. So,the optimal mowing time was June 1 st. Different mowing interval affected the DM yield and chemical composition( except for ash) of L. chinensis significantly( P < 0. 05). When the mowing interval was 50 d,L. chinensis DM yield and CP yield was significantly( P < 0. 05) lower than 30 and 40 d mowing interval,and NDF and ADF contents in L. chinensis were significantly( P < 0. 05) higher than 30 and 40 d mowing interval. When the mowing interval was 40 d,L. chinensis DM yield and CP yield was higher than 30 d mowing interval but had no significant difference. Besides,as the mowing interval increased,the CP( P <0. 001),phosphorus( P = 0. 001) and potassium( P < 0. 001) contents in L. chinensis decreased linearly. In conclusion,based on DM yield and CP content, the optimal mowing regime for L. chinensis grasslands was: initial mowing June 1 stand mowing interval 40 d.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of mowing time and interval on dry matter( DM) yield and chemical composition of Leymus chinensis based on L. chinensis Meadow in Songnen Plain. The results showed that as the mowing time delayed,L. chinensis DM yield increased quadratically with peak DM yield of 255 g·m~(-2) on August 15 th( P = 0. 002). Mowing time affected crude protein( CP) yield quadratically with two peak values which were 12. 3 g·m~(-2) on June 15 thand 14. 2 g·m~(-2) on August 1 st,respectively,but there was no significant difference. The CP content of L. chinensis decreased lineally( P < 0. 001) and its neutral detergent fiber( NDF) and acid detergent fiber( ADF) increased linearly( P < 0. 001) as the mowing time extended. The fist cut of mowing in spring season was extremely important. In present study,DM Yield and CP yield of L. chinensis on June 1 stwas significantly( P <0. 05) higher than May 15 thand CP yield of L. chinensis on June 1 sthad no significant difference compared with other mowing time except for August 1 st. So,the optimal mowing time was June 1 st. Different mowing interval affected the DM yield and chemical composition( except for ash) of L. chinensis significantly( P < 0. 05). When the mowing interval was 50 d,L. chinensis DM yield and CP yield was significantly( P < 0. 05) lower than 30 and 40 d mowing interval,and NDF and ADF contents in L. chinensis were significantly( P < 0. 05) higher than 30 and 40 d mowing interval. When the mowing interval was 40 d,L. chinensis DM yield and CP yield was higher than 30 d mowing interval but had no significant difference. Besides,as the mowing interval increased,the CP( P <0. 001),phosphorus( P = 0. 001) and potassium( P < 0. 001) contents in L. chinensis decreased linearly. In conclusion,based on DM yield and CP content, the optimal mowing regime for L. chinensis grasslands was: initial mowing June 1 stand mowing interval 40 d.
引文
[1]王仁忠.放牧影响下羊草种群生物量形成动态的研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(5):505-509.WANG R Z. Biomass formation dynamics of Leymus chinensis population affected by grazing[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1997,8(5):505-509.
[2]廖国藩,贾幼陵.中国草地资源[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996:343-352.LIAO G F,JIA Y L. Grassland resources in China[M]. Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1996:343-352.
[3]朱珏,张彬,谭支良,等.刈割对牧草生物量和品质影响的研究进展[J].草业科学,2009,26(2):80-85.ZHU Y,ZHANG B,TAN Z L,et al. Research progress of clipping effect on quality and biomass of grazing[J]. Pratacultural Science,2009,26(2):80-85.
[4]夏景新,樊奋成,王培.刈牧对禾草草地的再生和生产力影响的研究进展[J].草地学报,1994,2(1):45-55.XIA J X,FAN F C,WANG P. Progress in studies of the effects of defoliation on regrowth and production in grass pasture[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,1994,2(1):45-55.
[5]仲延凯,包青海.锡林河流域合理割草制度的研究[J].中国草地学报,1999(3):28-41.ZHONG Y K,BAO Q H. The study of rational cutting system on the grassland of Xilin River Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,1999(3):28-41.
[6]仲延凯,孙维,包青海.刈割对典型草原地带羊草(Leymus chinensis)的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报:自然科学版,1998,29(2):202-213.ZHONG Y K,SUN W,BAO Q H. Effect of mowing on Leymus chinensis in typical steppe region[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Natural Science Edition),1998,29(2):202-213.
[7]李建东,刘建新.羊草草地一年两次刈割可行性的研究[J].中国草地学报,2000,22(5):32-34.LI J D,LIU J X. A feasibility study on mowing two times a year in Leymus chinensis grassland[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2000,22(5):32-34.
[8] BALL D M,HOVELAND C S,LACEFIELD G D. Southern forages:Modern concepts for forage crop management(4th ed.)[M]. USA,Georgia:International Plant Nutrition Institute,2007.
[9] SCHIBORRA A,GIERUS M,WAN H W,et al. Short-term responses of a Stipa grandis/Leymus chinensis community to frequent defoliation in the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2009,132(1-2):82-90.
[10] HE F,WANG K,HANNAWAY D B,et al. Effects of precipitation and clipping intensity on net primary productivity and composition of a Leymus chinensis temperate grassland steppe[J]. Plos One,2017,12(12):e0190450.
[11]鲍雅静,李政海,仲延凯,等.不同频次刈割对内蒙古羊草草原群落能量固定与分配规律的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(5):46-52.BAO Y J,LI Z H,ZHONG Y K,et al. The effects of different frequency mowing on energy fixation and allocation of Leymus chinensis steppe community in Xilinguole,Nei Monggol[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2004,13(5):46-52.
[12]吴泠,张新时.松嫩平原农牧交错区牧草资源特点及畜牧业发展[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):601-609.WU L,ZHANG X S. Characters of forage resources and the development of pastoral industry in the farming-pastoral zone of the Songnen Plain[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(2):601-609.
[13]周道玮,孙海霞,钟荣珍,等.典型草原载畜率及放牧饲养设计[J].土壤与作物,2015,4(3):97-103.ZHOU D W,SUN H X,ZHONG R Z,et al. Design for stocking rate and grazing feeding in Inner Mongolia Steppe[J]. Soils and Crops,2015,4(3):97-103.
[14] VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON H B,LEWIS B A. Method of dietary fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal material[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[15]祝廷成.羊草生物生态学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2004.ZHU T C. Biological ecology of Leymus chinensis[M]. Changchun:Jilin Science and Technology Press,2004.
[16]杨惠敏,王振南,吉春荣.刈割和放牧后牧草碳氮动态研究进展[J].中国草地学报,2013,35(4):102-109,120.YANG H M,WANG Z N,JI C R. Research progress in the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in forage after cutting and grazing[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(4):102-109,120.
[17]仲延凯,包清海,孙维.内蒙古白音锡勒牧场地区天然割草场合理割草制度的研究[J].植物学报,1993,11(s1):46-47.ZHONG Y K,BAO Q H,SUN W. A study on reasonable mowing system of natural mowing steppe in Baiyinxile,Inner Mongolia[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany,1993,11(s1):46-47.
[18]刘颖,王德利,韩士杰,等.放牧强度对羊草草地植被再生性能的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(6):39-44.LIU Y,WANG D L,HAN S J,et al. Effect of grazing intensity on the regrowth capability in Leymus chinensis grassland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2004,13(6):39-44.
[19]展春芳.牧草产量与品质对不同刈割期和留茬高度及刈割年限的响应[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.ZHAN C F. Response of pasture yield and quality for different mowing period and different stubble height and different years[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2012.
[20]张继涛,李秀军,田尚衣,等.草克隆种群的螺旋扩张规律[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2509-2515.ZHANG J T,LI X J,TIAN S Y,et al. The spiral elongation rule in clonal population of Leymus chinensis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(8):2509-2515.
[21] VAN SOEST P J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant[M]. N Y,Ithaca,Cornell University Press,1994.
[22] ALLEN M S. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(7):1598-1624.
[23]张英俊.草地与牧场管理学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009.ZHANG Y J. Grassland farm management[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009.
[24] SCHIBORRA A,GIERUS M,WAN H W,et al. Herbage yield and quality as influenced by cutting frequency of natural grassland of Inner Mongolia[J]. Grassland Science in Europe,2006,11:592-594.
[25]王国良,李向林,万里强,等.刈割对羊草草原生长性能的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(3):263-268.WANG G L,LI X L,WAN L Q,et al. Effect of cutting on the growth capability of Leymus chinensis grassland[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2007,15(3):263-268.
[26]刘军萍,王德利,巴雷.不同刈割条件下的人工草地羊草叶片的再生动态研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学,2003,35(1):117-124.LIU J P,WANG D L,BA L. Studies on the leaf regrowth dynamics in Leymus chinensis under different cutting conditions[J]. Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2003,35(1):117-124.
[27] BORK E W,BROADBENT T S,WILLMS W D. Intermittent growing season defoliation variably impacts accumulated herbage productivity in mixed grass prairie[J]. Rangeland Ecology and Management,2017 70(3):307-315.
[28] HUME D E. Effect of cutting on production and tillering in Prairie Grass(Bromus willdenowii Kunth)compared with two Ryegrass(Lolium)species. 2. reproductive pants[J]. Annals of Botany,1991,67:533-541.
[29]宋彦涛,周道玮,于洋,等.生长季初刈割时间对羊草群落特征的影响[J].中国草地学报,2016,38(3):56-62.SONG Y T,ZHOU D W,YU Y,et al. Effect of cutting time at the beginning of growing season on characters of Leymus chinensis community[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2016,38(3):56-62.
[30] XUE Y L,BAI C S,SUN J J,et al. Effects of locations and growth stages on nutritive value and silage fermentation quality of Leymus chinensis in Eurasian steppe of northern China[J]. Grassland Science,2017,64(1):40-50.
[31]杨晓松,高丽娟,斯日古楞,等.科尔沁区天然打草场植被特征对刈割频次的响应[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2016,37(9):32-34,58.YANG X S,GAO L J,SIRI G L,et al. The responses of vegetation characteristic of natural meadow on mowing frequency in Keerqin District[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2016,37(9):32-34,58.
[2]廖国藩,贾幼陵.中国草地资源[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996:343-352.LIAO G F,JIA Y L. Grassland resources in China[M]. Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1996:343-352.
[3]朱珏,张彬,谭支良,等.刈割对牧草生物量和品质影响的研究进展[J].草业科学,2009,26(2):80-85.ZHU Y,ZHANG B,TAN Z L,et al. Research progress of clipping effect on quality and biomass of grazing[J]. Pratacultural Science,2009,26(2):80-85.
[4]夏景新,樊奋成,王培.刈牧对禾草草地的再生和生产力影响的研究进展[J].草地学报,1994,2(1):45-55.XIA J X,FAN F C,WANG P. Progress in studies of the effects of defoliation on regrowth and production in grass pasture[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,1994,2(1):45-55.
[5]仲延凯,包青海.锡林河流域合理割草制度的研究[J].中国草地学报,1999(3):28-41.ZHONG Y K,BAO Q H. The study of rational cutting system on the grassland of Xilin River Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,1999(3):28-41.
[6]仲延凯,孙维,包青海.刈割对典型草原地带羊草(Leymus chinensis)的影响[J].内蒙古大学学报:自然科学版,1998,29(2):202-213.ZHONG Y K,SUN W,BAO Q H. Effect of mowing on Leymus chinensis in typical steppe region[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia University(Natural Science Edition),1998,29(2):202-213.
[7]李建东,刘建新.羊草草地一年两次刈割可行性的研究[J].中国草地学报,2000,22(5):32-34.LI J D,LIU J X. A feasibility study on mowing two times a year in Leymus chinensis grassland[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2000,22(5):32-34.
[8] BALL D M,HOVELAND C S,LACEFIELD G D. Southern forages:Modern concepts for forage crop management(4th ed.)[M]. USA,Georgia:International Plant Nutrition Institute,2007.
[9] SCHIBORRA A,GIERUS M,WAN H W,et al. Short-term responses of a Stipa grandis/Leymus chinensis community to frequent defoliation in the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia,China[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2009,132(1-2):82-90.
[10] HE F,WANG K,HANNAWAY D B,et al. Effects of precipitation and clipping intensity on net primary productivity and composition of a Leymus chinensis temperate grassland steppe[J]. Plos One,2017,12(12):e0190450.
[11]鲍雅静,李政海,仲延凯,等.不同频次刈割对内蒙古羊草草原群落能量固定与分配规律的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(5):46-52.BAO Y J,LI Z H,ZHONG Y K,et al. The effects of different frequency mowing on energy fixation and allocation of Leymus chinensis steppe community in Xilinguole,Nei Monggol[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2004,13(5):46-52.
[12]吴泠,张新时.松嫩平原农牧交错区牧草资源特点及畜牧业发展[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):601-609.WU L,ZHANG X S. Characters of forage resources and the development of pastoral industry in the farming-pastoral zone of the Songnen Plain[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(2):601-609.
[13]周道玮,孙海霞,钟荣珍,等.典型草原载畜率及放牧饲养设计[J].土壤与作物,2015,4(3):97-103.ZHOU D W,SUN H X,ZHONG R Z,et al. Design for stocking rate and grazing feeding in Inner Mongolia Steppe[J]. Soils and Crops,2015,4(3):97-103.
[14] VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON H B,LEWIS B A. Method of dietary fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal material[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[15]祝廷成.羊草生物生态学[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2004.ZHU T C. Biological ecology of Leymus chinensis[M]. Changchun:Jilin Science and Technology Press,2004.
[16]杨惠敏,王振南,吉春荣.刈割和放牧后牧草碳氮动态研究进展[J].中国草地学报,2013,35(4):102-109,120.YANG H M,WANG Z N,JI C R. Research progress in the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in forage after cutting and grazing[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2013,35(4):102-109,120.
[17]仲延凯,包清海,孙维.内蒙古白音锡勒牧场地区天然割草场合理割草制度的研究[J].植物学报,1993,11(s1):46-47.ZHONG Y K,BAO Q H,SUN W. A study on reasonable mowing system of natural mowing steppe in Baiyinxile,Inner Mongolia[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Botany,1993,11(s1):46-47.
[18]刘颖,王德利,韩士杰,等.放牧强度对羊草草地植被再生性能的影响[J].草业学报,2004,13(6):39-44.LIU Y,WANG D L,HAN S J,et al. Effect of grazing intensity on the regrowth capability in Leymus chinensis grassland[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2004,13(6):39-44.
[19]展春芳.牧草产量与品质对不同刈割期和留茬高度及刈割年限的响应[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.ZHAN C F. Response of pasture yield and quality for different mowing period and different stubble height and different years[D]. Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2012.
[20]张继涛,李秀军,田尚衣,等.草克隆种群的螺旋扩张规律[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2509-2515.ZHANG J T,LI X J,TIAN S Y,et al. The spiral elongation rule in clonal population of Leymus chinensis[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(8):2509-2515.
[21] VAN SOEST P J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant[M]. N Y,Ithaca,Cornell University Press,1994.
[22] ALLEN M S. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2000,83(7):1598-1624.
[23]张英俊.草地与牧场管理学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009.ZHANG Y J. Grassland farm management[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009.
[24] SCHIBORRA A,GIERUS M,WAN H W,et al. Herbage yield and quality as influenced by cutting frequency of natural grassland of Inner Mongolia[J]. Grassland Science in Europe,2006,11:592-594.
[25]王国良,李向林,万里强,等.刈割对羊草草原生长性能的影响[J].草地学报,2007,15(3):263-268.WANG G L,LI X L,WAN L Q,et al. Effect of cutting on the growth capability of Leymus chinensis grassland[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2007,15(3):263-268.
[26]刘军萍,王德利,巴雷.不同刈割条件下的人工草地羊草叶片的再生动态研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学,2003,35(1):117-124.LIU J P,WANG D L,BA L. Studies on the leaf regrowth dynamics in Leymus chinensis under different cutting conditions[J]. Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2003,35(1):117-124.
[27] BORK E W,BROADBENT T S,WILLMS W D. Intermittent growing season defoliation variably impacts accumulated herbage productivity in mixed grass prairie[J]. Rangeland Ecology and Management,2017 70(3):307-315.
[28] HUME D E. Effect of cutting on production and tillering in Prairie Grass(Bromus willdenowii Kunth)compared with two Ryegrass(Lolium)species. 2. reproductive pants[J]. Annals of Botany,1991,67:533-541.
[29]宋彦涛,周道玮,于洋,等.生长季初刈割时间对羊草群落特征的影响[J].中国草地学报,2016,38(3):56-62.SONG Y T,ZHOU D W,YU Y,et al. Effect of cutting time at the beginning of growing season on characters of Leymus chinensis community[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2016,38(3):56-62.
[30] XUE Y L,BAI C S,SUN J J,et al. Effects of locations and growth stages on nutritive value and silage fermentation quality of Leymus chinensis in Eurasian steppe of northern China[J]. Grassland Science,2017,64(1):40-50.
[31]杨晓松,高丽娟,斯日古楞,等.科尔沁区天然打草场植被特征对刈割频次的响应[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2016,37(9):32-34,58.YANG X S,GAO L J,SIRI G L,et al. The responses of vegetation characteristic of natural meadow on mowing frequency in Keerqin District[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2016,37(9):32-34,58.