基于耕地承载力的畜禽养殖污染负荷及环境风险研究——以四川省为例
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摘要
[目的]通过对四川省畜禽养殖污染负荷、耕地承载力空间分布特征的探讨,为研究区农业的可持续发展提供理论依据。[方法]在前人研究基础上,结合四川省区域特点,研究各市州畜禽粪便产生量、主要污染物产生量、流失量以及单位耕地面积猪当量负荷量,N和P负荷量,利用ArcGIS解析其空间分布特征,对耕地承载力现状进行风险评价。[结果]2016年四川省畜禽粪便总产量2.94×10~7 t;产生和流失最多的污染物为化学需氧量(COD),最少为全磷。四川省单位耕地面积猪当量负荷,N,P负荷平均值分别为50 310,327,85kg/hm~2,平均负荷预警值1.34,风险评价等级Ⅳ级,对环境有威胁。但负荷预警值在区内存在空间分布不均的特征,阿坝州和甘孜州最高,预警值分别为6.61和6.93,均属Ⅵ级,对环境构成严重威胁。[结论]现阶段畜禽粪便的产生已对四川省环境有威胁,畜禽粪便污染的来源主要是牛粪和猪粪。应推广农牧结合、种养平衡、生态循环的畜禽养殖模式。
[Objective]To investigate the pollution distribution of livestock production and the spatial distribution characteristics of arable land carrying capacity in Sichuan Province,in order to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable development of agriculture in this area.[Methods]Total livestock manure production,the losses of manure pollutants,and the availability of agricultural lands were estimated.The ArcGIS was used to evaluate land resource requirements and environmental risks of livestock production,as well as agricultural carrying capacity.[Results]Total livestock manure production in Sichuan Province was 2.94×10~7 t in 2016.The losses of pollutants were dominated by COD(chemical oxygen demand,not a pollutant),while the least was total phosphorus(TP).The average PEL(pig equivalent load),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)carrying capacity was 50 310,327,and 85 kg/hm~2,respectively,resulting in an average risk threshold value of 1.34(gradeⅣ).However,the load warming values varied greatly across the region,with the highest in Aba(6.61)and Ganzi(6.93).[Conclusion]At present,the production of livestock and poultry manure has been a threat to the environment in Sichuan Province,the source of livestock and poultry manure pollution is mainly cow dung and pig dung.The model of livestock and poultry breeding in the combination of agriculture and pastoral,breeding and ecological circulation should be promoted.
[Objective]To investigate the pollution distribution of livestock production and the spatial distribution characteristics of arable land carrying capacity in Sichuan Province,in order to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable development of agriculture in this area.[Methods]Total livestock manure production,the losses of manure pollutants,and the availability of agricultural lands were estimated.The ArcGIS was used to evaluate land resource requirements and environmental risks of livestock production,as well as agricultural carrying capacity.[Results]Total livestock manure production in Sichuan Province was 2.94×10~7 t in 2016.The losses of pollutants were dominated by COD(chemical oxygen demand,not a pollutant),while the least was total phosphorus(TP).The average PEL(pig equivalent load),nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)carrying capacity was 50 310,327,and 85 kg/hm~2,respectively,resulting in an average risk threshold value of 1.34(gradeⅣ).However,the load warming values varied greatly across the region,with the highest in Aba(6.61)and Ganzi(6.93).[Conclusion]At present,the production of livestock and poultry manure has been a threat to the environment in Sichuan Province,the source of livestock and poultry manure pollution is mainly cow dung and pig dung.The model of livestock and poultry breeding in the combination of agriculture and pastoral,breeding and ecological circulation should be promoted.
引文
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[15]仇焕广,井月,廖绍攀,等.我国畜禽污染现状与治理政策的有效性分析[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(12):2268-2273.
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[18]彭里,王定勇.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):288-292.
[19]焦隽.江苏省农村主要污染源氮磷污染负荷区域评价及控制对策[D].南京:南京农业大学,2008.
[20]刘培芳,陈振楼,许世远,等.长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):456-460.
[21]陈微,刘丹丽,刘继军,等.基于畜禽粪便养分含量的畜禽承载力研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2009,45(1):46-50.
[22]刘军会,高吉喜,马苏,等.内蒙古生态环境敏感性综合评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):591-598.
[23]仇焕广,廖绍攀,井月,等.我国畜禽粪便污染的区域差异与发展趋势分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2766-2774.
[24]Lemercier B,Gaudin L,Walter C,et al.Soil phosphorus monitoring at the regional level by means of a soil test database[J].Soil Use and Management,2008,24(2):131-138.
[25]Schroder J J,Aarts H F M,Ten Berge H F M,et al.An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2003,20(1/2):33-44.
[26]代舜尧.对甘孜州养殖污染环境治理思考[J].中国畜禽种业,2018,14(1):5.
[2]王方浩,马文奇,窦争霞,等.中国畜禽粪便产生量估算及环境效应[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):614-617.
[3]张绪美,董元华,王辉,等.中国畜禽养殖结构及其粪便N污染负荷特征分析[J]环境科学,2007,28(6):1311-1318.
[4]杨飞,杨世琦,诸云强,等.中国近30年畜禽养殖量及其耕地氮污染负荷分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(5):1-11.
[5]刘晓利,许俊香,王方浩,等.我国畜禽粪便中氮素养分资源及其分布状况[J].河北农业大学学报,2005,28(5):27-32.
[6]刘亚琼,杨玉林,李法虎.基于输出系数模型的北京地区农业面源污染负荷估算[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):7-12.
[7]王晓燕,汪清平.北京市密云县耕地畜禽粪便负荷估算及风险评价[J].农村生态环境,2005,21(1):30-34.
[8]胡芸芸,王永东,李廷轩,等.沱江流域农业面源污染排放特征解析[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(18):3654-3.
[9]四川省统计局.四川省统计年鉴[M].(20161103)[20180630]http:∥www.sc.stats.gov.cn/tjcbw/tjnj/2016/zk/indexch.htm 2016.
[10]徐勇峰,阮子学,吴翼,等.环洪泽湖地区耕地养殖污染负荷估算及其风险评价[J].南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2016,40(4):35-41.
[11]国家环境保护总局自然生态保护司.全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.8-26,50-58.
[12]周天墨,付强,诸云强,等.中国分省畜禽产污系数优化及污染物构成时空特征分析[J].地理研究,2014,33(4):762-776.
[13]何志平,曾凯,李正确,等.四川规模猪场产排污系数测定[J].中国沼气,2010,28(4):10-14.
[14]武淑霞.我国农村畜禽养殖业氮磷排放变化特征及其对农业面源污染的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2005.
[15]仇焕广,井月,廖绍攀,等.我国畜禽污染现状与治理政策的有效性分析[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(12):2268-2273.
[16]Johnes P J.Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:The export coefficient modeling approach[J].Journal of Hydrology,1996,183:323-349.
[17]易秀,陈生婧,田浩.陕西省养殖业畜禽粪便氮磷耕地负荷的时空分布[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(3):235-240.
[18]彭里,王定勇.重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):288-292.
[19]焦隽.江苏省农村主要污染源氮磷污染负荷区域评价及控制对策[D].南京:南京农业大学,2008.
[20]刘培芳,陈振楼,许世远,等.长江三角洲城郊畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其防治对策[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(5):456-460.
[21]陈微,刘丹丽,刘继军,等.基于畜禽粪便养分含量的畜禽承载力研究[J].中国畜牧杂志,2009,45(1):46-50.
[22]刘军会,高吉喜,马苏,等.内蒙古生态环境敏感性综合评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(2):591-598.
[23]仇焕广,廖绍攀,井月,等.我国畜禽粪便污染的区域差异与发展趋势分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2766-2774.
[24]Lemercier B,Gaudin L,Walter C,et al.Soil phosphorus monitoring at the regional level by means of a soil test database[J].Soil Use and Management,2008,24(2):131-138.
[25]Schroder J J,Aarts H F M,Ten Berge H F M,et al.An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2003,20(1/2):33-44.
[26]代舜尧.对甘孜州养殖污染环境治理思考[J].中国畜禽种业,2018,14(1):5.