要素空间集聚、制度质量对全要素生产率的影响研究
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摘要
要素空间集聚影响空间资源配置效率,制度质量影响要素积累效率,两者的综合作用影响全要素生产率.本文通过量化人力资本、物质资本、劳动力和创新要素集聚,构建要素空间集聚指标,运用中国1997-2016年的省域面板数据,采用空间动态面板数据(SDPD)模型实证检验了要素空间集聚、制度质量对全要素生产率的影响.研究表明:要素空间集聚对全要素生产率增长的作用表现出阈值效应,东、中、西和东北部地区的集聚中心分别是广东、湖北、四川以及辽宁;要素空间集聚和制度质量对全要素生产率增长产生正向作用,两者存在互补的影响关系.研究还发现:东中西和东北地区的要素空间集聚、制度质量对全要素生产率的影响存在明显差异,经济高速增长阶段的要素空间集聚、制度质量对全要素生产率的影响效应最显著.
The agglomeration of spatial elements affects the efficiency of spatial resource allocation and the quality of the system influences the efficiency of factor accumulation. The combined effects of the two above influence TFP. This paper quantifies the aggregation of human capital, material capital, labor force and innovative factors to build an elements spatial clustering index using the provincial panel data of China from 1997 to 2016. The spatial dynamic panel data(SDPD) model is used to empirically test the effect of factor spatial agglomeration and institutional quality on total factor productivity. The results show that elements spatial agglomeration exhibits threshold effect on the TFP growth. The agglomeration center of East, Central, West and Northeast are Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan and Liaoning respectively.Elements spatial agglomeration and institutional quality have a positive effect on the growth of total factor productivity. There is a complementary relationship between the two. This study also finds that there exist significant differences of the impact of elements spatial agglomeration and institutional quality to TFP in all the regions. And the effects of elements spatial agglomeration and institutional quality to TFP in the economic growth phase are most notable.
The agglomeration of spatial elements affects the efficiency of spatial resource allocation and the quality of the system influences the efficiency of factor accumulation. The combined effects of the two above influence TFP. This paper quantifies the aggregation of human capital, material capital, labor force and innovative factors to build an elements spatial clustering index using the provincial panel data of China from 1997 to 2016. The spatial dynamic panel data(SDPD) model is used to empirically test the effect of factor spatial agglomeration and institutional quality on total factor productivity. The results show that elements spatial agglomeration exhibits threshold effect on the TFP growth. The agglomeration center of East, Central, West and Northeast are Guangdong, Hubei, Sichuan and Liaoning respectively.Elements spatial agglomeration and institutional quality have a positive effect on the growth of total factor productivity. There is a complementary relationship between the two. This study also finds that there exist significant differences of the impact of elements spatial agglomeration and institutional quality to TFP in all the regions. And the effects of elements spatial agglomeration and institutional quality to TFP in the economic growth phase are most notable.
引文
[1]Restuccia D, Rogerson R. Policy distortions and aggregate productivity with heterogeneous establishments[J].Review of Economic dynamics, 2008, 11(4):707-720.
[2]Comin D, Hobiijn B. An exploration of technology diffusion[J]. American Economic Review, 2010, 100(5):2031-2059.
[3]Bollard A, Klenow P J, Li H. Entry costs rise with development[J]. Stanford Center for International Development Working Paper, 2014(518):1-35.
[4]Khalili F, Cheong K C, Lau W Y. ICT as a source of economic growth in the information AGE:Empirical evidence from ICT leading countries[J]. Research Journal of Economics, Business and ICT, 2014:19-26.
[5]杨卓凡,石勇.电子商务企业全要素生产率变化及影响因素分析[J].系统工程理论与实践,2017,37(2):431-439.Yang Z F, Shi Y. Analysis on e-commerce firm-level total factor productivity change and its impact factors[J].Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2017, 37(2):431-439.
[6]Konstantinova S, Konarev A. Corporate growth and total factor productivity in industrial companies[J]. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 2017, 15(1):191-194.
[7]Beugelsdijk S, Klasing M J, Milionis P. Regional economic development in Europe:The role of total factor productivity[J]. Regional Studies, 2018, 52(4):461-476.
[8]盖庆恩,朱喜,程名望,等.要素市场扭曲、垄断势力与全要素生产率[J].经济研究,2015,50(5):61-75.Gai Q E, Zhu X, Cheng M W, et al. Factor market's distortion, markup and TFP[J]. Economic Research, 2015,50(5):61-75.
[9]Gong G, Hu G. The role of returns to scale in measuring frictions in resource allocation:Revisiting misallocation and manufacturing TFP in China[J]. Economics Letters, 2016, 138:26-29.
[10]Wu Y, Song Y, Deng G. Institutional environment, OFDI, and TFP growth:Evidence from China[J]. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2017, 53(9):2020-2038.
[11]Camagni R, Capello R, Caragliu A. Static vs. dynamic agglomeration economies:Spatial context and structural evolution behind urban growth[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2016, 95(1):133-158.
[12]周璇,陶长琪.含空间自回归误差项的空间动态面板模型的检验与模拟[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2017, 34(9):93-110.Zhou X, Tao C Q. Testing and simulation of spatial dynamic panel data model with spatial errors[J]. Quantitative Economics and Economics Research, 2017, 34(9):93-110.
[13]Su L, Yang Z. QML estimation of dynamic panel data models with spatial errors[J]. Journal of Econometrics,2015, 185(1):230-258.
[14]Shi W, Lee L. Spatial dynamic panel data models with interactive fixed effects[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 2017,197(2):323-347.
[15]黄晖,金凤君.技术要素集聚对我国区域经济增长差异的影响[J].经济地理,2011,31(8):1341-1344.Huang H, Jin F J. On our technical factors agglomeration effects of regions economic growth difference[J].Economic Geography, 2011, 31(8):1341-1344.
[16]Lygidakis G N, Nikolos I K. Using a parallel spatial/angular agglomeration multigrid scheme to accelerate the FVM radiative heat transfer computation—Part I:Methodology[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B:Fundamentals, 2014, 66(6):471-497.
[17]Ye Y, Gu X, Li H, et al. A study on running mechanism of regional innovation system based on knowledge flow[C]//Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015:283-292.
[18]Brock W A, Xepapadeas A, Yannacopoulos A N. Spatial externalities and agglomeration in a competitive industry[J]. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2014, 42:143-174.
[19]Brock W A. Money and growth:The case of long run perfect foresight[J]. International Economic Review, 1974:750-777.
[20]Rodrik D, Subramanian A, Trebbi F. Institutions rule:The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development[J]. Journal of Economic Growth, 2004, 9(2):131-165.
[21]白俊红,蒋伏心.协同创新、空间关联与区域创新绩效[J].经济研究,2015, 50(7):174-187.Bai J H, Jiang F X. Synergy innovation, spatial correlation and regional innovation performance[J]. Economic Research, 2015, 50(7):174-187.
[22]刘建国.区域经济效率与全要素生产率的影响因素及其机制研究[J].经济地理,2014, 34(7):7-11.Liu J G. Research on the factors affecting regional economic efficiency and total factor productivity and its mechanism[J]. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(7):7-11.
[23]蔡昉.中国经济增长如何转向全要素生产率驱动型[J].中国社会科学,2013(1):56-71.Cai F. How China's economic growth shifts to total factor productivity[J]. Chinese Social Science, 2013(1):56-71.
[24]程惠芳,陆嘉俊.知识资本对工业企业全要素生产率影响的实证分析[J].经济研究,2014, 49(5):174-187.Cheng H F, Lu J J. The empirical analysis of knowledge capital impact on total factor productivity of industry enterprises[J]. Economic Research, 2014, 49(5):174-187.
[25]毛其淋,盛斌.对外经济开放、区域市场整合与全要素生产率[J].经济学(季刊),2012, 11(1):181-210.Mao Q L, Sheng B. Economic opening, regional market integration and total factor productivity[J]. China Economic Quarterly, 2012, 11(1):181-210.
[26]Yu J, Lee L. Convergence:A spatial dynamic panel data approach[J]. Global Journal of Economics, 2012, 1(1):1-40.
[27]Ray S C, Desli E. Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries:Comment[J]. The American Economic Review, 1997, 87(5):1033-1039.
[28]单豪杰.中国资本存量K的再估算:1952-2006年[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2008, 25(10):17-31.Shan H J. Re-estimation of China's capital stock K:1952—2006[J]. Quantitative Economics and Economics Research, 2008, 25(10):17-31.
[29]王兵,吴延瑞,颜鹏飞.中国区域环境效率与环境全要素生产率增长[J].经济研究,2010,45(5):95-109.Wang B, Wu Y R, Yan P F. Environmental efficiency and environmental total factor productivity growth in China's regional economies[J]. Economic Research, 2010, 45(5):95-109.
[30]齐亚伟,陶长琪.环境约束下要素集聚对区域创新能力的影响——基于GWR模型的实证分析[J].科研管理,2014,35(9):17-24.Qi Y W, Tao C Q. Influence of factor agglomeration on regional innovation capability under environmentalconstraints—An empirical analysis based on GWR model[J]. Scientific Research Management, 2014, 35(9):17-24.
[31]邹文杰.研发要素集聚、投入强度与研发效率——基于空间异质性的视角[J].科学学研究,2015, 33(3):390-397.Zou W J. R&D agglomeration, investment intensity and R&D efficiency:Based on the perspective of spatial heterogeneity[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2015, 33(3):390-397.
[32]Henderson J V. Will homeowners impose property taxes?[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1995, 25(2):153-181.
[33]Ellison G, Glaeser E L. Geographic concentration in US manufacturing industries:A dartboard approach[J].Journal of Political Economy, 1997, 105(5):889-927.
[34]文玫.中国工业在区域上的重新定位和聚集[J].经济研究,2004(2):84-94.Wen M. Relocation and agglomeration of Chinese industry[J]. Economic Research, 2004(2):84-94.
[35]Gans J, King S. Patent length and the timing of innovative activity[J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, 2004,55(4):772.
[36]Cainelli G. Spatial agglomeration, technological innovations, and firm productivity:Evidence from Italian industrial districts[J]. Growth and Change, 2008, 39(3):414-435.
[37]Anselin L, Bera A K, Florax R, et al. Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1996, 26(1):77-104.
[38]李婧,谭清美,白俊红.中国区域创新生产的空间计量分析——基于静态与动态空间面板模型的实证研究[J].管理世界,2010(7):43-55.Li J, Tan Q M, Bai J H. Spatial econometric analysis of regional innovation production in China—An empirical study based on static and dynamic spatial panel model[J]. Management World, 2010(7):43-55.
[39]Bouayad-Agha S, Védrine L. Estimation strategies for a spatial dynamic panel using GMM. A new approach to the convergence issue of European regions[J]. Spatial Economic Analysis, 2010, 5(2):205-227.
[40]樊纲,王小鲁,张立文,等.中国各地区市场化相对进程报告[J].经济研究,2003(3):9-18.Fan G, Wang X L, Zhang W L, et al. Report on the relative progress of marketization in various regions of China[J]. Economic Research, 2003(3):9-18.
[41]郝颖,辛清泉,刘星.地区差异、企业投资与经济增长质量[J].经济研究,2014, 49(3):101-114.Hao Y, Xin Q Q, Liu X. Regional differences, corporate investment and economic growth quality[J]. Economic Research, 2014, 49(3):101-114.
[42]吴延兵.自主研发、技术引进与生产率——基于中国地区工业的实证研究[J].经济研究,2008(8):51-64.Wu Y B. Independent R&D, technology introduction and productivity:An empirical study based on industry in China[J]. Economic Research, 2008(8):51-64.
[43]Su L, Yang Z. QML estimation of dynamic panel data models with spatial errors[J]. Journal of Econometrics,2015, 185(1):230-258.
[44]Alvarez J, Arellano M. The time series and cross-section asymptotics of dynamic panel data estimators[J].Econometrica, 2003, 71(4):1121-1159.
[45]Lee L, Yu J. Efficient GMM estimation of spatial dynamic panel data models with fixed effects[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 2014, 180(2):174-197.
1.交互项会导致变量间的多重共线性现象,本文在建模实证之前,先对数据进行归一化处理.
2.我国30个省市(西藏数据缺失严重,舍去;港澳台地区指标的统计方式各不相同,因此选择30个省市进行分析)的划分为:东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东和海南;中部地区包括山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北和湖南;西部地区包括内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆;东北部地区包括辽宁、吉林和黑龙江.
[2]Comin D, Hobiijn B. An exploration of technology diffusion[J]. American Economic Review, 2010, 100(5):2031-2059.
[3]Bollard A, Klenow P J, Li H. Entry costs rise with development[J]. Stanford Center for International Development Working Paper, 2014(518):1-35.
[4]Khalili F, Cheong K C, Lau W Y. ICT as a source of economic growth in the information AGE:Empirical evidence from ICT leading countries[J]. Research Journal of Economics, Business and ICT, 2014:19-26.
[5]杨卓凡,石勇.电子商务企业全要素生产率变化及影响因素分析[J].系统工程理论与实践,2017,37(2):431-439.Yang Z F, Shi Y. Analysis on e-commerce firm-level total factor productivity change and its impact factors[J].Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2017, 37(2):431-439.
[6]Konstantinova S, Konarev A. Corporate growth and total factor productivity in industrial companies[J]. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 2017, 15(1):191-194.
[7]Beugelsdijk S, Klasing M J, Milionis P. Regional economic development in Europe:The role of total factor productivity[J]. Regional Studies, 2018, 52(4):461-476.
[8]盖庆恩,朱喜,程名望,等.要素市场扭曲、垄断势力与全要素生产率[J].经济研究,2015,50(5):61-75.Gai Q E, Zhu X, Cheng M W, et al. Factor market's distortion, markup and TFP[J]. Economic Research, 2015,50(5):61-75.
[9]Gong G, Hu G. The role of returns to scale in measuring frictions in resource allocation:Revisiting misallocation and manufacturing TFP in China[J]. Economics Letters, 2016, 138:26-29.
[10]Wu Y, Song Y, Deng G. Institutional environment, OFDI, and TFP growth:Evidence from China[J]. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 2017, 53(9):2020-2038.
[11]Camagni R, Capello R, Caragliu A. Static vs. dynamic agglomeration economies:Spatial context and structural evolution behind urban growth[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 2016, 95(1):133-158.
[12]周璇,陶长琪.含空间自回归误差项的空间动态面板模型的检验与模拟[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2017, 34(9):93-110.Zhou X, Tao C Q. Testing and simulation of spatial dynamic panel data model with spatial errors[J]. Quantitative Economics and Economics Research, 2017, 34(9):93-110.
[13]Su L, Yang Z. QML estimation of dynamic panel data models with spatial errors[J]. Journal of Econometrics,2015, 185(1):230-258.
[14]Shi W, Lee L. Spatial dynamic panel data models with interactive fixed effects[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 2017,197(2):323-347.
[15]黄晖,金凤君.技术要素集聚对我国区域经济增长差异的影响[J].经济地理,2011,31(8):1341-1344.Huang H, Jin F J. On our technical factors agglomeration effects of regions economic growth difference[J].Economic Geography, 2011, 31(8):1341-1344.
[16]Lygidakis G N, Nikolos I K. Using a parallel spatial/angular agglomeration multigrid scheme to accelerate the FVM radiative heat transfer computation—Part I:Methodology[J]. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B:Fundamentals, 2014, 66(6):471-497.
[17]Ye Y, Gu X, Li H, et al. A study on running mechanism of regional innovation system based on knowledge flow[C]//Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015:283-292.
[18]Brock W A, Xepapadeas A, Yannacopoulos A N. Spatial externalities and agglomeration in a competitive industry[J]. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2014, 42:143-174.
[19]Brock W A. Money and growth:The case of long run perfect foresight[J]. International Economic Review, 1974:750-777.
[20]Rodrik D, Subramanian A, Trebbi F. Institutions rule:The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development[J]. Journal of Economic Growth, 2004, 9(2):131-165.
[21]白俊红,蒋伏心.协同创新、空间关联与区域创新绩效[J].经济研究,2015, 50(7):174-187.Bai J H, Jiang F X. Synergy innovation, spatial correlation and regional innovation performance[J]. Economic Research, 2015, 50(7):174-187.
[22]刘建国.区域经济效率与全要素生产率的影响因素及其机制研究[J].经济地理,2014, 34(7):7-11.Liu J G. Research on the factors affecting regional economic efficiency and total factor productivity and its mechanism[J]. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(7):7-11.
[23]蔡昉.中国经济增长如何转向全要素生产率驱动型[J].中国社会科学,2013(1):56-71.Cai F. How China's economic growth shifts to total factor productivity[J]. Chinese Social Science, 2013(1):56-71.
[24]程惠芳,陆嘉俊.知识资本对工业企业全要素生产率影响的实证分析[J].经济研究,2014, 49(5):174-187.Cheng H F, Lu J J. The empirical analysis of knowledge capital impact on total factor productivity of industry enterprises[J]. Economic Research, 2014, 49(5):174-187.
[25]毛其淋,盛斌.对外经济开放、区域市场整合与全要素生产率[J].经济学(季刊),2012, 11(1):181-210.Mao Q L, Sheng B. Economic opening, regional market integration and total factor productivity[J]. China Economic Quarterly, 2012, 11(1):181-210.
[26]Yu J, Lee L. Convergence:A spatial dynamic panel data approach[J]. Global Journal of Economics, 2012, 1(1):1-40.
[27]Ray S C, Desli E. Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries:Comment[J]. The American Economic Review, 1997, 87(5):1033-1039.
[28]单豪杰.中国资本存量K的再估算:1952-2006年[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2008, 25(10):17-31.Shan H J. Re-estimation of China's capital stock K:1952—2006[J]. Quantitative Economics and Economics Research, 2008, 25(10):17-31.
[29]王兵,吴延瑞,颜鹏飞.中国区域环境效率与环境全要素生产率增长[J].经济研究,2010,45(5):95-109.Wang B, Wu Y R, Yan P F. Environmental efficiency and environmental total factor productivity growth in China's regional economies[J]. Economic Research, 2010, 45(5):95-109.
[30]齐亚伟,陶长琪.环境约束下要素集聚对区域创新能力的影响——基于GWR模型的实证分析[J].科研管理,2014,35(9):17-24.Qi Y W, Tao C Q. Influence of factor agglomeration on regional innovation capability under environmentalconstraints—An empirical analysis based on GWR model[J]. Scientific Research Management, 2014, 35(9):17-24.
[31]邹文杰.研发要素集聚、投入强度与研发效率——基于空间异质性的视角[J].科学学研究,2015, 33(3):390-397.Zou W J. R&D agglomeration, investment intensity and R&D efficiency:Based on the perspective of spatial heterogeneity[J]. Studies in Science of Science, 2015, 33(3):390-397.
[32]Henderson J V. Will homeowners impose property taxes?[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1995, 25(2):153-181.
[33]Ellison G, Glaeser E L. Geographic concentration in US manufacturing industries:A dartboard approach[J].Journal of Political Economy, 1997, 105(5):889-927.
[34]文玫.中国工业在区域上的重新定位和聚集[J].经济研究,2004(2):84-94.Wen M. Relocation and agglomeration of Chinese industry[J]. Economic Research, 2004(2):84-94.
[35]Gans J, King S. Patent length and the timing of innovative activity[J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, 2004,55(4):772.
[36]Cainelli G. Spatial agglomeration, technological innovations, and firm productivity:Evidence from Italian industrial districts[J]. Growth and Change, 2008, 39(3):414-435.
[37]Anselin L, Bera A K, Florax R, et al. Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence[J]. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 1996, 26(1):77-104.
[38]李婧,谭清美,白俊红.中国区域创新生产的空间计量分析——基于静态与动态空间面板模型的实证研究[J].管理世界,2010(7):43-55.Li J, Tan Q M, Bai J H. Spatial econometric analysis of regional innovation production in China—An empirical study based on static and dynamic spatial panel model[J]. Management World, 2010(7):43-55.
[39]Bouayad-Agha S, Védrine L. Estimation strategies for a spatial dynamic panel using GMM. A new approach to the convergence issue of European regions[J]. Spatial Economic Analysis, 2010, 5(2):205-227.
[40]樊纲,王小鲁,张立文,等.中国各地区市场化相对进程报告[J].经济研究,2003(3):9-18.Fan G, Wang X L, Zhang W L, et al. Report on the relative progress of marketization in various regions of China[J]. Economic Research, 2003(3):9-18.
[41]郝颖,辛清泉,刘星.地区差异、企业投资与经济增长质量[J].经济研究,2014, 49(3):101-114.Hao Y, Xin Q Q, Liu X. Regional differences, corporate investment and economic growth quality[J]. Economic Research, 2014, 49(3):101-114.
[42]吴延兵.自主研发、技术引进与生产率——基于中国地区工业的实证研究[J].经济研究,2008(8):51-64.Wu Y B. Independent R&D, technology introduction and productivity:An empirical study based on industry in China[J]. Economic Research, 2008(8):51-64.
[43]Su L, Yang Z. QML estimation of dynamic panel data models with spatial errors[J]. Journal of Econometrics,2015, 185(1):230-258.
[44]Alvarez J, Arellano M. The time series and cross-section asymptotics of dynamic panel data estimators[J].Econometrica, 2003, 71(4):1121-1159.
[45]Lee L, Yu J. Efficient GMM estimation of spatial dynamic panel data models with fixed effects[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 2014, 180(2):174-197.
1.交互项会导致变量间的多重共线性现象,本文在建模实证之前,先对数据进行归一化处理.
2.我国30个省市(西藏数据缺失严重,舍去;港澳台地区指标的统计方式各不相同,因此选择30个省市进行分析)的划分为:东部地区包括北京、天津、河北、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、广东和海南;中部地区包括山西、安徽、江西、河南、湖北和湖南;西部地区包括内蒙古、广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆;东北部地区包括辽宁、吉林和黑龙江.