2015年济南地区雾霾天气过程大气物理量特征初步分析
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摘要
文中对比分析了2015年29个雾、霾及雾霾混合天气过程中,章丘探空站L波段探空雷达和山东省气象局院内德国14通道地基微波辐射计观测的温度资料。对观测数据实施了质量控制,检验了精度和可信度,统计分析了宏观物理参量特征和日变化规律。针对雾、霾及雾霾天气过程各选取了一个个例进行分析,分析了大气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3、CO含量的变化情况,分析了相对湿度、液态水路径和综合水汽含量等的变化情况。结果表明:两种观测数据一致性较好,拟合优度高于0.97;贴地逆温层存在一定的季节变化,悬垂逆温层存在一定的差异,逆温层的变化、污染参量变化与雾霾的形成有密切关系;不同天气背景对大气物理参量有较大的影响,PM_(10)、AQI(空气质量指数)和CO均在相同时间段出现峰值,有明显的起伏;CO峰值雾霾天气中尤为明显,由早到晚随时间峰值逐渐增大,雾天和霾天峰值较小,雾霾天气明显大于雾天或霾天。
This study analyzed the temperature data in the course of 29 mixed fog, haze weather in 2015 from L-band sounding radar at the Zhangqiu sounding station and temperature data from the German 14-channel RPG-HATPRO-G3 microwave radiometer located at the Shandong Meteorological Bureau. The quality analysis of these observation data was performed to determine their accuracy and reliability. In particularly, the macro physical characteristics and diurnal variation of the physical parameters in haze weather were analyzed. The changes of PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_2, O_3, CO in the atmosphere were analyzed for each case of fog, haze, and haze.The changes of relative humidity, liquid water path, and water vapor content were analyzed. The results indicate that data from the two observation instruments have good consistency, with a goodness of fit higher than 0.97 under fog and haze conditions. There are seasonal variations in the surface inversion layer and some differences in the physical parameters of the overhanging inversion layer. The changes in the temperature inversion layer and pollution parameters are closely related to the formation of fog and haze. Different weather backgrounds are determined to have considerable influence on the physical atmospheric parameters, with obvious fluctuations in the PM_(10), AQI(air quality index), and CO values, which peak during the same time period. The CO peak in fog and haze weather is particularly obvious, CO peak with a gradual increase from the morning to night. The CO peak of the fog and haze days is smaller, and fog and haze weathers are obviously larger than the fog or haze.
This study analyzed the temperature data in the course of 29 mixed fog, haze weather in 2015 from L-band sounding radar at the Zhangqiu sounding station and temperature data from the German 14-channel RPG-HATPRO-G3 microwave radiometer located at the Shandong Meteorological Bureau. The quality analysis of these observation data was performed to determine their accuracy and reliability. In particularly, the macro physical characteristics and diurnal variation of the physical parameters in haze weather were analyzed. The changes of PM_(2.5), PM_(10), SO_2, NO_2, O_3, CO in the atmosphere were analyzed for each case of fog, haze, and haze.The changes of relative humidity, liquid water path, and water vapor content were analyzed. The results indicate that data from the two observation instruments have good consistency, with a goodness of fit higher than 0.97 under fog and haze conditions. There are seasonal variations in the surface inversion layer and some differences in the physical parameters of the overhanging inversion layer. The changes in the temperature inversion layer and pollution parameters are closely related to the formation of fog and haze. Different weather backgrounds are determined to have considerable influence on the physical atmospheric parameters, with obvious fluctuations in the PM_(10), AQI(air quality index), and CO values, which peak during the same time period. The CO peak in fog and haze weather is particularly obvious, CO peak with a gradual increase from the morning to night. The CO peak of the fog and haze days is smaller, and fog and haze weathers are obviously larger than the fog or haze.
引文
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范根昌,肖辉,吕峰,等.2015.联合遥感技术对X波段雷达反射率的衰减订正[J].高原气象,34(5):1465-1473.Fan Genchang,Xiao Hui,LüFeng,et al.2015.Study on X-band radar reflectivity attenuation correction using combined remote sensing technology[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),35(4):1465-1473.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00125
郭丽君,郭学良.2016.北京2009~2013年期间持续性大雾的类型、垂直结构及物理成因[J].大气科学,40(2):296-310.Guo Lijun,Guo Xueliang.2016.The type,vertical structure and physical formation mechanism of persistent heavy fog events during 2009-2013 in the Beijing region[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(2):296-310.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1505.14275
何晖,郭学良,刘建忠,等.2009.北京一次大雾天气边界层结构特征及生消机理观测与数值模拟研究[J].大气科学,33(6):1174-1186.He Hui,Guo Xueliang,Liu Jianzhong,et al.2009.Observation and simulation study of the boundary layer structure and the formation,dispersal mechanism of a heavy fog event in Beijing area[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),33(6):1174-1186.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.06.05
黄治勇,周志敏,徐桂荣,等.2015.风廓线雷达和地基微波辐射计在冰雹天气监测中的应用[J].高原气象,34(1):269-278.Huang Zhiyong,Zhou Zhimin,Xu Guirong,et al.2015.Monitoring application of hailstorm event with the observation of wind profile radar and ground-based microwave radiometer[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),34(1):269-278.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00130
雷恒池,魏重,沈志来,等.2001.微波辐射计探测降雨前水汽和云液水[J].应用气象学报,12(S1):73-79.Lei Hengchi,Wei Cong,Shen Zhilai,et al.2001.Microwave radiometric measurement on water vapor and cloud liquid water before rainfall[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(S1):73-79.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.z1.010
李力,张蓬勃,戴竹君,等.2016.利用微波辐射计对南京2013年12月霾天大气温湿结构的探测分析[J].气候与环境研究,21(1):8-16.Li Li,Zhang Pengbo,Dai Zhujun,et al.2016.Using microwave radiometer data to detect and analyze the atmospheric temperature and moisture structure of the haze weather of Nanjing in December 2013[J].Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),21(1):8-16.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2015.15002
刘亚亚,毛节泰,刘钧,等.2010.地基微波辐射计遥感大气廓线的BP神经网络反演方法研究[J].高原气象,29(6):1514-1523.Liu Yaya,Mao Jietai,Liu Jun,et al.2010.Research of BP neural network for microwave radiometer remote sensing retrieval of temperature,relative humidity,cloud liquid water profiles[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),29(6):1514-1523.
刘增强,郑玉萍,李景林,等.2007.乌鲁木齐市低空大气逆温特征分析[J].干旱区地理,30(3):351-356.Liu Zengqiang,Zheng Yuping,Li Jinglin,et al.2007.Temperature inversion characteristics of low-air atmosphere of Urumqi City[J].Arid Land Geography(in Chinese),30(3):351-356.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-6060.2007.03.005
Olivero J J.1984.Microwave radiometric studies of composition and structure,ground-based techniques[M]//Vincent R A.Middle Atmosphere Program Handbook for MAP.Europe:ICSU,43-55.
Wei C,Leighton H G,Rogers R R.1989.A comparison of several radiometric methods of deducing path-integrated cloud liquid water[J].J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,6(6):1001-1012.doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<1001:ACOSRM>2.0.CO;2
吴庆梅,杨波,王国荣.2014.北京地区一次回流暴雪过程的锋区特征分析[J].高原气象,33(2):539-547.Wu Qingmei,Yang Bo,Wang Guorong.2014.Analysis of the frontal characteristics of the backflow snowstorm process in Beijing area[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),33(2):539-547.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00194
吴庆梅,张胜军,刘卓,等.2015.北京一次对流暴雨过程的干冷空气活动及作用[J].高原气象,34(6):1690-1698.Wu Qingmei,Zhang Shengjun,Liu Zhuo,et al.2015.Activities of cold-dry air and its impact on convective heavy rain process in Beijing[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),34(6):1690-1698.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00081
杨富燕,张宁,朱莲芳,等.2016.基于激光雷达和微波辐射计观测确定混合层高度方法的比较[J].高原气象,35(4):1102-1111.Yang Fuyan,Zhang Ning,Zhu Lianfang,et al.2016.Comparison of the mixing layer height determination methods using lidar and microwave radiometer[J].Plateau Meteorology,35(4):1102-1111.doi:10.17522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00045
张佃国,王洪,崔雅琴,等.2017.山东济南地区2015年大气边界层逆温特征[J].干旱气象,35(1):43-50.Zhang Dianguo,Wang Hong,Cui Yaqin,et al.2017.Analysis of atmospheric boundary layer inversion characteristics based on microwave radiometer observations in Jinan in 2015[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),35(1):43-50.doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2017)-01-0043
张秋晨,龚佃利,冯俊杰.2017.RPG-HATPRO-G3地基微波辐射计反演产品评估[J].海洋气象学报,37(1):104-110.Zhang Qiuchen,Gong Dianli,Feng Junjie.2017.Analysis and evaluation of retrieval products of RPG-HATPRO-G3 ground-based microwave radiometers[J].Journal of Marine Meteorology(in Chinese),37(1):104-110.doi:10.19513/j.cnki.issn2096-3599.2017.01.012
张志红,周毓荃.2010.一次降水过程云液态水和降水演变特征的综合观测分析[J].气象,36(3):83-89.Zhang Zhihong,Zhou Yuquan.2010.Analyses of composite observations of cloud liquid water and precipitation on the evolution features[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),36(3):83-89.doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2010.3.012
赵从龙,蔡化庆,宋玉东,等.1991.对流层水汽和液态水的地基微波遥感探测[J].应用气象学报,2(2):201-207.Zhao Conglong,Cai Huaqing,Song Yudong,et al.1991.Measurement of water vapor and cloud liquid water content in the troposphere by ground-based microwave remote sensing[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),2(2):201-207.
朱雅毓,王振会,楚艳丽,等.2015.地基微波辐射计亮温观测数据的综合质量控制与效果分析[J].气象科学,35(5):621-628.Zhu Yayu,Wang Zhenhui,Chu Yanli,et al.2015.Comprehensive quality control and efficiency analysis on brightness temperature data by ground-based microwave radiometer[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),35(5):621-628.doi:10.3969/2014jms.0031
德力格尔,黄彦彬,李仑格.2002.青海省东北部地区春季空中水资源潜力分析[J].高原气象,21(6):622-627.De Ligeer,Huang Yanbin,Li Lunge.2002.Analyses on potential air water resources over northeast Qinghai in spring[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),21(6):622-627.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2002.06.014
Dominique R,Nash J,Jeannet P,et al.2006.The COST 720temperature,humidity,and cloud profiling campaign:TUC[J].Meteor.Z.,15(1):5-10.doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0095
东高红,韩素芹,刘一玮,等.2013.一次大暴雨过程中尺度涡旋系统特征分析[J].暴雨灾害,32(2):97-104.Dong Gaohong,Han Suqin,Liu Yiwei,et al.2013.Characteristic analysis on the mesoscale vortex system of an excessive heavy rain event[J].Torrential Rain and Disasters(in Chinese),32(2):97-104.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9045.2013.02.001
范根昌,肖辉,吕峰,等.2015.联合遥感技术对X波段雷达反射率的衰减订正[J].高原气象,34(5):1465-1473.Fan Genchang,Xiao Hui,LüFeng,et al.2015.Study on X-band radar reflectivity attenuation correction using combined remote sensing technology[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),35(4):1465-1473.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00125
郭丽君,郭学良.2016.北京2009~2013年期间持续性大雾的类型、垂直结构及物理成因[J].大气科学,40(2):296-310.Guo Lijun,Guo Xueliang.2016.The type,vertical structure and physical formation mechanism of persistent heavy fog events during 2009-2013 in the Beijing region[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),40(2):296-310.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1505.14275
何晖,郭学良,刘建忠,等.2009.北京一次大雾天气边界层结构特征及生消机理观测与数值模拟研究[J].大气科学,33(6):1174-1186.He Hui,Guo Xueliang,Liu Jianzhong,et al.2009.Observation and simulation study of the boundary layer structure and the formation,dispersal mechanism of a heavy fog event in Beijing area[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),33(6):1174-1186.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2009.06.05
黄治勇,周志敏,徐桂荣,等.2015.风廓线雷达和地基微波辐射计在冰雹天气监测中的应用[J].高原气象,34(1):269-278.Huang Zhiyong,Zhou Zhimin,Xu Guirong,et al.2015.Monitoring application of hailstorm event with the observation of wind profile radar and ground-based microwave radiometer[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),34(1):269-278.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00130
雷恒池,魏重,沈志来,等.2001.微波辐射计探测降雨前水汽和云液水[J].应用气象学报,12(S1):73-79.Lei Hengchi,Wei Cong,Shen Zhilai,et al.2001.Microwave radiometric measurement on water vapor and cloud liquid water before rainfall[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),12(S1):73-79.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2001.z1.010
李力,张蓬勃,戴竹君,等.2016.利用微波辐射计对南京2013年12月霾天大气温湿结构的探测分析[J].气候与环境研究,21(1):8-16.Li Li,Zhang Pengbo,Dai Zhujun,et al.2016.Using microwave radiometer data to detect and analyze the atmospheric temperature and moisture structure of the haze weather of Nanjing in December 2013[J].Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),21(1):8-16.doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2015.15002
刘亚亚,毛节泰,刘钧,等.2010.地基微波辐射计遥感大气廓线的BP神经网络反演方法研究[J].高原气象,29(6):1514-1523.Liu Yaya,Mao Jietai,Liu Jun,et al.2010.Research of BP neural network for microwave radiometer remote sensing retrieval of temperature,relative humidity,cloud liquid water profiles[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),29(6):1514-1523.
刘增强,郑玉萍,李景林,等.2007.乌鲁木齐市低空大气逆温特征分析[J].干旱区地理,30(3):351-356.Liu Zengqiang,Zheng Yuping,Li Jinglin,et al.2007.Temperature inversion characteristics of low-air atmosphere of Urumqi City[J].Arid Land Geography(in Chinese),30(3):351-356.doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-6060.2007.03.005
Olivero J J.1984.Microwave radiometric studies of composition and structure,ground-based techniques[M]//Vincent R A.Middle Atmosphere Program Handbook for MAP.Europe:ICSU,43-55.
Wei C,Leighton H G,Rogers R R.1989.A comparison of several radiometric methods of deducing path-integrated cloud liquid water[J].J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,6(6):1001-1012.doi:10.1175/1520-0426(1989)006<1001:ACOSRM>2.0.CO;2
吴庆梅,杨波,王国荣.2014.北京地区一次回流暴雪过程的锋区特征分析[J].高原气象,33(2):539-547.Wu Qingmei,Yang Bo,Wang Guorong.2014.Analysis of the frontal characteristics of the backflow snowstorm process in Beijing area[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),33(2):539-547.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2012.00194
吴庆梅,张胜军,刘卓,等.2015.北京一次对流暴雨过程的干冷空气活动及作用[J].高原气象,34(6):1690-1698.Wu Qingmei,Zhang Shengjun,Liu Zhuo,et al.2015.Activities of cold-dry air and its impact on convective heavy rain process in Beijing[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),34(6):1690-1698.doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2014.00081
杨富燕,张宁,朱莲芳,等.2016.基于激光雷达和微波辐射计观测确定混合层高度方法的比较[J].高原气象,35(4):1102-1111.Yang Fuyan,Zhang Ning,Zhu Lianfang,et al.2016.Comparison of the mixing layer height determination methods using lidar and microwave radiometer[J].Plateau Meteorology,35(4):1102-1111.doi:10.17522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00045
张佃国,王洪,崔雅琴,等.2017.山东济南地区2015年大气边界层逆温特征[J].干旱气象,35(1):43-50.Zhang Dianguo,Wang Hong,Cui Yaqin,et al.2017.Analysis of atmospheric boundary layer inversion characteristics based on microwave radiometer observations in Jinan in 2015[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology(in Chinese),35(1):43-50.doi:10.11755/j.issn.1006-7639(2017)-01-0043
张秋晨,龚佃利,冯俊杰.2017.RPG-HATPRO-G3地基微波辐射计反演产品评估[J].海洋气象学报,37(1):104-110.Zhang Qiuchen,Gong Dianli,Feng Junjie.2017.Analysis and evaluation of retrieval products of RPG-HATPRO-G3 ground-based microwave radiometers[J].Journal of Marine Meteorology(in Chinese),37(1):104-110.doi:10.19513/j.cnki.issn2096-3599.2017.01.012
张志红,周毓荃.2010.一次降水过程云液态水和降水演变特征的综合观测分析[J].气象,36(3):83-89.Zhang Zhihong,Zhou Yuquan.2010.Analyses of composite observations of cloud liquid water and precipitation on the evolution features[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),36(3):83-89.doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2010.3.012
赵从龙,蔡化庆,宋玉东,等.1991.对流层水汽和液态水的地基微波遥感探测[J].应用气象学报,2(2):201-207.Zhao Conglong,Cai Huaqing,Song Yudong,et al.1991.Measurement of water vapor and cloud liquid water content in the troposphere by ground-based microwave remote sensing[J].Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology(in Chinese),2(2):201-207.
朱雅毓,王振会,楚艳丽,等.2015.地基微波辐射计亮温观测数据的综合质量控制与效果分析[J].气象科学,35(5):621-628.Zhu Yayu,Wang Zhenhui,Chu Yanli,et al.2015.Comprehensive quality control and efficiency analysis on brightness temperature data by ground-based microwave radiometer[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),35(5):621-628.doi:10.3969/2014jms.0031
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