我国蓝草的传统植物学知识研究
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摘要
蓝草在我国历史上曾是重要的经济作物,蓝草制备的植物靛蓝具有抗菌消炎和抗紫外线等保健作用,然而在合成靛蓝商业化的冲击下,蓝草制靛技艺几乎消亡。近年来,伴随着人们对环保和生物多样性的关注,植物靛蓝需求量不断增加,对蓝草的研究也越来越受关注。该文在文献研究的基础上,简要介绍了我国民间利用的蓝草种类及分布,对我国蓝草制靛工艺的发展进行了梳理,重点阐述了制靛工艺原理和工艺传承现状,并对存在的问题进行了讨论。结果表明:文献记载的我国蓝草共10种及变种,分属于6科6属,现利用的蓝草仅5种;我国蓝草制靛工艺从浸揉染色法发展为固态发酵制蓝法和液态发酵制靛法,只有液态发酵制靛法沿用至今;制靛工艺是将蓝草中的前体物质转化为靛蓝并伴有靛玉红等副产物生成的过程,影响靛蓝纯度的因素包括蓝草的材料选择、温度、浸泡时间、pH值、溶氧量等。目前我国蓝草的研究已取得了一些成果,但在蓝草种类的古籍考证、蓝草种质资源的挖掘以及蓝草传统制靛工艺的还原和再现等方面仍有待于进一步研究。
Indigo yielding plant species were important economic crops historically in China. Natural indigo extracted from indigo yielding plant species is benefits to health because of its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. However,natural indigo extraction methods are struggling to disappear with the constant input of chemically synthesized indigo. Recent years,with the global awareness for environment protection and bio-diversity,the demand of sustainable natural indigo is increasing and thus the researches of the indigo yielding plant species are getting more and more attention. Based on literature research,we briefly introduce the species and distribution areas of indigo yielding plant species distributed in China,and comb the development of China's traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process. We focus on the chemical pigments formation of indigo process and the present situation of process inheritance in China. Finally,we discussed the problems that exist. The results are as following: there are only 5 indigo yielding plant species still in use nowdays while10 species and varieties indigo yielding plant species were documented in China; China's traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process has been evolved from direct dip dyeing method into solid and liquid fermentation methods. However,only liquid fermentation method survives nowadays. The pigments of indigo and indirubin are formed when the precursors of indigo yielding plant species undergo a serious of chemical reactions during the indigo process. The selection of indigo yielding plant species,temperature,fermentation duration,p H and dissolved oxygen concentration are directly or indirectly related to indigo yield. Although the research of indigo yielding plant species has made some progress,the botanical provenance of historical indigo plant species,the identification of germplasm resources and the reconstruction of the traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process need further study.
Indigo yielding plant species were important economic crops historically in China. Natural indigo extracted from indigo yielding plant species is benefits to health because of its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. However,natural indigo extraction methods are struggling to disappear with the constant input of chemically synthesized indigo. Recent years,with the global awareness for environment protection and bio-diversity,the demand of sustainable natural indigo is increasing and thus the researches of the indigo yielding plant species are getting more and more attention. Based on literature research,we briefly introduce the species and distribution areas of indigo yielding plant species distributed in China,and comb the development of China's traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process. We focus on the chemical pigments formation of indigo process and the present situation of process inheritance in China. Finally,we discussed the problems that exist. The results are as following: there are only 5 indigo yielding plant species still in use nowdays while10 species and varieties indigo yielding plant species were documented in China; China's traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process has been evolved from direct dip dyeing method into solid and liquid fermentation methods. However,only liquid fermentation method survives nowadays. The pigments of indigo and indirubin are formed when the precursors of indigo yielding plant species undergo a serious of chemical reactions during the indigo process. The selection of indigo yielding plant species,temperature,fermentation duration,p H and dissolved oxygen concentration are directly or indirectly related to indigo yield. Although the research of indigo yielding plant species has made some progress,the botanical provenance of historical indigo plant species,the identification of germplasm resources and the reconstruction of the traditional folk-indigo manufacturing process need further study.
引文
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DUTTA S,ROYCHOUDHARY S,SARANGI BK,2017.Effect of different physico-chemical parameters for natural indigo production during fermentation of Indigofera plant biomass[J].Biotechnology,7(5):322.
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MINAMI Y,NISHIMURA O,HARA-NISHIMURA I,et al.,2000.Tissue and intracellular localization of indican and the purification and characterization of indican synthase from indigo plants[J].Plant Cell Physiol,41:218-225.
MO AF,ZOU Y,LU YY,et al.,2015.Orthogonal design to optimize the process of plant Malan production[J].J Kaili Univ,33(6):38-41.[莫安飞,邹勇,陆圆伊,等,2015.正交设计优化植物马蓝制靛工艺[J].凯里学院学报,33(6):38-41.]
OBERTHR C,GRAF H,HAMBURGER M,2004.The content of indigo precursors in Isatis tinctoria leaves-Acomparative study of selected accessions and post-harvest treatments[J].Phytochemistry,65:3261-3268.
PURNAMA H,HIDAYATI N,SAFITRI DS,et al.,2017.Effect of initial treatment in the preparation of natural indigo dye from Indigofera tinctoria[C]//International Conference on Green Process.AIP Publish LLC,1855(1):284-291.
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SHAHID-UL-ISLAM,2017.Plant-based natural products:Derivatives and application[M].New Jersey:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.:27-46.
SU SL,MA B,HUANG K,et al.,2013.Ethnobotany study on dye-yielding plants of Zhuang People in the Western Guangxi Province[J].Chin Agric Sci Bull,29(11):203-207.[苏仕林,马博,黄珂,等,2013.桂西壮族染色植物民族植物学研究[J].中国农学通报,29(11):203-207.]
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Chinese Plant Science Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,1977.Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sincae[M].Beijing:Science Press,63:125.[中国科学院中国植物志委员会,1977.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,63:125.]
Chinese Plant Science Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,1977.Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sincae[M].Beijing:Science Press,63:444.[中国科学院中国植物志委员会,1977.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,63:444.]
Chinese Plant Science Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,1977.Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sincae[M].Beijing:Science Press,63:459.[中国科学院中国植物志委员会,1977.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,63:459.]
Chinese Plant Science Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,1994.Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sincae[M].Beijing:Science Press,40:271.[中国科学院中国植物志委员会,1994.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,40:271.]
CHUN YB,LI L,2014.Survey on the growing environment of the main vegetable dyes in Guizhou minority area[J].JKaili Univ,32(6):46-49.[淳于步,李玲,2014.贵州少数民族植物染色主染源的生长环境调查[J].凯里学院学报,32(6):46-49.]
DAI WB,MEI QX,2016.Botanical provenance of Lan of elbow reserve emergency[J].J Chin Med Mat,39(8):1915-1916.[戴卫波,梅全喜,2016.《肘后备急方》蓝的考证[J].中药材,39(8):1915-1916.]
DUTTA S,ROYCHOUDHARY S,SARANGI BK,2017.Effect of different physico-chemical parameters for natural indigo production during fermentation of Indigofera plant biomass[J].Biotechnology,7(5):322.
GILBERT KG,HILL DJ,CRESPO C,et al.,2000.Qualitative analysis of indigo precursors from woad by HPLC and HPLC-MS[J].Phytochem Anal,11:18-20.
HAN J,2015.Botanical provenance of historical Chinese dye plants[J].Economic Bot,69(3):230-239.
HEI JL,2015.Study on the inheritance of indigo Yao dress culture in Fengshan mountain[D].Nanning:Guanxi University for Nationality:25-27.[何季玲,2015.凤山蓝靛瑶服饰文化传承研究[D].南宁:广西民族大学:25-27.]
KOKUBUN T,EDMONDS J,JOHN P,1998.Indoxyl derivatives in woad in relation to medieval indigo production[J].Phytochemistry,49:79-87.
LI K,LIN YX,2015.Production and living customs of indigo planting,indigo dyeing and Jiaxie in South Zhejiang[J].Art Design(J Shandong Univ Art Design),(5):115-120.[林可,林亦修,2015.浙南地区的种靛、染蓝、夹缬生产生活习俗[J].设计艺术(山东工艺美术学院学报),(5):115-120.]
LI S,2017.Investigation and examination of traditional natural indigo in Yunnan[D].Kunming:Kunming Institute of Botany,21-26.[李姗,2017.云南传统植物靛蓝的调查与考证[D].昆明:中国科学院昆明植物研究所:21-26.]
LI WX,CHEN WH,2013.Indigo planting in Guangdong area during the period from Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China[J].Agric His Chin:46-57.[李维贤,陈卫华,2013.明至民国时期广东蓝靛植物的种植状况[J].中国农史:46-57.]
LI XY,2015.Fading skills-field survey on the technological survey of indigo plants and indigo production at Yandang Mountain in Zhejiang[J].Art Design(J Shandong Univ Art Design),(3):75-81.[李雪艳,2015.渐渐消失的技艺---记浙江雁荡山蓝草种植与靛蓝制取的工艺性调研[J].设计艺术(山东工艺美术学院学报),(3):75-81.]
LIU GH,SHE CW,ZENG HY,et al.,2012.Ethnobotanical research on the dyeing Dong cloth in Tongdao,Hunan Province[J].Guihaia,32(3):310-314.[刘光华,佘朝文,曾汉元,等,2012.湖南通道染制侗布的民族植物学研究[J].广西植物,32(3):310-314.]
LIU J,LIU WF,YU ZC,2014.Identification of cotton fabrics dyed with natural and synthtic indigo[J].Advan Tex Technol,22(3):49-51.[刘健,刘文凤,余志成,2014.天然靛蓝和合成靛蓝染色棉织物的鉴别[J].现代纺织技术,22(3):49-51.]
LIU YP,LU M,WU DY,2014.Indigo dyeing history and its development[J].J Silk,51(11):67-72.[刘一萍,卢明,吴大洋,2014.植物靛蓝染色历史及其发展[J].丝绸,51(11):67-72.]
LIU ZL,LIU S,1997.The pharmacological action and clinical application of Qingdai[J].J Anhui TCM Coll,16(2):58-59.[刘宗林,刘圣,1997.青黛药理作用与临床应用[J].安徽中医药大学学报,16(2):58-59.]
MAUGARD T,ENAUD E,CHOISY P,et al.,2001.Identification of an indigo precursor from leaves of Isatis tinctoria(Woad)[J].Phytochemistry,58:897-904.
MINAMI Y,NISHIMURA O,HARA-NISHIMURA I,et al.,2000.Tissue and intracellular localization of indican and the purification and characterization of indican synthase from indigo plants[J].Plant Cell Physiol,41:218-225.
MO AF,ZOU Y,LU YY,et al.,2015.Orthogonal design to optimize the process of plant Malan production[J].J Kaili Univ,33(6):38-41.[莫安飞,邹勇,陆圆伊,等,2015.正交设计优化植物马蓝制靛工艺[J].凯里学院学报,33(6):38-41.]
OBERTHR C,GRAF H,HAMBURGER M,2004.The content of indigo precursors in Isatis tinctoria leaves-Acomparative study of selected accessions and post-harvest treatments[J].Phytochemistry,65:3261-3268.
PURNAMA H,HIDAYATI N,SAFITRI DS,et al.,2017.Effect of initial treatment in the preparation of natural indigo dye from Indigofera tinctoria[C]//International Conference on Green Process.AIP Publish LLC,1855(1):284-291.
RONG J,1990.Ancient Chinese indigo plants[J].Jiangsu Silk,(5):29-31.[榕嘉,1990.我国古代的制靛之蓝[J].江苏丝绸,(5):29-31.]
RONG J,1991.Ancient Chinese indigo dyeing process principle analysis[J].J Silk,(1):45-48.[榕嘉,1991.古代靛蓝染色工艺原理分析[J].丝绸,(1):45-48.]
SHAHID-UL-ISLAM,2017.Plant-based natural products:Derivatives and application[M].New Jersey:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.:27-46.
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