超深层致密砂岩储层构造裂缝特征与有效性——以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深8气藏为例
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摘要
构造裂缝特征分析及有效性评价对库车坳陷克深8气藏致密砂岩储层有利区预测和开发措施的制定具有重要意义。综合利用岩心、成像测井和单井产能等资料,明确了克深8气藏构造裂缝的基本特征与形成序列,分析了构造裂缝发育的影响因素,最后对构造裂缝平面上和纵向上的有效性进行了评价,并提出了开发措施建议。结果表明:克深8气藏的构造裂缝以直立缝和高角度缝为主,部分裂缝被硬石膏、白云石和渗流砂颗粒充填,上新世库车组沉积期形成的第3期构造裂缝是克深8气藏最重要的一期构造裂缝;构造裂缝发育程度受断层、岩性、岩层厚度和沉积微相等因素的影响。背斜高部位的构造裂缝有效性好,是天然气的高产区,现今水平最大主应力方位与构造裂缝优势走向呈大角度相交时,会显著降低构造裂缝的有效性;不整合面对构造裂缝有效性的控制主要集中在距不整合面下方约70 m的范围内。对克深8气藏巴什基奇克组储层的开发措施应以压裂为主,并且优先开发第3砂层组,其次为第4砂层组及以下地层,最后考虑第1、第2砂层组。
Characteristics analysis and effectiveness evaluation of structural fractures are of great significance to predict favorable tight sandstone reservoir and to select development strategy in Keshen-8 gas pool,Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin.We analyzed the basic characteristics and forming sequence of the structural fractures,and the factors influencing their growth through such data as core,image logging and single well productivity.In the end,the planar and vertical effectiveness of structural fractures was evaluated,and some suggestions for development were given. The results show that( 1) the structural fractures,partly filled with anhydrites,dolomites and seepage sand particles,are mainly upright or have a high dip angle.The third-phase structural fractures developed during the deposition of the Pliocene Kuqa Formation are the most important ones for gas preservation in Keshen-8 gas pool.( 2) Faults,lithology,stratum thickness and sedimentary microfacies function to control the development of structural fractures.Structural fractures on the upper part of anticline are highly effective,but their effectiveness would decrease dramatically when their dominant orientation intersects with the direction of present maximum principal stress at a large angle.( 3) The controlling effect of unconformity on structural fracture effectiveness is limited within 70 m to the unconformity. The Bashijiqike Formation reservoirs in Keshen-8 gas pool should be produced primarily through hydraulic fracturing,and top priority should be given to the 3 ~(rd)sand unit in development,followed by the 4 ~(th)sand unit and its underlying reservoirs,and the 1 ~(st)and 2 ~(nd)sand units being the last ones.
Characteristics analysis and effectiveness evaluation of structural fractures are of great significance to predict favorable tight sandstone reservoir and to select development strategy in Keshen-8 gas pool,Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin.We analyzed the basic characteristics and forming sequence of the structural fractures,and the factors influencing their growth through such data as core,image logging and single well productivity.In the end,the planar and vertical effectiveness of structural fractures was evaluated,and some suggestions for development were given. The results show that( 1) the structural fractures,partly filled with anhydrites,dolomites and seepage sand particles,are mainly upright or have a high dip angle.The third-phase structural fractures developed during the deposition of the Pliocene Kuqa Formation are the most important ones for gas preservation in Keshen-8 gas pool.( 2) Faults,lithology,stratum thickness and sedimentary microfacies function to control the development of structural fractures.Structural fractures on the upper part of anticline are highly effective,but their effectiveness would decrease dramatically when their dominant orientation intersects with the direction of present maximum principal stress at a large angle.( 3) The controlling effect of unconformity on structural fracture effectiveness is limited within 70 m to the unconformity. The Bashijiqike Formation reservoirs in Keshen-8 gas pool should be produced primarily through hydraulic fracturing,and top priority should be given to the 3 ~(rd)sand unit in development,followed by the 4 ~(th)sand unit and its underlying reservoirs,and the 1 ~(st)and 2 ~(nd)sand units being the last ones.
引文
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[14]曾联波,巩磊,祖克威,等.柴达木盆地西部古近系储层裂缝有效性的影响因素[J].地质学报,2012,86(11):1809-1814.Zeng Lianbo,Gong Lei,Zu Kewei,et al.Influence factors on fracture validity of the Paleogene reservoir,western Qaidam Basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2012,86(11):1809-1814.
[15]赵向原,胡向阳,曾联波,等.四川盆地元坝地区长兴组礁滩相储层天然裂缝有效性评价[J].天然气工业,2017,37(2):52-61.Zhao Xiangyuan,Hu Xiangyang,Zeng Lianbo,et al.Evaluation on the effectiveness of natural fractures in reef-flat facies of Changxing Fm in Yuanba area,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,37(2):52-61.
[16]刘春,张荣虎,张惠良,等.库车前陆冲断带多尺度裂缝成因及其储集意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(3):469-478.Liu Chun,Zhang Ronghu,Zhang Huiliang,et al.Genesis and reservoir significance of multi-scale natural fractures in Kuqa foreland thrust belt,Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(3):469-478.
[17]马玉杰,张荣虎,唐雁刚,等.塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组岩相古地理[J].新疆石油地质,2016,37(3):249-256.Ma Yujie,Zhang Ronghu,Tang Yangang,et al.Lithofacies paleogeography of Cretaceous Bashijiqike formation in Kuqa depression,Tarim Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2016,37(3):249-256.
[18]刘春,张荣虎,张惠良,等.致密砂岩储层微孔隙成因类型及地质意义——以库车前陆冲断带超深层储层为例[J].石油学报,2017,38(2):150-159.Liu Chun,Zhang Ronghu,Zhang Huiliang,et al.Genetic types and geological significance of micro pores in tight sandstone reservoirs:a case study of the ultra-deep reservoir in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt,NW China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(2):150-159.
[19]曾联波,谭成轩,张明利.塔里木盆地库车坳陷中新生代构造应力场及其油气运聚效应[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(增刊I):98-106.Zeng Lianbo,Tan Chengxuan,Zhang Mingli.Tectonic stress field and its effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,2004,34(Suppl.1):98-106.
[20]王招明.塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏盐下深层大气田形成机制与富集规律[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(2):153-166.Wang Zhaoming.Formation mechanism and enrichment regularities of Kelasu subsalt deep large gas field in Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(2):153-166.
[21]赵文韬,侯贵廷,孙雄伟,等.库车东部碎屑岩层厚和岩性对裂缝发育的影响[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(4):603-610.Zhao Wentao,Hou Guiting,Sun Xiongwei,et al.Influence of layer thickness and lithology on the fracture growth of clastic rock in east Kuqa[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2013,37(4):603-610.
[22]王珂,张惠良,张荣虎,等.超深层致密砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及影响因素——以塔里木盆地克深2气田为例[J].石油学报,2016,37(6):715-727,742.Wang Ke,Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoir structural fracture:a case study of Keshen-2 gas field,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(6):715-727,742.
[23]于炳松,赖兴运,高志前.克拉2气田砂岩储层中成岩方解石-白云石的平衡及其对储层质量的影响[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(3):339-345.Yu Bingsong,Lai Xingyun,Gao Zhiqian.The equilibrium between calcite and dolomite during diagenesis in sandstone reservoir in Kela 2gas field and the influence to quality of reservoir[J].Progress in Natural Science,2007,17(3):339-345.
[2]曾联波.低渗透砂岩储层裂缝的形成与分布[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:1-169.Zeng Lianbo.Formation and distribution of reservoir fractures in lowpermeability sandstones[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008:1-169.
[3]曾联波,柯式镇,刘洋.低渗透油气储层裂缝研究方法[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2010:1-187.Zeng Lianbo,Ke Shizhen,Liu Yang.Study methods of fractures in low-permeability oil-gas reservoirs[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2010:1-187.
[4]Ameen M S,Mac Pherson K,Al-Marhoon M I,et al.Diverse fracture properties and their impact on performance in conventional and tightgas reservoirs.Saudi Arabia:The Unayzah,South Haradh case study[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(3):459-492.
[5]Zeng L,Li X.Fractures in sandstone reservoirs with ultra-low permeability:A case study of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(4):461-477.
[6]刘肖军.苏北盆地桥河口油田阜二段第三砂层组裂缝参数模拟计算[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(2):250-254,259.Liu Xiaojun.Simulation of fracture parameters in the 3rdsand unit of the Paleogene Fu-2 member in the Qiaohekou oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2010,31(2):250-254,259.
[7]刘红岐,刘诗琼,刘静.复杂致密储层裂缝特征研究[J].西南石油大学学报:自然科学版,2012,34(4):62-68.Liu Hongqi,Liu Shiqiong,Liu Jing.Study on the fracture characteristics of complex tight formation[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University:Science&Technology Edition,2012,34(4):62-68.
[8]李义军,李进步,杨仁超,等.苏里格气田东二区致密砂岩储层裂缝与含气性的关系[J].天然气工业,2012,32(6):28-30.Li Yijun,Li Jinbu,Yang Renchao,et al.Relationship between gas bearing capacity and reservoir fractures of tight sand reservoirs in the eastern block 2 of the Sulige Gas Field[J].Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(6):28-30.
[9]王俊鹏,张荣虎,赵继龙,等.超深层致密砂岩储层裂缝定量评价及预测研究——以塔里木盆地克深气田为例[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(11):1735-1745.Wang Junpeng,Zhang Ronghu,Zhao Jilong,et al.Characteristics and evaluation of fractures in ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoir:TakingKeshen Gasfield in Tarim Basin,NW China as an example[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(11):1735-1745.
[10]王俊鹏,张惠良,张荣虎,等.裂缝发育对超深层致密砂岩储层的改造作用——以塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深气田为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2018,39(1):77-88.Wang Junpeng,Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,et al.Enhancement of ultra-deep tighit sandstone reservoir quality by fractures:A case study of Keshen gas field in Kuqa Depression,tarim Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2018,39(1):77-88.
[11]冯阵东,戴俊生,邓航,等.利用分形几何定量评价克拉2气田裂缝[J].石油与天然气地质,2011,32(6),928-933,939.Feng Zhendong,Dai Junsheng,Deng Hang,et al.Quantitative evaluation of fractures with fractal geometry in Kela-2 gas field[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2011,32(6),928-933,939.
[12]黄继新,彭仕宓,王小军,等.成像测井资料在裂缝和地应力研究中的应用[J].石油学报,2006,27(6):65-69.Huang Jixin,Peng Shimi,Wang Xiaojun,et al.Applications of imaging logging data in the research of fracture and ground stress[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2006,27(6):65-69.
[13]屈海洲,张福祥,王振宇,等.基于岩心-电成像测井的裂缝定量表征方法——以库车坳陷ks2区块白垩系巴什基奇克组砂岩为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(3):425-432.Qu Haizhou,Zhang Fuxiang,Wang Zhenyu,et al.Quantitative fracture evaluation method based on core-image logging:A case study of Cretaceous Bashijiqike formation in ks2 well area,Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(3):425-432.
[14]曾联波,巩磊,祖克威,等.柴达木盆地西部古近系储层裂缝有效性的影响因素[J].地质学报,2012,86(11):1809-1814.Zeng Lianbo,Gong Lei,Zu Kewei,et al.Influence factors on fracture validity of the Paleogene reservoir,western Qaidam Basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2012,86(11):1809-1814.
[15]赵向原,胡向阳,曾联波,等.四川盆地元坝地区长兴组礁滩相储层天然裂缝有效性评价[J].天然气工业,2017,37(2):52-61.Zhao Xiangyuan,Hu Xiangyang,Zeng Lianbo,et al.Evaluation on the effectiveness of natural fractures in reef-flat facies of Changxing Fm in Yuanba area,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,37(2):52-61.
[16]刘春,张荣虎,张惠良,等.库车前陆冲断带多尺度裂缝成因及其储集意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(3):469-478.Liu Chun,Zhang Ronghu,Zhang Huiliang,et al.Genesis and reservoir significance of multi-scale natural fractures in Kuqa foreland thrust belt,Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(3):469-478.
[17]马玉杰,张荣虎,唐雁刚,等.塔里木盆地库车坳陷白垩系巴什基奇克组岩相古地理[J].新疆石油地质,2016,37(3):249-256.Ma Yujie,Zhang Ronghu,Tang Yangang,et al.Lithofacies paleogeography of Cretaceous Bashijiqike formation in Kuqa depression,Tarim Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2016,37(3):249-256.
[18]刘春,张荣虎,张惠良,等.致密砂岩储层微孔隙成因类型及地质意义——以库车前陆冲断带超深层储层为例[J].石油学报,2017,38(2):150-159.Liu Chun,Zhang Ronghu,Zhang Huiliang,et al.Genetic types and geological significance of micro pores in tight sandstone reservoirs:a case study of the ultra-deep reservoir in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt,NW China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(2):150-159.
[19]曾联波,谭成轩,张明利.塔里木盆地库车坳陷中新生代构造应力场及其油气运聚效应[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(增刊I):98-106.Zeng Lianbo,Tan Chengxuan,Zhang Mingli.Tectonic stress field and its effect on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,2004,34(Suppl.1):98-106.
[20]王招明.塔里木盆地库车坳陷克拉苏盐下深层大气田形成机制与富集规律[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(2):153-166.Wang Zhaoming.Formation mechanism and enrichment regularities of Kelasu subsalt deep large gas field in Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(2):153-166.
[21]赵文韬,侯贵廷,孙雄伟,等.库车东部碎屑岩层厚和岩性对裂缝发育的影响[J].大地构造与成矿学,2013,37(4):603-610.Zhao Wentao,Hou Guiting,Sun Xiongwei,et al.Influence of layer thickness and lithology on the fracture growth of clastic rock in east Kuqa[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2013,37(4):603-610.
[22]王珂,张惠良,张荣虎,等.超深层致密砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及影响因素——以塔里木盆地克深2气田为例[J].石油学报,2016,37(6):715-727,742.Wang Ke,Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoir structural fracture:a case study of Keshen-2 gas field,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2016,37(6):715-727,742.
[23]于炳松,赖兴运,高志前.克拉2气田砂岩储层中成岩方解石-白云石的平衡及其对储层质量的影响[J].自然科学进展,2007,17(3):339-345.Yu Bingsong,Lai Xingyun,Gao Zhiqian.The equilibrium between calcite and dolomite during diagenesis in sandstone reservoir in Kela 2gas field and the influence to quality of reservoir[J].Progress in Natural Science,2007,17(3):339-345.