一次江淮气旋暴雪的积雪特征及气象影响因子分析
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摘要
利用自动站、人工加密观测及常规观测资料,通过对2017年2月21—22日一次江淮气旋暴雪过程积雪特征的分析,揭示了近地面气象要素对积雪深度的复杂影响。结果表明:(1)江淮气旋系统特有的空间结构导致山东南、北地区的降雪量和积雪深度不均衡分布。(2)积雪深度具有时效性,在降雪结束时达到峰值,因温度的变化导致峰值不一定维持到次日08时。(3)积雪深度是近地面多气象要素共同作用的结果,降水相态、降雪量、降雪强度、气温、地温和风速均有影响。主要表现为:雨夹雪在转为纯雪之前可产生不超过1 cm的积雪,如果不转雪则不会产生有量积雪;各地降雪含水比差异较大,全省平均为0. 5 cm·mm~(-1),低于全国平均值;在降雪不融化的情况下,降雪量、降雪强度越大则积雪越深,降雪强度大是气温和地温都高于0℃时产生积雪的必要条件;地温和气温越低对积雪形成越有利,积雪开始产生时的地温最高阈值多在0℃左右,地温先突降后缓升是积雪产生前后的共性特征,积雪产生后1～2 h内地温略有上升并逐渐趋于稳定;积雪产生时气温一般低于0℃,气温高于0℃时大部分降雪融化;有利于产生积雪的平均风力多不超过2级,极大风则在3～4级以下。
Based on automatic weather station, dense and routine observation data, this study analyzes the characteristics of snow cover and its meteorological impact factors on a case of Jianghuai cyclone snowstorm that occurred from 21 to 22 February 2017. The results show that the typical spatial structure of Jianghuai cyclone led to the different snowfall amounts and depths in Shandong. The snow cover peaked when the snow ended and its persistence depended on temperature, so snow depth was of timeliness. Commonly,snow depth is affected by multiple meteorological factors of surface, including precipitation type, snowfall amount, snowfall intensity, temperature, soil temperature and wind speed. Sleet can produce snow cover below 1 cm if it turns to pure snow. Average snow-to-liquid ratio in Shandong is 0. 5 cm · mm~(-1), lower than the value for the whole country. Large snowfall, strong snowfall intensity, low air and soil temperatures are beneficial to snow depth. Enough snow intensity is necessary for obvious snow cover when air and soil temperatures are both higher than 0℃. It's common that soil temperature drops quickly before visible snow cover and rises stably within 1 to 2 hours. Air temperature is usually below 0℃ when snow cover forms. Weak wind speed under Grade 2 is good for snow cover to form.
Based on automatic weather station, dense and routine observation data, this study analyzes the characteristics of snow cover and its meteorological impact factors on a case of Jianghuai cyclone snowstorm that occurred from 21 to 22 February 2017. The results show that the typical spatial structure of Jianghuai cyclone led to the different snowfall amounts and depths in Shandong. The snow cover peaked when the snow ended and its persistence depended on temperature, so snow depth was of timeliness. Commonly,snow depth is affected by multiple meteorological factors of surface, including precipitation type, snowfall amount, snowfall intensity, temperature, soil temperature and wind speed. Sleet can produce snow cover below 1 cm if it turns to pure snow. Average snow-to-liquid ratio in Shandong is 0. 5 cm · mm~(-1), lower than the value for the whole country. Large snowfall, strong snowfall intensity, low air and soil temperatures are beneficial to snow depth. Enough snow intensity is necessary for obvious snow cover when air and soil temperatures are both higher than 0℃. It's common that soil temperature drops quickly before visible snow cover and rises stably within 1 to 2 hours. Air temperature is usually below 0℃ when snow cover forms. Weak wind speed under Grade 2 is good for snow cover to form.
引文
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崔锦,周晓珊,阎琦,等,2017.降雪含水比研究进展[J].气象,43(6):735-744. Cui J,Zhou X S, Yan Q,et al,2017. Advances in snowto-liquid ratio[J]. Meteor Mon,43(6):735-744(in Chinese).
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孙欣,蔡芗宁,陈传雷,等,2011.“070304”东北特大暴雪的分析[J].气象,37(7):863-870.Sun X,Cai X N,Chen C L,et al.2011.Analysis of the 4 March 2007 heavy snowstorm in Northeast China[J]. Meteor Mon,37(7):863-870(in Chinese).
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吴书成,邱杰,吴静,等,2017.浙江省自动雪深观测数据质量分析[J].气象科技,45(4):616-621.Wu S C,Qiu J,Wu J,et al,2017. Quality analysis and control of automatic snow depth observing data in Zhejiang[J]. Meteor Sci Technol,45(4):616-621(in Chinese).
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杨成芳,刘畅,郭俊建,等,2017.山东相态逆转降雪天气的特征与预报[J].海洋气象学报,37(1):73-83. Yang C F,Liu C,Guo J J,et al,2017. Statistical study of precipitation type reversal during snowy weather process in Shandong Province[J]. J Marine Meteor, 37(1):73-83(in Chinese).
杨成芳,姜鹏,张少林,等,2013.山东冬半年降水相态的温度特征统计分析[J].气象,39(3):355-361. Yang C F,Jiang P,Zhang S L,et al,2013. Analysis on temperature of precipitation types in cold seasons in Shandong[J]. Meteor Mon, 39(3):355-361(in Chinese).
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翟亮,郭淳薇,马新成,等,2018.北京2016年“11·20”初雪预报偏差分析[J].气象,44(1):15-158.Zhai L,Guo C W,Ma X C,et al,2018. Forecast deviation analysis of the first snow in Beijing on20 November 2016[J]. Meteor Mon, 44(1):151-158(in Chinese).
张人禾,张若楠,左志燕,2016.中国冬季积雪特征及欧亚大陆积雪对中国气候影响[J].应用气象学报,27(5):513-526. Zhang R H,Zhang R N,Zuo Z Y,2016. An overview of wintertime snow cover characteristics over China and the impact of Eurasian snow cover on Chinese climate[J].J Appl Meteor Sci, 27(5):513-526(in Chinese).
左志燕,张人禾,2012.中国春季降水异常及其与热带太平洋海面温度和欧亚大陆积雪的联系[J].大气科学,36(1):185-194. Zuo Z Y,Zhang R H,2012. The anomalies of spring rainfall in eastern China and its relation with tropical Pacific SST and Eurasian snow[J]. Chinese J Atmos Sci,36(1):185-194(in Chinese).
Alcott T I,Steenburgh W J,2010. Snow-to-liquid ratio variability and prediction at a high-elevation site in Utah's Wasatch Mountains[J]. Wea Forecasting,25(1):323-337.
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Judson A,Doesken N,2000. Density of freshly fallen snow in the central rocky mountains[J]. Bull Amer Meteor Soc,81(7):1577-1588.
Milbrandt J A,Glazer A,Jacob D,2012. Predicting the snow-to-liquid ratio of surface precipitation using a bulk microphysics scheme[J]. Mon Wea Rev, 140(8):2461-2476.
Molthan A L,Petersen W A,Nesbitt S W,et al,2010. Evaluating the snow crystal size distribution and density assumptions within a single-moment microphysics scheme[J]. Mon Wea Rev. 138(11):4254-4267.
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除多,洛桑曲珍,林志强,等,2018.近30年青藏高原雪深时空变化特征分析[J].气象,44(2):233-243.Chu D,Luosang Q Z,Lin Z Q,et al.2018. Spatio-temporal variation of snow depth on Tibetan Plateau over the last 30 yaers[J]. Meteor Mon,44(2):233-243(in Chinese).
崔锦,周晓珊,阎琦,等.2015.沈阳降雪含水比变化特征及其大气影响因子[J].冰川冻土,37(6):1508-1514. Cui J,Zhou X S,Yan Q,et al,2015. Snow-to-liquid ratio variation and its atmospheric influence factors in Shenyang[J]. J Glaciol Geocryol, 37(6):1508-1514(in Chinese).
崔锦,周晓珊,阎琦,等,2017.降雪含水比研究进展[J].气象,43(6):735-744. Cui J,Zhou X S, Yan Q,et al,2017. Advances in snowto-liquid ratio[J]. Meteor Mon,43(6):735-744(in Chinese).
《大气科学辞典》编委会,1994.大气科学辞典[M].北京:气象出版社:980. Editorial Committee of Atmospheric Science Dictionary,1994. Atmospheric Science Dictionary[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press:980(in Chinese).
付强,彭莉,汪恩良,等,2017.积雪特性参数分析及雪深模型建立[J].东北农业大学学报,48(12):36-45. Fu Q,Peng L, Wang E L,et al,2017. Analysis on snow characteristic parameters andconstruction of snow depth modeling[J]. J Northeast Agri Univ,48(12):36-45(in Chinese).
胡列群,李帅,梁凤超,2013.新疆区域近50 a积雪变化特征分析[J].冰川冻土,35(4):793-800.Hu L Q,Li S,Liang F C,2013.Analysis of the variation characteristic of snow covers in Xinjiang Region during recent 50 years[J]. J Glaciol Geocryol,35(4):793-800(in Chinese).
李德俊.熊守权,柳草,等,2014.鄂西北两次强降雪的滴谱特征和积雪深度预估方法[J].气象,40(5):612-618. Li D J,Xiong S Q,Liu C,et al, 2014. Droplet spectrum characteristics and depth forecast method of two snowstorms in Northwest of Hubei[J].Meteor Mon,40(5):612-618(in Chinese).
刘畅,杨成芳,宋嘉佳,2016.一次江淮气旋复杂降水相态特征及成因分析[J].气象科学,36(3):411-417. Liu C,Yang C F,Song J J,2016. Analysis on complex phases features and causes of a Jianghuai-cyclone precipitation[J]. J Meteor Sci, 36(3):411-417(in Chinese).
陆恒,魏文寿,刘明哲,等,2011.中国天山西部季节性森林积雪雪层温度时空分布特征[J].地理科学,31(12):1541-1548. Lu H,Wei W S,Liu M Z,et al,2011. Spatial and temporal distributions of snow temperature in forest of the western Tianshan Mountains,China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,31(12):1541-1548(in Chinese).
马吉晖,李玉香,2012.通化地区积雪深度预报方法研究及服务对策[J].吉林气象,(4):29-33. Ma J H,Li Y X,2012. Service solutions and forecast technology of snow depth in Tonghua[J]. Jilin Meteor,(4):29-33(in Chinese).
马丽娟,秦大河,2012. 1957-2009年中国台站观测的关键积雪参数时空变化特征[J].冰川冻土,34(1):1-11. Ma L J,Qin D H,2012. Spatial-temporal characteristics of observed key parameters for snow cover in China during 1957—2009[J]. J Glaciol Geocryol,34(1):1-11(in Chinese).
沙依然,王茂新,2004.气象卫星遥感资料在积雪监测中的应用[J].气象,30(4):33-36. Sha Y R,Wang M X,2004. Monitoring of snow cover with remote sensing data from meteorological satellites[J]. Meteor Mon,30(4):33-36(in Chinese).
孙莎莎,杨成芳,尹承美,等,2015.济南地区“12. 13”降水过程相态二次转换成因分析[J].气象与环境学报,31(4):14-19. Sun S S,Yang C F,Yin C M,et al.2015. Forming reason study of twice conversion of precipitation phase for “12. 13” weather process in Jinan Region[J]. J Meteor Environ,31(4):14-19(in Chinese).
孙欣,蔡芗宁,陈传雷,等,2011.“070304”东北特大暴雪的分析[J].气象,37(7):863-870.Sun X,Cai X N,Chen C L,et al.2011.Analysis of the 4 March 2007 heavy snowstorm in Northeast China[J]. Meteor Mon,37(7):863-870(in Chinese).
王建,车涛,李震,等,2018.中国积雪特性及分布调查[J].地球科学进展,33(1):12-26. Wang J,Che T,LI Z,et al,2018. Investigation on snow characteristics and their distribution in China[J].Adv Earth Sci,33(1):12-26(in Chinese).
吴书成,邱杰,吴静,等,2017.浙江省自动雪深观测数据质量分析[J].气象科技,45(4):616-621.Wu S C,Qiu J,Wu J,et al,2017. Quality analysis and control of automatic snow depth observing data in Zhejiang[J]. Meteor Sci Technol,45(4):616-621(in Chinese).
吴统文.钱正安,2000.青藏高原冬春积雪异常与中国东部地区夏季降水关系的进一步分析[J].气象学报,58(5):570-581. Wu T W,Qian Z A, 2000. Further analyses of the linkage between winter and spring snow depth anomaly over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and summer rainfall of Eastern China[J]. Acta Meteor Sinica,58(5):570-581(in Chinese).
谢静芳,章娜,冯瑶,2001.吉林省积雪深度的影响条件分析及预报[C]//城市气象服务科学讨论会论文集.北京:中国气象学会,101-102. Xie J F,Zhang N,Feng Y,2001. Analysis and Forecasting of Snow Depth in Jilin[C]//Proceedings of the Symposium on Urban Meteorological Service Science. Beijing:Chinese Meteorological Society:101-102(in Chinese).
杨成芳,刘畅,郭俊建,等,2017.山东相态逆转降雪天气的特征与预报[J].海洋气象学报,37(1):73-83. Yang C F,Liu C,Guo J J,et al,2017. Statistical study of precipitation type reversal during snowy weather process in Shandong Province[J]. J Marine Meteor, 37(1):73-83(in Chinese).
杨成芳,姜鹏,张少林,等,2013.山东冬半年降水相态的温度特征统计分析[J].气象,39(3):355-361. Yang C F,Jiang P,Zhang S L,et al,2013. Analysis on temperature of precipitation types in cold seasons in Shandong[J]. Meteor Mon, 39(3):355-361(in Chinese).
杨琨,薛建军.2013.使用加密降雪资料分析降雪量和积雪深度关系[J].应用气象学报,24(3):349-355. Yang K,Xue J J,2013. The relationship between snowfall and snow depth using intensive snowfall observations[J]. J Appl Meteor Sci,24(3):349-355(in Chinese).
翟亮,郭淳薇,马新成,等,2018.北京2016年“11·20”初雪预报偏差分析[J].气象,44(1):15-158.Zhai L,Guo C W,Ma X C,et al,2018. Forecast deviation analysis of the first snow in Beijing on20 November 2016[J]. Meteor Mon, 44(1):151-158(in Chinese).
张人禾,张若楠,左志燕,2016.中国冬季积雪特征及欧亚大陆积雪对中国气候影响[J].应用气象学报,27(5):513-526. Zhang R H,Zhang R N,Zuo Z Y,2016. An overview of wintertime snow cover characteristics over China and the impact of Eurasian snow cover on Chinese climate[J].J Appl Meteor Sci, 27(5):513-526(in Chinese).
左志燕,张人禾,2012.中国春季降水异常及其与热带太平洋海面温度和欧亚大陆积雪的联系[J].大气科学,36(1):185-194. Zuo Z Y,Zhang R H,2012. The anomalies of spring rainfall in eastern China and its relation with tropical Pacific SST and Eurasian snow[J]. Chinese J Atmos Sci,36(1):185-194(in Chinese).
Alcott T I,Steenburgh W J,2010. Snow-to-liquid ratio variability and prediction at a high-elevation site in Utah's Wasatch Mountains[J]. Wea Forecasting,25(1):323-337.
Baker D G,Skaggs R H,Ruschy D L, 1991. Snow depth required to mask the underlying surface[J]. J Appl Meteor,30(3):387-392.
Judson A,Doesken N,2000. Density of freshly fallen snow in the central rocky mountains[J]. Bull Amer Meteor Soc,81(7):1577-1588.
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