上合组织青岛峰会期间海雾维持和消散阶段的环境场特征
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摘要
利用常规观测、地面加密自动站及NCEP再分析资料,针对上合组织青岛峰会的气象服务过程,对海雾维持和消散两个阶段的气象要素特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)当能见度低于1 000 m时,相对湿度为99%,能见度介于1 000～2 000 m之间时,相对湿度为95%～99%。2)近地面层30°N以北黄海海域持续吹东南风,并在青岛形成水汽辐合中心,有利于青岛形成海雾;当东南风转为东北风,水汽辐合中心减弱或消失时,海雾趋于消散。3)在海雾维持阶段,逆温层最低高度稳定在980 hPa以下,总逆温差逐渐增强,逆温梯度跃升与海雾强度增强同步;最大逆温层厚度和逆温层总厚度下降12 h后海雾逐渐减弱,逆温层最低高度上升时能见度也随之上升。4)白天逆温层之上为下沉运动,之下为上升运动,夜间700 hPa之下均为上升运动,且上升运动中心位于逆温层之下,这种垂直结构有利于逆温层和海雾的维持;当逆温强度减弱,垂直运动穿越逆温层贯穿700 hPa以下对流层时,海雾趋于消散。
Based on conventional observations,data of intensified automatic weather stations,and NCEP reanalysis data,the meteorological characteristics of the sea fog maintenance and dissipation mechanisms during the 2018 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Qingdao Summit are analyzed. The results are as follows. 1) The visibility lower than 1 000 m corresponds to the relative humidity of 99% and the visibility between 1 000 m and 2 000 m corresponds to the relative humidity between 95% and 99%. 2) When southeasterly winds continuously blow near the surface over the Yellow Sea above 30°N and a water vapor convergence center is formed in Qingdao,it is favorable for the formation of sea fog in Qingdao. The sea fog tends to dissipate when southeasterly winds turn to northeasterly winds and the water vapor convergence center is weakened or disappears. 3) During the sea fog maintenance phase,the lowest inversion layer is stable below 980 h Pa,the total temperature inversion difference gradually increases,and the sharply increasing of temperature inversion gradient synchronizes with the enhancement of the sea fog intensity. The sea fog is gradually weakened 12 hours after the decrease of the maximum and the total thickness of the inversion layers,and the visibility increases with the increase of the lowest inversion layer. 4) Sinking movement happens above the inversion layer and ascending movement below it in the daytime,while ascending movement happens below 700 hPa and the center of ascending movement is below the inversion layer in the nighttime. This vertical structure is favorable for the maintenance of the inversion layer and the sea fog. When the temperature inversion intensity decreases and vertical movement happens throughout the troposphere below 700 hPa,the sea fog tends to dissipate.
Based on conventional observations,data of intensified automatic weather stations,and NCEP reanalysis data,the meteorological characteristics of the sea fog maintenance and dissipation mechanisms during the 2018 Shanghai Cooperation Organization Qingdao Summit are analyzed. The results are as follows. 1) The visibility lower than 1 000 m corresponds to the relative humidity of 99% and the visibility between 1 000 m and 2 000 m corresponds to the relative humidity between 95% and 99%. 2) When southeasterly winds continuously blow near the surface over the Yellow Sea above 30°N and a water vapor convergence center is formed in Qingdao,it is favorable for the formation of sea fog in Qingdao. The sea fog tends to dissipate when southeasterly winds turn to northeasterly winds and the water vapor convergence center is weakened or disappears. 3) During the sea fog maintenance phase,the lowest inversion layer is stable below 980 h Pa,the total temperature inversion difference gradually increases,and the sharply increasing of temperature inversion gradient synchronizes with the enhancement of the sea fog intensity. The sea fog is gradually weakened 12 hours after the decrease of the maximum and the total thickness of the inversion layers,and the visibility increases with the increase of the lowest inversion layer. 4) Sinking movement happens above the inversion layer and ascending movement below it in the daytime,while ascending movement happens below 700 hPa and the center of ascending movement is below the inversion layer in the nighttime. This vertical structure is favorable for the maintenance of the inversion layer and the sea fog. When the temperature inversion intensity decreases and vertical movement happens throughout the troposphere below 700 hPa,the sea fog tends to dissipate.
引文
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[28]高荣珍,李欣,时晓曚,等.基于WRF模式的青岛近海能见度算法比较研究[J].海洋气象学报,2018,38(2):28-35.
[29]史得道,吴振玲,高山红,等.海雾预报研究综述[J].气象科技进展,2016,6(2):49-55.
[2]傅刚,王菁茜,张美根,等.一次黄海海雾事件的观测与数值模拟研究[J].中国海洋大学学报,2004,34(5):720-726.
[3]鲍献文,王鑫,孙立潭,等.卫星遥感全天候监测海雾技术与应用[J].高技术通讯,2005,15(1):101-106.
[4]钱峻屏,黄菲,崔祖强,等.基于MODIS数据的海上气象能见度遥感光谱分析与统计反演[J].海洋科学进展,2004,22(B10):58-64.
[5]钱峻屏,黄菲,王国复,等.基于MODIS资料反演海上能见度的经验模型[J].中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版),2006,36(3):355-360.
[6]吴晓京,李三妹,廖蜜,等.基于20年卫星遥感资料的黄海、渤海海雾分布季节特征分析[J].海洋学报,2015,37(1):63-72.
[7]吴晓京,李云,黄彬,等.利用动态阈值方法改进的风云二号卫星海雾检测技术[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(2):31-41.
[8]孟宪贵,张苏平.夏季黄海表面冷水对大气边界层及海雾的影响[J].中国海洋大学学报,2012,42(6):16-23.
[9]张苏平,龙景超,尹跃进,等.我国东部沿海一次局地海雾抬升成云过程分析[J].中国海洋大学学报,2014,44(2):1-10.
[10]黄彬,王皘,陆雪,等.黄渤海一次持续性大雾过程的边界层特征及生消机理分析[J].气象,2014,40(11):1324-1337.
[11]王静菊,高小雨,高山红.一次黄海海雾的数据同化试验与形成机制研究[J].海洋气象学报,2017,37(1):42-53.
[12]黄彬,高山红,宋煜,等.黄海平流海雾的观测分析[J].海洋科学进展,2009,27(1):16-23.
[13]张苏平,任兆鹏.下垫面热力作用对黄海春季海雾的影响---观测与数值实验[J].气象学报,2010,68(4):439-449.
[14]王凯悦,张苏平,薛允传,等.夏季低压控制下黄海西北部海域海雾发生气象条件合成分析[J].海洋气象学报,2018,38(3):47-56.
[15]张苏平,鲍献文.近十年中国海雾研究进展[J].中国海洋大学学报,2008,38(3):359-366.
[16]刁学贤.青岛及近海海雾的统计分析[J].海洋预报,1992,9(3):45-55.
[17]黄彬,毛冬艳,康志明,等.黄海海雾天气气候特征及其成因分析[J].热带气象学报,2011,27(6):920-929.
[18]LEIPPER D F.Fog on the U.S.west coast:A review[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1994,75(2):229-240.
[19]LEWIS J M,KORACˇIN D,REDMOND K T.Sea fog research in the United Kingdom and United States:Ahistorical essay including outlook[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2004,85(3):395-408.
[20]马艳,郝燕,王颖.青岛地区海雾分布特征及风险评估[J].中国海洋大学学报,2014,44(11):11-15.
[21]江敦双,张苏平,陆惟松.青岛海雾的气候特征和预测研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008(3):7-12.
[22]SAHA S,MOORTHI S,PAN H L,et al.The NCEPclimate forecast system reanalysis[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2010,91(8):1015-1057.
[23]任兆鹏,张苏平.黄海夏季海雾的边界层结构特征及其与春季海雾的对比[J].中国海洋大学学报,2011,41(5):23-30.
[24]王鑫,黄菲,周发琇.黄海沿海夏季海雾形成的气候特征[J].海洋学报,2006,28(1):26-34.
[25]盛立芳,梁卫芳,王丹太,等.海洋气象条件变化对青岛平流雾过程的影响分析[J].中国海洋大学学报,2010,40(6):1-10.
[26]杨悦,高山红.黄海海雾天气特征与逆温层成因分析[J].中国海洋大学学报,2015,45(6):19-30.
[27]黄彬,许健民,史得道,等.黄渤海一次持续性海雾过程形变特征及其成因分析[J].气象,2018,44(10):1342-1351.
[28]高荣珍,李欣,时晓曚,等.基于WRF模式的青岛近海能见度算法比较研究[J].海洋气象学报,2018,38(2):28-35.
[29]史得道,吴振玲,高山红,等.海雾预报研究综述[J].气象科技进展,2016,6(2):49-55.