河西走廊古遗址时空演变与环境变迁
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摘要
河西走廊在史前和历史时期是欧亚大陆东西方文化交流的重要通道。近年来该区域考古调查、环境变化研究等方面取得明显进展,为研究局域地貌内遗址时空演变与环境变迁提供可能。通过整理河西走廊考古调查资料,应用文化分布界值、文化重心等方法综合分析该区古文化的时空演变过程,并应用GIS技术提取相应遗址点现今的环境(高程、河流、植被和沙地)信息,结合古人类生产生活方式推测该区古今环境变化及其原因,并分析了该区域古文化演变的驱动机制。结果显示:3.5 ka BP前,古文化主要由东南向西北方向扩散;3.5—3.0 ka BP古文化仅分布在河西东部地区;3.0—2.4 ka BP骟马文化和沙井文化重新分布在河西的东部和西部地区;约4.0 ka BP、3.6 ka BP和3.0 ka BP的极端气候使古遗址的高程分布发生显著变化,遗址点所在地的河流、植被、沙地均发生不同程度的变化。气候变化是河西走廊古文化时空演变的主要驱动力,欧亚大陆的文化交流、战争战乱和境外文化的传入也是其重要的影响因素。
Background, aim, and scope Hexi Corridor, at prehistoric and historic era, is an important channel for the cultural exchanges between the East and the West in Eurasia. Progress on archaeological investigations and environmental changes studies of it in recent years has made it possible to study on its spatio-temporal evolution and environmental changes of local sites. Based on the archaeological survey data of Hexi Corridor, with the methods of cultural distribution boundaries, cultural center etc., a comprehensive analysis has been made on its spatio-temporal evolution process. Materials and methods Site data using Gansu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology,Archaeological, Cultural Institute in Beijing University edition of the Report on prehistoric archaeological survey in Hexi Corridor; the map data are based on China DEM with 90 m resolution; China 1∶250000 Grade 1, Grade 3,Grade 4 and Grade 5 river grading datasets; China 1∶4000000 vegetation datasets; China 1∶100000 state desert datasets. With the aid of GIS extracting the environmental information(elevation, river, vegetation and sandy land)of corresponding sites in present time and taking the production and living style of ancient human into consideration,a prediction on the environmental change and its causes of ancient and present time has been concluded. Results The Bronze culture after 3.5 ka BP mainly spreads from west to east spread; during 3.0 — 2.4 ka BP Shanma culture and Shajing culture are redistributed in most parts of the Hexi Corridor. The extreme climates of about 4.0 ka BP, 3.6 ka BP and 3.0 ka BP have dramatically changed the ancients' elevation distribution. The area where the ancient sites are located has experienced varying degrees of changes in distance from the river, vegetation and sandy land types.Discussion By analyzing the relationship between the cultural evolution of ancient sites with environmental factors and considering the climate in the study area and its adjacent areas, this article discusses the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the ancient culture in Hexi Corridor. The extreme climate events led to the evolution of ancient culture from a single Machang culture to Qijia culture and Siba culture in 4.0 ka BP, from Qijia-Siba culture to Dongjiatai-Xindian culture in 3.6 ka BP. and from Dongjiatai-Xindian culture to Shanma-Shajing culture in 3.0 ka BP. Conclusions Climate change is the main driving force for the evolution of the ancient culture in Hexi Corridor. The replacement of ancient culture corresponds to a significant environmental change. For example, significant short-term climate deterioration led to the collapse or transformation of ancient culture. While factors such as the cultural exchanges, political groups and the immigration of overseas cultures have a major impact on the cultural distribution. Recommendations and perspectives When discussing the motivation mechanism of cultural evolution, the impact of cultural evolution from cultural exchange, political factors and the introduction of overseas culture should be considered.
Background, aim, and scope Hexi Corridor, at prehistoric and historic era, is an important channel for the cultural exchanges between the East and the West in Eurasia. Progress on archaeological investigations and environmental changes studies of it in recent years has made it possible to study on its spatio-temporal evolution and environmental changes of local sites. Based on the archaeological survey data of Hexi Corridor, with the methods of cultural distribution boundaries, cultural center etc., a comprehensive analysis has been made on its spatio-temporal evolution process. Materials and methods Site data using Gansu Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology,Archaeological, Cultural Institute in Beijing University edition of the Report on prehistoric archaeological survey in Hexi Corridor; the map data are based on China DEM with 90 m resolution; China 1∶250000 Grade 1, Grade 3,Grade 4 and Grade 5 river grading datasets; China 1∶4000000 vegetation datasets; China 1∶100000 state desert datasets. With the aid of GIS extracting the environmental information(elevation, river, vegetation and sandy land)of corresponding sites in present time and taking the production and living style of ancient human into consideration,a prediction on the environmental change and its causes of ancient and present time has been concluded. Results The Bronze culture after 3.5 ka BP mainly spreads from west to east spread; during 3.0 — 2.4 ka BP Shanma culture and Shajing culture are redistributed in most parts of the Hexi Corridor. The extreme climates of about 4.0 ka BP, 3.6 ka BP and 3.0 ka BP have dramatically changed the ancients' elevation distribution. The area where the ancient sites are located has experienced varying degrees of changes in distance from the river, vegetation and sandy land types.Discussion By analyzing the relationship between the cultural evolution of ancient sites with environmental factors and considering the climate in the study area and its adjacent areas, this article discusses the dynamic mechanism of the evolution of the ancient culture in Hexi Corridor. The extreme climate events led to the evolution of ancient culture from a single Machang culture to Qijia culture and Siba culture in 4.0 ka BP, from Qijia-Siba culture to Dongjiatai-Xindian culture in 3.6 ka BP. and from Dongjiatai-Xindian culture to Shanma-Shajing culture in 3.0 ka BP. Conclusions Climate change is the main driving force for the evolution of the ancient culture in Hexi Corridor. The replacement of ancient culture corresponds to a significant environmental change. For example, significant short-term climate deterioration led to the collapse or transformation of ancient culture. While factors such as the cultural exchanges, political groups and the immigration of overseas cultures have a major impact on the cultural distribution. Recommendations and perspectives When discussing the motivation mechanism of cultural evolution, the impact of cultural evolution from cultural exchange, political factors and the introduction of overseas culture should be considered.
引文
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