历史街道微观建成环境对游客步行停驻行为的影响——以北京五道营胡同为例
|
摘要
以北京市五道营胡同为例,构建涵盖街道与建筑尺度、临街过渡空间、沿街底层特征、建筑立面构成特征、建筑材质与色彩、商品陈设内容方面的微观尺度建成环境要素体系。通过追踪游客与建成环境互动行为,以影像记录并识别建成环境特征,并解释微观建成环境要素组合对游客步行停驻行为的影响机制。据此对北京历史街区街道设计提出建议。
This paper examines the elements of the micro-scale built environment of Wudaoying Hutong, a historic street in Beijing, in terms of the dimensions of street scale,transitional space between the street and buildings, floor space, facade of buildings, color and texture and contents of display. After tracing the interaction between visitors and the built environment, the urban design features are recorded and identified via photos. The mechanism of impact of micro-scale built environment on halting behavior during walking is further analyzed which provides suggestions on the design of streets in historic districts in Beijing.
This paper examines the elements of the micro-scale built environment of Wudaoying Hutong, a historic street in Beijing, in terms of the dimensions of street scale,transitional space between the street and buildings, floor space, facade of buildings, color and texture and contents of display. After tracing the interaction between visitors and the built environment, the urban design features are recorded and identified via photos. The mechanism of impact of micro-scale built environment on halting behavior during walking is further analyzed which provides suggestions on the design of streets in historic districts in Beijing.
引文
[1]扬·盖尔.交往与空间[M].何人可,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.
[2]扬·盖尔.人性化的城市[M].欧阳文,徐哲文译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.
[3]鲁斐栋,谭少华.建成环境对体力活动的影响研究:进展与思考[J].国际城市规划,2015,30(2):62-70.
[4]刘亚南,何捷.地铁站周边建成环境对步行行为影响机制探究——以天津小白楼为例[C]//中国城市交通规划年会论文集.北京:中国城市规划学会城市交通规划学术委员会,2016.
[5]徐磊青,刘念,卢济威.公共空间密度、系数与微观品质对城市活力的影响——上海轨交站域的显微观察[J].新建筑,2015(4):21-26.
[6]刘珺,王德,王昊阳.上海市老年人休闲步行环境评价研究——基于步行行为偏好的实证案例[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):43-49.
[7] ROSENBERG D, DING D, SALLIS J F, et al.Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth(NEWS-Y):Reliability and Relationship with Physical Activity[J]. Preventive Medicine,2009, 49(2):213-218.
[8]李敏,胡刚钰,黄建中.上海市老年人社区服务设施需求特征研究——基于步行能力差异的视角[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):25-31.
[9]徐磊青,康琦.商业街的空间与界面特征对步行者停留活动的影响——以上海市南京西路为例[J].城市规划学刊,2014(3):104-111.
[10]陈泳,赵杏花.基于步行者视角的街道底层界面研究——以上海市淮海路为例[J].城市规划,2014,38(6):24-31.
[11]刘星,盛强,杨振盛.步行通达性对街区空间活力与交往的影响[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):56-61.
[12]OWEN N, CERIN E, LESLIE E, et al.Neighborhood Walkability and the Walking Behavior of Australian Adults[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2007,33(5):387-395.
[13]SUNDQUISTK, ERIKSSON U, KAWAKAMI N, et al. Neighborhood Walkability, Physical Activity, and Walking Behavior:the Swedish Neighborhood and Physical Activity(SNAP)Study[J]. Social Science&Medicine, 2011,72(8):1266-73.
[14]扬·盖尔,拉尔斯·吉姆松.公共空间·公共生活[M].汤羽扬,王兵,戚军,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[15]黄建中.胡刚钰.城市建成环境的步行性测度方法比较与思考[J].西部人居环境学刊,2016,31(1):43-47.
[16] OSGOOD C E. Semantic Differential Technique in the Comparative Study of Cultures[J].American Anthropologist, 1964, 66(3):171-200.
[17] Walkability Asia[EB/OL]. https://walkabilityasia.org[2017-10-26].
[18]何晓龙,陈庆果,庄洁.影响体力活动的建成环境定性、定量指标体系[J].体育与科学,2014(1):52-58.
[19]徐磊青,施婧.步行活动品质与建成环境——以上海三条商业街为例[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):17-24.
[20]卢银桃,王德.美国步行性测度研究进展及其启示[J].国际城市规划,2012, 27(1):10-15.
[21] FRANK L D, SCHMID T L, SALLIS J F, et al. Linking Objectively Measured Physical Activity with Objectively Measured Urban Form:Findings from SMARTRAQ[J]. AmericanJournal of Preventive Medicine, 2005,28(2):117-125.
[22] FRANK L D, SALLIS J F, CONWAY T L,et al. Many Pathways from Land Use to Health:Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006,72(1):75-87.
[23] MILLINGTON C, WARD T C, ROWE D, et al. Development of the Scottish Walkability Assessment Tool(SWAT)[J]. Health&Place,2009,15(2):474-481.
[24] LWIN K K, MURAYAMA Y. Modelling of Urban Green Space Walkability:Eco-Friendly Walk Score Calculator[J]. Computers Environment&Urban Systems, 2011,35(5):408-420.
[25]周垠,龙瀛.街道步行指数的大规模评价——方法改进及其成都应用[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):88-93.
[26]丁娟,徐磊青,汤众.地下公共空间的群集流动规律研究——以上海市徐家汇地铁商城为例[J].建筑科学,2008, 24(9):74-78.
[27]龙瀛,叶宇.人本尺度城市形态:测度、效应评估及规划设计响应[J].南方建筑,2016(5):41-47.
[28]于一凡,胡玉婷.社区建成环境健康影响的国际研究进展——基于体力活动研究视角的文献综述和思考[J].建筑学报,2017(2):33-38.
[29]北京市规划委员会.北京旧城25片历史文化保护区保护规划[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,2002.
[30]李诗卉,杨卓,梁潇,等.东四历史街区:基于多时相街景图片的街道空间品质测度[J].北京规划建设,2016(6):39-48.
[31]甘心悦,佘天唯,龙瀛.街道建成环境中的城市非正规性:基于北京老城街景图片的人工打分与机器学习相结合的识别探索[J].时代建筑,2018(1):48-54.
[32] SOUTHWORTH M. Designing the Walkable City[J]. Journal of Urban Planning&Development, 2005, 131(4):246-257.
[33] ZACHARIAS J. The Pedestrian ItineraryPurposes, Environmental Factors and Path Decisions[M]//TIMMERMANS H. Pedestrian Behavior:Models, Data Collection and Applications.Bingley, West Yorkshire:Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2009.
[34] GEHL J. Life Between Buildings:Using Public Space[M]. trans. by KOCH J. Washington,D.C.:Island Press, 2011.
[35]陈洁.浅析亚历山大《建筑模式语言》中的空间研究[D].北京:清华大学,2007.
[36] REN S Q. ShaoqingRen/faster_rcnn[EB/OL].(2015-09-18)[2019-02-27]. https://github.com/ShaoqingRen/faster_rcnn.
[37] REN S Q, HE K, GIRSHICK R, et al. Faster R-CNN:towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks[C]//International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2015.
1)由于胡同立面的复杂性,此处“建筑”为统称概念,既包含了完整建筑,也包含了微观建成环境特征相对明确且独立的街道或建筑组成部分,如连续封闭的围墙、院落大门、与五道营胡同纵向相交的巷道等。
2)街道与建筑尺度、建筑色彩类别下部分微观建成环境要素赋值为绝对值,则以绝对值取代累积值进行描述性统计。
[2]扬·盖尔.人性化的城市[M].欧阳文,徐哲文译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2010.
[3]鲁斐栋,谭少华.建成环境对体力活动的影响研究:进展与思考[J].国际城市规划,2015,30(2):62-70.
[4]刘亚南,何捷.地铁站周边建成环境对步行行为影响机制探究——以天津小白楼为例[C]//中国城市交通规划年会论文集.北京:中国城市规划学会城市交通规划学术委员会,2016.
[5]徐磊青,刘念,卢济威.公共空间密度、系数与微观品质对城市活力的影响——上海轨交站域的显微观察[J].新建筑,2015(4):21-26.
[6]刘珺,王德,王昊阳.上海市老年人休闲步行环境评价研究——基于步行行为偏好的实证案例[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):43-49.
[7] ROSENBERG D, DING D, SALLIS J F, et al.Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale for Youth(NEWS-Y):Reliability and Relationship with Physical Activity[J]. Preventive Medicine,2009, 49(2):213-218.
[8]李敏,胡刚钰,黄建中.上海市老年人社区服务设施需求特征研究——基于步行能力差异的视角[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):25-31.
[9]徐磊青,康琦.商业街的空间与界面特征对步行者停留活动的影响——以上海市南京西路为例[J].城市规划学刊,2014(3):104-111.
[10]陈泳,赵杏花.基于步行者视角的街道底层界面研究——以上海市淮海路为例[J].城市规划,2014,38(6):24-31.
[11]刘星,盛强,杨振盛.步行通达性对街区空间活力与交往的影响[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):56-61.
[12]OWEN N, CERIN E, LESLIE E, et al.Neighborhood Walkability and the Walking Behavior of Australian Adults[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2007,33(5):387-395.
[13]SUNDQUISTK, ERIKSSON U, KAWAKAMI N, et al. Neighborhood Walkability, Physical Activity, and Walking Behavior:the Swedish Neighborhood and Physical Activity(SNAP)Study[J]. Social Science&Medicine, 2011,72(8):1266-73.
[14]扬·盖尔,拉尔斯·吉姆松.公共空间·公共生活[M].汤羽扬,王兵,戚军,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[15]黄建中.胡刚钰.城市建成环境的步行性测度方法比较与思考[J].西部人居环境学刊,2016,31(1):43-47.
[16] OSGOOD C E. Semantic Differential Technique in the Comparative Study of Cultures[J].American Anthropologist, 1964, 66(3):171-200.
[17] Walkability Asia[EB/OL]. https://walkabilityasia.org[2017-10-26].
[18]何晓龙,陈庆果,庄洁.影响体力活动的建成环境定性、定量指标体系[J].体育与科学,2014(1):52-58.
[19]徐磊青,施婧.步行活动品质与建成环境——以上海三条商业街为例[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):17-24.
[20]卢银桃,王德.美国步行性测度研究进展及其启示[J].国际城市规划,2012, 27(1):10-15.
[21] FRANK L D, SCHMID T L, SALLIS J F, et al. Linking Objectively Measured Physical Activity with Objectively Measured Urban Form:Findings from SMARTRAQ[J]. AmericanJournal of Preventive Medicine, 2005,28(2):117-125.
[22] FRANK L D, SALLIS J F, CONWAY T L,et al. Many Pathways from Land Use to Health:Associations between Neighborhood Walkability and Active Transportation, Body Mass Index, and Air Quality[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2006,72(1):75-87.
[23] MILLINGTON C, WARD T C, ROWE D, et al. Development of the Scottish Walkability Assessment Tool(SWAT)[J]. Health&Place,2009,15(2):474-481.
[24] LWIN K K, MURAYAMA Y. Modelling of Urban Green Space Walkability:Eco-Friendly Walk Score Calculator[J]. Computers Environment&Urban Systems, 2011,35(5):408-420.
[25]周垠,龙瀛.街道步行指数的大规模评价——方法改进及其成都应用[J].上海城市规划,2017(1):88-93.
[26]丁娟,徐磊青,汤众.地下公共空间的群集流动规律研究——以上海市徐家汇地铁商城为例[J].建筑科学,2008, 24(9):74-78.
[27]龙瀛,叶宇.人本尺度城市形态:测度、效应评估及规划设计响应[J].南方建筑,2016(5):41-47.
[28]于一凡,胡玉婷.社区建成环境健康影响的国际研究进展——基于体力活动研究视角的文献综述和思考[J].建筑学报,2017(2):33-38.
[29]北京市规划委员会.北京旧城25片历史文化保护区保护规划[M].北京:北京燕山出版社,2002.
[30]李诗卉,杨卓,梁潇,等.东四历史街区:基于多时相街景图片的街道空间品质测度[J].北京规划建设,2016(6):39-48.
[31]甘心悦,佘天唯,龙瀛.街道建成环境中的城市非正规性:基于北京老城街景图片的人工打分与机器学习相结合的识别探索[J].时代建筑,2018(1):48-54.
[32] SOUTHWORTH M. Designing the Walkable City[J]. Journal of Urban Planning&Development, 2005, 131(4):246-257.
[33] ZACHARIAS J. The Pedestrian ItineraryPurposes, Environmental Factors and Path Decisions[M]//TIMMERMANS H. Pedestrian Behavior:Models, Data Collection and Applications.Bingley, West Yorkshire:Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2009.
[34] GEHL J. Life Between Buildings:Using Public Space[M]. trans. by KOCH J. Washington,D.C.:Island Press, 2011.
[35]陈洁.浅析亚历山大《建筑模式语言》中的空间研究[D].北京:清华大学,2007.
[36] REN S Q. ShaoqingRen/faster_rcnn[EB/OL].(2015-09-18)[2019-02-27]. https://github.com/ShaoqingRen/faster_rcnn.
[37] REN S Q, HE K, GIRSHICK R, et al. Faster R-CNN:towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks[C]//International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2015.
1)由于胡同立面的复杂性,此处“建筑”为统称概念,既包含了完整建筑,也包含了微观建成环境特征相对明确且独立的街道或建筑组成部分,如连续封闭的围墙、院落大门、与五道营胡同纵向相交的巷道等。
2)街道与建筑尺度、建筑色彩类别下部分微观建成环境要素赋值为绝对值,则以绝对值取代累积值进行描述性统计。