基于时间和空间差异的事件性景观服务设施设计研究——以河北省第二届园林博览会为例
|
摘要
【目的】事件性景观已成为推动城市更新与发展的有效途径。大型城市事件都有一个从蓄积到发生再到结束后产生效应的全过程,因此其使用人群在事件的发生期和结束后呈现出明显的数量和结构变化,服务设施也相应地出现供需不平衡、景观同质化等问题,因而有必要对事件性景观服务设施的设计提出更为集约和弹性的策略与方法。【方法】采用基于时间差异的服务设施数量测算方法,该方法包括:(1)在事件发生期,基于瞬时最大游人容量进行服务设施数量测算;(2)在事件结束后,基于城市公共绿地设计规范进行服务设施数量测算。并结合河北省第二届园林博览会的景观服务设施设计,确定两种计算结果,并对其进行分析。【结果】基于瞬时最大游人容量的测算结果数值较大,基于城市公共绿地设计规范的测算结果数值较小,两者之间存在明显差值。因此,本文建议将事件结束后的服务设施设置为永久性设施,其与事件发生期的差值部分设置为临时性设施,并采用二者相结合的设计策略,提出基于空间差异的场地布局,以满足使用人群的需求变化。【结论】本文分析了事件性景观服务设施所存在的问题,并根据测算和研究结果提出了基于时间和空间差异的设计策略与方法,以期为同类设计提供有益参考。
[Objective] Major urban events always have a process, including the preparation,occurrence and the end. As the venue of urban events,the quantity demand of the event landscape service facilities is different after the event holding period and the end,and should be calculated according to various calculation methods. Also,the event landscape service facilities have the problem of homogeneity of landscape and lack of characteristics. So,it's necessary to find a more flexible way dealing with the event landscape service facilities. [Method]The study explored a method of calculating the number of facilities based on time difference,which involved:( 1) calculating the number of theevent landscape service facilities based on the instantaneous maximum capacity of visitors during the period of city events;( 2) calculating the number of the event landscape service facilities based on the normal design codes after the period. Then we took the Second Garden Exposition of Hebei Province as the object of study,calculated and finally analyzed the calculation. [Result] The calculation value of first calculating method was larger,while the calculation value of the second calculating method was smaller. There was a D-value between the two different calculation values. So we explored a strategy of combing the permanent and temporary service facilities in the event landscape to meet the needs at different time and a layout based on time difference. We regarded the number of facilities after city events as the figure of ones and the number of the difference as the figure of the temporary ones,and focused on building a regional culture of service facility landscape characteristics. [Conclusion] The problems of the event landscape service facilities were analyzed,and the reasonable solutions based on those matters were proposed,as a reference for this kind of design.
[Objective] Major urban events always have a process, including the preparation,occurrence and the end. As the venue of urban events,the quantity demand of the event landscape service facilities is different after the event holding period and the end,and should be calculated according to various calculation methods. Also,the event landscape service facilities have the problem of homogeneity of landscape and lack of characteristics. So,it's necessary to find a more flexible way dealing with the event landscape service facilities. [Method]The study explored a method of calculating the number of facilities based on time difference,which involved:( 1) calculating the number of theevent landscape service facilities based on the instantaneous maximum capacity of visitors during the period of city events;( 2) calculating the number of the event landscape service facilities based on the normal design codes after the period. Then we took the Second Garden Exposition of Hebei Province as the object of study,calculated and finally analyzed the calculation. [Result] The calculation value of first calculating method was larger,while the calculation value of the second calculating method was smaller. There was a D-value between the two different calculation values. So we explored a strategy of combing the permanent and temporary service facilities in the event landscape to meet the needs at different time and a layout based on time difference. We regarded the number of facilities after city events as the figure of ones and the number of the difference as the figure of the temporary ones,and focused on building a regional culture of service facility landscape characteristics. [Conclusion] The problems of the event landscape service facilities were analyzed,and the reasonable solutions based on those matters were proposed,as a reference for this kind of design.
引文
[1]姚朋,张恒玮,王雪颖.山水城市视角下石家庄国际园林博览会规划策略探究[J].工业建筑,2018,48(1):33--37.Yao P,Zhang H W,Wang X Y. Planning and strategy research on Shijiazhuang International Garden Expo from the perspective of Shanshui city[J]. Industrial Construction,2018,48(1):33-37.
[2]符霞,乌恩.游憩机会谱(ROS)理论的产生及其应用[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2006,17(6):691--694.Fu X,Wu E. The development and application of recreation opportunity spectrum theory[J]. Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism,2006,17(6):691-694.
[3]蔡君.略论游憩机会谱(Recreation Opportunity Spectrum,ROS)框架体系[J].中国园林,2006,22(7):73-77.Cai J. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum(ROS)system research[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture,2006,22(7):73-77.
[4]朱元恩.旅游区餐饮设施规划中的就餐位需求研究[J].全国商情,2015(18):36--38.Zhu Y E. The requirements research of seats at the planning of dinning facilities in tourist area[J]. China Business,2015(18):36--38.
[5]风景名胜区规划规范. GB 50298—1999中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.Code for Scenic area Planning. GB 50298—1999 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1999.
[6]公园设计规范. GB 51192—2016中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.Code for the design of public park. GB 51192—2016 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2016.
[7]田至美.重庆天坑地缝景区环境容量测算[J].国土与自然资源研究,2005(2):72--73.Tian Z M. A tourist carrying capacity measure to Tiankeng and Difeng scenery area[J]. Territory and Natural Resources Study,2005(2):72-73.
[8]李渊,林晓云,江和洲,等.基于旅游者空间行为特征的景区公厕优化配置:以鼓浪屿为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2017,33(2):121-126.Li Y,Lin X Y,Jiang H Z,et al. Optimal configuration of public toilets in scenic area based on tourist spatial behavior characteristics:a case study of Gulangyu[J]. Geography and GeoInformation Science,2017,33(2):121--126.
[9]饮食建筑设计规范. JGJ 64—89中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990Code for Design of Catering Architecture. JGJ 64—89 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1990.
[10]旅游厕所质量等级的划分与评定. GB/T 18973—2016中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.Classification and evaluation of tourism toilets. GB/T 18973—2016 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2016.
[11]城市公共厕所设计标准. CJJ 14—2016中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.Standard for design of public toilets in city. CJJ 14—2016 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2016.
[12] Clark R N,Stankey G H. The recreation opportunity spectrum:a framework for planning,management,and research[J]. Portland:Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,USDA Forest Service,1979.
[13]刘明丽,张玉钧.游憩机会谱(ROS)在游憩资源管理中的应用[J].世界林业研究,2008,21(3):28-33.Liu M L, Zhang Y J. Application of recreation opportunity spectrum(ROS)in recreation resources management[J]. World Forestry Research,2008,21(3):28-33.
[14]李艳鸣.按时进餐你做到了吗[J].家庭医学,2017(10):42.Li Y M. Do you have your meals on time[J]. Family Medicine,2017(10):42.
[15]郑曦,李雄.“事件景观”塑造新公共空间作为城市发展促进力:以第三届亚沙会主会场区设计为例[J].中国园林,2015,31(6):30-34.Zheng X,Li X. New public space of “event landscape”as the catalyst of urbanism:the case of the main venue design of Asian beach games in Haiyang City[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(6):30--34.
[16]郭泽莉,赵红霞.科学运用园林助推城市发展[EB/OL].(2016-05--12)[2016-05--12]. http://xinwen. china-flower.com/2016/garden_0520/168638. html.Guo Z L,Zhao H X. Use the knowledge of landscape architecture to promote the development of cityscientifically[EB/OL].(2016-05-12)[2016--05--12]. http://xinwen. china-flower. com/2016/garden_0520/168638. html.
[17]付军.风景区规划[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.Fu J. Scenic area planning[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2004.
[18]张胤.现代城市事件中临时性景观的探索与研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008.Zhang Y. The exploration and research for temporary landscape architecture in modern city events[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2008.
[19]郑曦,孙晓春.以城市事件为推动力的城市发展与环境景观建设[J].风景园林,2006(2):72--77.Zheng X,Sun X C. City events promote urban and landscape development[J]. Landscape Architecture,2006(2):72--77.
[20]王珊亚萍.当代城市闲置空间的临时性景观设计[J].中国住宅设施,2017(2):40-41.Wang S Y P. The design oftemporary landscape at modern urban vacant spaces[J]. China Housing Facilities,2017(2):40-41.
[21]陆林.山岳风景区客流研究:以安徽黄山为例[J].地理学报,1994(3):236-245.Lu L. A study on the tourist flows in mountain resorts:a case study in Huangshan Mountain[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1994(3):236--245.
[22]张欣.体育事件中临时性景观设计的探索和研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2011.Zhang X. The exploration and researches for temporary landscape design in sports events[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2011.
[23]蔡碧凡,陶卓民,张明如,等.天目山景区客流季节性波动特征及影响因素[J].浙江农林大学学报,2015,32(6):947--957.Cai B F,Tao Z M,Zhang M R,et al. Seasonal fluctuation characteristic and determinants of tourist flows of mount Tianmu scenic area[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2015,32(6):947-957.
[24]李迪华,范闻捷.北京城市离退休居民与城市公园绿地关系[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001(3):33--35.Li D H,Fan W J. Relationships between retired residential and urban parks and vegetated lands in Beijing[J]. Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2001(3):33-35.
[25] Gelders D, Van Zuilen B. City events:short and serial reproduction effects on the city's image?[J]. Corporate Communications:an International Journal,2013,18(1):110--118.
[26] Hong S K,Lee M W,Lee S M,et al. Searching for facilities and service programs for the establishment of urban park identification[J]. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture,2007,35(5):29-36.
[27] Abdullah S A. The characteristics of the cultural landscape in malaysia:concept and perspective[M]. Tokyo:the Springer Press,2011.
[28] Rossi A. The architecture of the city[M]. Boston:the MIT Press,1984.
[2]符霞,乌恩.游憩机会谱(ROS)理论的产生及其应用[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2006,17(6):691--694.Fu X,Wu E. The development and application of recreation opportunity spectrum theory[J]. Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism,2006,17(6):691-694.
[3]蔡君.略论游憩机会谱(Recreation Opportunity Spectrum,ROS)框架体系[J].中国园林,2006,22(7):73-77.Cai J. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum(ROS)system research[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture,2006,22(7):73-77.
[4]朱元恩.旅游区餐饮设施规划中的就餐位需求研究[J].全国商情,2015(18):36--38.Zhu Y E. The requirements research of seats at the planning of dinning facilities in tourist area[J]. China Business,2015(18):36--38.
[5]风景名胜区规划规范. GB 50298—1999中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999.Code for Scenic area Planning. GB 50298—1999 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1999.
[6]公园设计规范. GB 51192—2016中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.Code for the design of public park. GB 51192—2016 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2016.
[7]田至美.重庆天坑地缝景区环境容量测算[J].国土与自然资源研究,2005(2):72--73.Tian Z M. A tourist carrying capacity measure to Tiankeng and Difeng scenery area[J]. Territory and Natural Resources Study,2005(2):72-73.
[8]李渊,林晓云,江和洲,等.基于旅游者空间行为特征的景区公厕优化配置:以鼓浪屿为例[J].地理与地理信息科学,2017,33(2):121-126.Li Y,Lin X Y,Jiang H Z,et al. Optimal configuration of public toilets in scenic area based on tourist spatial behavior characteristics:a case study of Gulangyu[J]. Geography and GeoInformation Science,2017,33(2):121--126.
[9]饮食建筑设计规范. JGJ 64—89中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990Code for Design of Catering Architecture. JGJ 64—89 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,1990.
[10]旅游厕所质量等级的划分与评定. GB/T 18973—2016中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.Classification and evaluation of tourism toilets. GB/T 18973—2016 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2016.
[11]城市公共厕所设计标准. CJJ 14—2016中国标准书号[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.Standard for design of public toilets in city. CJJ 14—2016 China Standard Book Number[S]. Beijing:China Architecture and Building Press,2016.
[12] Clark R N,Stankey G H. The recreation opportunity spectrum:a framework for planning,management,and research[J]. Portland:Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,USDA Forest Service,1979.
[13]刘明丽,张玉钧.游憩机会谱(ROS)在游憩资源管理中的应用[J].世界林业研究,2008,21(3):28-33.Liu M L, Zhang Y J. Application of recreation opportunity spectrum(ROS)in recreation resources management[J]. World Forestry Research,2008,21(3):28-33.
[14]李艳鸣.按时进餐你做到了吗[J].家庭医学,2017(10):42.Li Y M. Do you have your meals on time[J]. Family Medicine,2017(10):42.
[15]郑曦,李雄.“事件景观”塑造新公共空间作为城市发展促进力:以第三届亚沙会主会场区设计为例[J].中国园林,2015,31(6):30-34.Zheng X,Li X. New public space of “event landscape”as the catalyst of urbanism:the case of the main venue design of Asian beach games in Haiyang City[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(6):30--34.
[16]郭泽莉,赵红霞.科学运用园林助推城市发展[EB/OL].(2016-05--12)[2016-05--12]. http://xinwen. china-flower.com/2016/garden_0520/168638. html.Guo Z L,Zhao H X. Use the knowledge of landscape architecture to promote the development of cityscientifically[EB/OL].(2016-05-12)[2016--05--12]. http://xinwen. china-flower. com/2016/garden_0520/168638. html.
[17]付军.风景区规划[M].北京:气象出版社,2004.Fu J. Scenic area planning[M]. Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2004.
[18]张胤.现代城市事件中临时性景观的探索与研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008.Zhang Y. The exploration and research for temporary landscape architecture in modern city events[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2008.
[19]郑曦,孙晓春.以城市事件为推动力的城市发展与环境景观建设[J].风景园林,2006(2):72--77.Zheng X,Sun X C. City events promote urban and landscape development[J]. Landscape Architecture,2006(2):72--77.
[20]王珊亚萍.当代城市闲置空间的临时性景观设计[J].中国住宅设施,2017(2):40-41.Wang S Y P. The design oftemporary landscape at modern urban vacant spaces[J]. China Housing Facilities,2017(2):40-41.
[21]陆林.山岳风景区客流研究:以安徽黄山为例[J].地理学报,1994(3):236-245.Lu L. A study on the tourist flows in mountain resorts:a case study in Huangshan Mountain[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1994(3):236--245.
[22]张欣.体育事件中临时性景观设计的探索和研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2011.Zhang X. The exploration and researches for temporary landscape design in sports events[D]. Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2011.
[23]蔡碧凡,陶卓民,张明如,等.天目山景区客流季节性波动特征及影响因素[J].浙江农林大学学报,2015,32(6):947--957.Cai B F,Tao Z M,Zhang M R,et al. Seasonal fluctuation characteristic and determinants of tourist flows of mount Tianmu scenic area[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2015,32(6):947-957.
[24]李迪华,范闻捷.北京城市离退休居民与城市公园绿地关系[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001(3):33--35.Li D H,Fan W J. Relationships between retired residential and urban parks and vegetated lands in Beijing[J]. Urban Environment and Urban Ecology,2001(3):33-35.
[25] Gelders D, Van Zuilen B. City events:short and serial reproduction effects on the city's image?[J]. Corporate Communications:an International Journal,2013,18(1):110--118.
[26] Hong S K,Lee M W,Lee S M,et al. Searching for facilities and service programs for the establishment of urban park identification[J]. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture,2007,35(5):29-36.
[27] Abdullah S A. The characteristics of the cultural landscape in malaysia:concept and perspective[M]. Tokyo:the Springer Press,2011.
[28] Rossi A. The architecture of the city[M]. Boston:the MIT Press,1984.