凋落物类型及覆盖厚度对杉木幼苗出土与早期生长的影响
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摘要
以南方主要造林树种杉木为研究对象,通过室内模拟试验研究凋落物不同覆盖厚度(0、200、400和800 g·m~(-2))和类型(针叶杉木和阔叶木荷)对杉木幼苗出土及早期生长的影响.结果表明:凋落物覆盖厚度和类型显著影响出苗率和幼苗存活率.两类型凋落物的浅层(200 g·m~(-2))覆盖对出苗率均有促进作用,但深层(800 g·m~(-2))覆盖对出苗率和存活率则表现出抑制作用.相同覆盖厚度下,覆盖阔叶凋落物的出苗率和存活率均大于覆盖针叶凋落物.覆盖浅层针叶凋落物下的幼苗根生物量、叶生物量和总生物量均达到最大,深层覆盖下则最小.覆盖中层(400 g·m~(-2))阔叶凋落物下的幼苗根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量和总生物量均达到最大.随着针叶和阔叶凋落物覆盖厚度的增加,杉木幼苗的根生物量比及根冠比逐渐减小,而茎生物量比逐渐增加.研究表明,凋落物覆盖对幼苗出土和早期生长的影响与凋落物类型密切相关,阔叶凋落物对幼苗出土和早期生长可产生正影响(浅层和中层覆盖)和无影响(深层覆盖),而针叶凋落物覆盖可产生无影响(浅层覆盖)和负影响(深层覆盖),两种凋落物对幼苗出土影响的抑制作用均大于对早期生长的影响.
We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the effect of litter type(needle and broadleaf litter) and litter amount(0, 200, 400, and 800 g·m~(-2)) on Chinese fir seedling emergence and early growth. The results showed that litter amount and type significantly affected seedling emergence and survival rate. Low(200 g·m~(-2)) litter cover slightly improved seedling emergence while high(800 g·m~(-2)) litter cover significantly inhibited seedling emergence and survival rate for both litter types. The emergence and survival rate under broadleaf litter were higher than those under needle litter. Seedling root mass, leaf mass, and total mass were highest under shallow litter and lowest under deep litter cover for needle litter. Root mass, stem mass, leaf mass and total mass were highest under medium litter cover for broadleaf litter. As litter amount increased, root-mass ratio and root-shoot ratio of seedlings decreased and stem-mass ratio increased for both litter types. The effect of litter amount on seedling emergence and growth was highly dependent on litter type, namely broadleaf litter had significantly positive(low to medium coverage) or neutral effect(high coverage) on seedling emergence and early growth, while needle litter had neutral(low) and negative effect(high) on seedling emergence and early growth. The inhihition effect of litter was greater on seedling emergence than early growth.
We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the effect of litter type(needle and broadleaf litter) and litter amount(0, 200, 400, and 800 g·m~(-2)) on Chinese fir seedling emergence and early growth. The results showed that litter amount and type significantly affected seedling emergence and survival rate. Low(200 g·m~(-2)) litter cover slightly improved seedling emergence while high(800 g·m~(-2)) litter cover significantly inhibited seedling emergence and survival rate for both litter types. The emergence and survival rate under broadleaf litter were higher than those under needle litter. Seedling root mass, leaf mass, and total mass were highest under shallow litter and lowest under deep litter cover for needle litter. Root mass, stem mass, leaf mass and total mass were highest under medium litter cover for broadleaf litter. As litter amount increased, root-mass ratio and root-shoot ratio of seedlings decreased and stem-mass ratio increased for both litter types. The effect of litter amount on seedling emergence and growth was highly dependent on litter type, namely broadleaf litter had significantly positive(low to medium coverage) or neutral effect(high coverage) on seedling emergence and early growth, while needle litter had neutral(low) and negative effect(high) on seedling emergence and early growth. The inhihition effect of litter was greater on seedling emergence than early growth.
引文
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[13] 林开敏,章志琴,邹双全,等.杉木与阔叶树叶凋落物混合分解对土壤性质的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):258-262.
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[22] 林开敏,俞新妥,黄宝龙,等.杉木人工林林下植物物种多样性的动态特征[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(1):13-19.
[23] 曹光球,林思祖,黄世国.闽西北天然杉阔混交林杉木及其伴生树种种群动态研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(3):11-13.
[24] ECKSTEIN R L,DONATH T W.Interactions between litter and water availability affect seedling emergence in four familial pairs of floodplain species[J].Journal of Ecology,2005,93(4):807-816.
[25] 温远光,韦盛章,秦武明.杉木人工林凋落物动态及其与气候因素的相关分析[J].生态学报,1990,10(4):367-372.
[26] 郜士垒,何宗明,黄志群,等.不同年龄序列杉木人工林凋落物数量、组成及动态变化[J].江西农业大学学报,2015,37(4):638-644.
[27] 唐翠平,袁思安,李骄,等.枯落物的种类及覆盖厚度对云南松种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2014,42(8):191-194.
[28] 潘紫重,杨文化,曲银鹏.不同林分类型凋落物的蓄水功能[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5):19-21.
[29] PETERSON C J,FACELLI J M.Contrasting germination and seedling growth of Betula alleghaniensis and Rhus typhina subjected to various amounts and types of plant litter[J].American Journal of Botany,1992,79(11):1 209-1 216.
[30] ELLSWORTH J W,HARRINGTON R A,FOWNES J H.Seedling emergence,growth,and allocation of Oriental bittersweet:effects of seed input,seed bank,and forest floor litter[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2004,190(2):255-264.
[31] 郑伟.植物幼苗生长对策研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2011.
[32] 沈晓莉.枯落松针覆盖对场圃种子萌发和幼苗生长的效应研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2012.
[33] 胡凤琴,杨文杰,徐贵明,等.不同光强与水分条件对海州常山幼苗形态与生长的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(5):27-31.
[34] 武高林,陈敏,杜国祯.三种高寒植物幼苗生物量分配及性状特征对光照和养分的响应[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):60-66.
[35] WEINER J.Allocation,plasticity and allometry in plants[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2004,6(4):207-215.
[2] 徐振邦,代力民,陈吉泉,等.长白山红松阔叶混交林森林天然更新条件的研究[J].生态学报,2001,21(9):1 413-1 420.
[3] WIEGAND T,MARTINEZ I,HUTH A.Recruitment in tropical tree species:revealing complex spatial patterns[J].American Naturalist,2009,174(4):106-140.
[4] 羊留冬,杨燕,王根绪,等.森林凋落物对种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(9):1 820-1 826.
[5] 刘海岗,刘一,黄忠良.森林凋落物研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(3):1 018-1 020,1 023.
[6] KAI J,GUTEKUNST K.Effects of litter on establishment of grassland plant species:the role of seed size and successional status[J].Basic and Applied Ecology,2003,4(6):579-587.
[7] FUJII Y,SHIBUYA T,NAKATANI K,et al.Assessment method for allelopathic effect from leaf litter leachates[J].Weed Biology and Management,2004,4(1):19-23.
[8] 李根柱,王贺新,朱书全,等.东北次生林区枯落物对天然更新的障碍作用[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2008,27(2):295-298.
[9] ROTUNDO J L,AGUIAR M R.Litter effects on plant regeneration in arid lands:a complex balance between seed retention,seed longevity and soil-seed contact[J].Journal of Ecology,2005,93(4):829-838.
[10] KOSTELHUGHES F,YOUNG T P,WEHR J D.Effects of leaf litter depth on the emergence and seedling growth of deciduous forest tree species in relation to seed size[J].Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society,2005,132(1):50-61.
[11] MOLOFSKY J,AUGSPURGER C K.The effect of leaf litter on early seedling establishment in a tropical forest[J].Ecology,1992,73(1):68-77.
[12] KOOREM K,PRICE J N,MOORA M.Species-specific effects of woody litter on seedling emergence and growth of herbaceous plants[J].PloS ONE,2011,6(10):e26505.
[13] 林开敏,章志琴,邹双全,等.杉木与阔叶树叶凋落物混合分解对土壤性质的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(2):258-262.
[14] RUPRECHT E,JOZSA J,OELVEDI T B,et al.Differential effects of several “litter” types on the germination of dry grassland species[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2010,21(6):1 069-1 081.
[15] 俞新妥.中国杉木研究进展(2000—2005)Ⅰ.杉木生理生态研究综述[J].福建林学院学报,2006,26(2):177-185.
[16] 陈楚莹.杉木人工林生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[17] 俞新妥.杉木林地持续利用问题的研究和看法[J].世界林业研究,1993,6(2):80-86.
[18] BERTACCHI M I F,AMAZONAS N T,BRANCALION P H S,et al.Establishment of tree seedlings in the understory of restoration plantations:natural regeneration and enrichment plantings[J].Restoration Ecology,2016,24(1):100-108.
[19] 朱晨曦,刘志刚,于洋洋,等.杉木人工林种子雨组成和季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(5):1 515-1 522.
[20] LIU B,LIU Q Q,DARYANTO S,et al.Responses of Chinese fir and Schima superba seedlings to light gradients:implications for the restoration of mixed broadleaf-conifer forests from Chinese fir monocultures[J].Forest Ecology & Management,2018,419:51-57.
[21] 庄正,李艳娟,刘青青,等.凋落物浸提液对杉木种子萌发及幼苗的影响[J].森林与环境学报,2017,37(1):29-33.
[22] 林开敏,俞新妥,黄宝龙,等.杉木人工林林下植物物种多样性的动态特征[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(1):13-19.
[23] 曹光球,林思祖,黄世国.闽西北天然杉阔混交林杉木及其伴生树种种群动态研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(3):11-13.
[24] ECKSTEIN R L,DONATH T W.Interactions between litter and water availability affect seedling emergence in four familial pairs of floodplain species[J].Journal of Ecology,2005,93(4):807-816.
[25] 温远光,韦盛章,秦武明.杉木人工林凋落物动态及其与气候因素的相关分析[J].生态学报,1990,10(4):367-372.
[26] 郜士垒,何宗明,黄志群,等.不同年龄序列杉木人工林凋落物数量、组成及动态变化[J].江西农业大学学报,2015,37(4):638-644.
[27] 唐翠平,袁思安,李骄,等.枯落物的种类及覆盖厚度对云南松种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响[J].贵州农业科学,2014,42(8):191-194.
[28] 潘紫重,杨文化,曲银鹏.不同林分类型凋落物的蓄水功能[J].东北林业大学学报,2002,30(5):19-21.
[29] PETERSON C J,FACELLI J M.Contrasting germination and seedling growth of Betula alleghaniensis and Rhus typhina subjected to various amounts and types of plant litter[J].American Journal of Botany,1992,79(11):1 209-1 216.
[30] ELLSWORTH J W,HARRINGTON R A,FOWNES J H.Seedling emergence,growth,and allocation of Oriental bittersweet:effects of seed input,seed bank,and forest floor litter[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2004,190(2):255-264.
[31] 郑伟.植物幼苗生长对策研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2011.
[32] 沈晓莉.枯落松针覆盖对场圃种子萌发和幼苗生长的效应研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2012.
[33] 胡凤琴,杨文杰,徐贵明,等.不同光强与水分条件对海州常山幼苗形态与生长的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(5):27-31.
[34] 武高林,陈敏,杜国祯.三种高寒植物幼苗生物量分配及性状特征对光照和养分的响应[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):60-66.
[35] WEINER J.Allocation,plasticity and allometry in plants[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,2004,6(4):207-215.