典型岩溶槽谷区土壤水δD和δ~(18)O时空分布特征:以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例
|
摘要
为了揭示岩溶槽谷区土壤水氢氧同位素的时空分布特征,以重庆市北碚区中梁山为研究基地,于2017年5月和2017年9月收集降水及3种不同土地利用方式(耕地、草地和林地)不同深度的土壤水,利用稳定同位素技术研究不同土地利用方式下0~15 cm、15~45 cm土壤剖面的土壤水氢氧同位素时空变化特征.结果表明:(1)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值分别为-50.0‰±33.6‰和-7.9‰±4.3‰,其值均在大气降水线(LMWL)周围,说明降水是该区土壤水的主要补给来源;(2)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O具有明显的季节变化,5月(土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值-19.4‰±6.8‰和-4.1‰±1.0‰)>9月(土壤水δD和δ~(18)O的平均值-82.2‰±14.0‰和-11.9‰±2.2‰);(3)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O在不同土地利用方式下没有表现出明显差异;(4)土壤水δD和δ~(18)O随土壤深度呈梯度变化,5月耕地、草地和林地土壤水稳定同位素以垂直递减趋势为主,9月耕地和林地以递增趋势为主,草地以递减的趋势为主.
In this study,we analyzed the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of precipitation and three different land use patterns(cultivated land,grass land,and forest land)at 0-15 cm and 15-45 cm in a karst ridge-trough area(Zhongliang Mountain,Beibei District,Chongqing)in May 2017 and September 2017 to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of stable isotopes in different soil profiles using the isotope tracer technique.The results show that:(1)The average values of the soil waterδD andδ~(18)O are-50.0‰±33.6‰and-7.9‰±4.3‰,respectively,and all plot around the local meteoric water line(LMWL),indicating that precipitation is the main source of the soil water supply in this area.(2)The seasonal variations ofδD andδ~(18)O of the soil water are significant in different months of the rainy season,May(-19.4‰±6.8‰and-4.1‰±1.0‰)>September(-82.2‰±14.0‰and-11.9‰±2.2‰).(3)However,there is no significant difference in the soil waterδD andδ~(18)O under different land use patterns.(4)The soil waterδD andδ~(18)O change with soil depth gradients,which decrease along the depth in vertical direction for all types of soil land use in May but mainly increase/decrease in the cultivated land and woodland/grassland in September,respectively.
In this study,we analyzed the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of precipitation and three different land use patterns(cultivated land,grass land,and forest land)at 0-15 cm and 15-45 cm in a karst ridge-trough area(Zhongliang Mountain,Beibei District,Chongqing)in May 2017 and September 2017 to investigate the spatial and temporal variation of stable isotopes in different soil profiles using the isotope tracer technique.The results show that:(1)The average values of the soil waterδD andδ~(18)O are-50.0‰±33.6‰and-7.9‰±4.3‰,respectively,and all plot around the local meteoric water line(LMWL),indicating that precipitation is the main source of the soil water supply in this area.(2)The seasonal variations ofδD andδ~(18)O of the soil water are significant in different months of the rainy season,May(-19.4‰±6.8‰and-4.1‰±1.0‰)>September(-82.2‰±14.0‰and-11.9‰±2.2‰).(3)However,there is no significant difference in the soil waterδD andδ~(18)O under different land use patterns.(4)The soil waterδD andδ~(18)O change with soil depth gradients,which decrease along the depth in vertical direction for all types of soil land use in May but mainly increase/decrease in the cultivated land and woodland/grassland in September,respectively.
引文
[1] Yang Y G,Fu B J. Soil water migration in the unsaturated zone of semiarid region in China from isotope evidence[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2017,21(3):1757-1767.
[2] Koeniger P,Gaj M,Beyer M,et al. Review on soil water isotope-based groundwater recharge estimations[J]. Hydrological Processes,2016,30(16):2817-2834.
[3] Busari M A,Salako F K,Tuniz C,et al. Estimation of soil water evaporative loss after tillage operation using the stable isotope technique[J]. International Agrophysics,2013,27(3):257-264.
[4]袁道先.全球岩溶生态系统对比:科学目标和执行计划[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(4):461-466.Yuan D X. World correlation of karst ecosystem:objectives and implementation plan[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences,2001,16(4):461-466.
[5]陈洪松,王克林.西南喀斯特山区土壤水分研究[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(6):734-738.Chen H S,Wang K L. Soil water research in karst mountain areas of southwest China[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization,2008,29(6):734-738.
[6] Ries F,Lange J,Schmidt S,et al. Recharge estimation and soil moisture dynamics in a Mediterranean,semi-arid karst region[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2015,19(3):1439-1456.
[7] Hu K,Chen H S,Nie Y P,et al. Seasonal recharge and mean residence times of soil and epikarst water in a small karst catchment of southwest China[J]. Scientific Reports,2015,5:10215.
[8] Famiglietti J S,Rudnicki J W,Rodell M. Variability in surface moisture content along a hillslope transect:Rattlesnake Hill,Texas[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1998,210(1-4):259-281.
[9] Lee K S,Kim J M,Lee D R,et al. Analysis of water movement through an unsaturated soil zone in Jeju Island,Korea using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,345(3-4):199-211.
[10] Mueller M H, Weingartner R, Alewell C. Importance of vegetation,topography and flow paths for water transit times of base flow in alpine headwater catchments[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17(4):1661-1679.
[11] Mueller M H,Alaoui A,Kuells C,et al. Tracking water pathways in steep hillslopes byδ18O depth profiles of soil water[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:340-352.
[12] Chen H S,Zhang W,Wang K L,et al. Soil moisture dynamics under different land uses on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi,China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,61(6):1105-1111.
[13] Yang J,Nie Y P,Chen H S,et al. Hydraulic properties of karst fractures filled with soils and regolith materials:implication for their ecohydrological functions[J]. Geoderma,2016,276:93-101.
[14]袁道先.岩溶学词典[M].北京:地质出版社,1988.Yuan D X. Glossary of karstology[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1988.
[15] Song X F,Wang S Q,Xiao G Q,et al. A study of soil water movement combining soil water potential with stable isotopes at two sites of shallow groundwater areas in the North China Plain[J]. Hydrological Processes,2009,23(9):1376-1388.
[16] White W B. Karst hydrology:recent developments and open questions[J]. Engineering Geology,2002,65(2-3):85-105.
[17] Williams P W. The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology:a review[J]. International Journal of Speleology,2008,37(1):1-10.
[18] Gazis C,Feng X H. A stable isotope study of soil water:evidence for mixing and preferential flow paths[J]. Geoderma,2004,119(1-2):97-111.
[19] Robertson J A,Gazis C A. An oxygen isotope study of seasonal trends in soil water fluxes at two sites along a climate gradient in Washington state(USA)[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2006,328(1-2):375-387.
[20] Chen H S,Hu K,Nie Y P,et al. Analysis of soil water movement inside a footslope and a depression in a karst catchment,Southwest China[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7:2544.
[21] Liu W,Wang S J,Luo W J,et al. Characteristics of soil water movement in a grass slope in a karst peak-cluster region,China[J]. Hydrological Processes,2017,31(6):1331-1348.
[22] Yang J,Chen H S,Nie Y P,et al. Spatial variability of shallow soil moisture and its stable isotope values on a karst hillslope[J].Geoderma,2016,264:61-70.
[23]吴华武,章新平,关华德,等.不同水汽来源对湖南长沙地区降水中δD、δ18O的影响[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(8):1404-1414.Wu H W,Zhang X P,Guan H D,et al. Influences of different moisture sources onδD andδ18O in precipitation in Changsha,Hunan Province[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(8):1404-1414.
[24] Yurtsever Y,Gat J R. Atmospheric waters[A]. In:Gat JR,Gonfiantini R(Eds.). Stable Isotope Hydrology. Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in the Water Cycle[C]. Vienna:IAEA,1981. 103-142.
[25] Craig H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters[J]. Science,1961,133(3465):1702-1703.
[26]胡菡.重庆市北碚区大气降水中的氢氧同位素特征和水汽来源分析[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.Hu H. The characteristics of the hydrogen and oxygen isotope in precipitation in Chongqing and the analysis of moisture sources[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2015.
[27]张洪平,刘恩凯,王东升,等.中国大气降水稳定同位素组成及影响因素[A].见:中国地质科学院水文地质工程地质研究所文集(7)[C].北京:中国地质学会,1991. 10.
[28]胡菡,王建力.重庆市2013年10-12月大气降水中氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源分析[J].中国岩溶,2015,34(3):247-253.Hu H, Wang J L. Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation from October to December 2013 in Chongqing and analysis of moisture sources[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2015,34(3):247-253.
[29]刘梦娇,王勇,张耀华,等.中国西南季风区不同水体稳定同位素特征分析——以重庆市北碚区为例[J].中国岩溶,2015,34(5):486-494.Liu M J,Wang Y,Zhang Y H,et al. Variation characteristics of stable isotopes in different water bodies in Southwestern China monsoon area——a case study of Beibei District,Chongqing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2015,34(5):486-494.
[30]张小娟,宋维峰,吴锦奎,等.元阳梯田水源区土壤水氢氧同位素特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):2102-2108.Zhang X J, Song W F, Wu J K, et al. Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of soil water in the water source area of Yuanyang Terrace[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(6):2102-2108.
[31]黄一民,章新平,唐方雨,等.长沙大气降水中稳定同位素变化及过量氘指示水汽来源[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(11):1945-1954.Huang Y M, Zhang X P, Tang F Y, et al. Variations of precipitation stable isotope and vapor origins revealed by deuterium excess in Changsha[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(11):1945-1954.
[32]邢星,陈辉,朱建佳,等.柴达木盆地诺木洪地区5种优势荒漠植物水分来源[J].生态学报,2014,34(21):6277-6286.Xing X,Chen H,Zhu J J,et al. Water sources of five dominant desert plant species in Nuomuhong area of Qaidam Basin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(21):6277-6286.
[33]邢丹,肖玖军,王晓红,等.黔西北石漠化桑园土壤水稳定同位素的时空变化特征[J].西南农业学报,2017,30(3):639-644.Xing D,Xiao J J,Wang X H,et al. Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of stable isotopes in soil water of stony desertification Mulberry Field in Northwestern Guizhou[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,30(3):639-644.
[34] Hsieh J C C,Chadwick O A,Kelly E F,et al. Oxygen isotopic composition of soil water:quantifying evaporation and transpiration[J]. Geoderma,1998,82(1-3):269-293.
[35]张应华,仵彦卿,温小虎,等.环境同位素在水循环研究中的应用[J].水科学进展,2006,17(5):738-747.Zhang Y H, Wu Y Q, Wen X H, et al. Application of environmental isotopes in water cycle[J]. Advances in Water Science,2006,17(5):738-747.
[36] Yamanaka T, Tsujimura M, Oyunbaatar D, et al. Isotopic variation of precipitation over eastern Mongolia and its implication for the atmospheric water cycle[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,333(1):21-34.
[37] Rietti-Shati M, Yam R, Karlen W, et al. Stable isotope composition of tropical high-altitude fresh-waters on Mt. Kenya,Equatorial East Africa[J]. Chemical Geology,2000,166(3-4):341-350.
[38]黄天明,聂中青,袁利娟.西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(8):76-81.Huang T M,Nie Z Q,Yuan L J. Temperature and geographical effects of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in west of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(8):76-81.
[39]李廷勇,李红春,沈川洲,等. 2006~2008年重庆大气降水δD和δ18O特征初步分析[J].水科学进展,2010,21(6):757-764.Li T Y,Li H C,Shen C Z,et al. Study on theδD andδ18O characteristics of meteoric precipitation during 2006-2008 in Chongqing,China[J]. Advances in Water Science,2010,21(6):757-764.
[40]柳艳菊,丁一汇,赵南. 1998年南海季风爆发时期中尺度对流系统的研究:I中尺度对流系统发生发展的大尺度条件[J].气象学报,2005,63(4):431-442.Liu Y J,Ding Y H,Zhao N,et al. A study on the meso-scale convective systems during summer monsoon onset over the south China sea in 1998:Ⅰanalysis of large-scale fields for occurrence and development of meso-scale convective systems[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005,63(4):431-442.
[41]刘伟,王世杰,罗维均,等.贵州荔波喀斯特与非喀斯特地区土壤水运移的对比研究[J].地球与环境,2011,39(2):137-149.Liu W,Wang S J,Luo W J,et al. Comparative research on soil water movement between karst and non-karst plots in Libo County of Guizhou Province,China[J]. Earth and Environment,2011,39(2):137-149.
[42]刘梦娇.重庆市北碚区不同水体稳定同位素特征及其气候指示意义[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.Liu M J. Variation characteristics of stable isotopes in different water bodies and its implication for climate in Chongqing China[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.
[43] Wan H,Liu W G. An isotope study(δ18O andδD)of water movements on the Loess Plateau of China in arid and semiarid climates[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,93:226-233.
[2] Koeniger P,Gaj M,Beyer M,et al. Review on soil water isotope-based groundwater recharge estimations[J]. Hydrological Processes,2016,30(16):2817-2834.
[3] Busari M A,Salako F K,Tuniz C,et al. Estimation of soil water evaporative loss after tillage operation using the stable isotope technique[J]. International Agrophysics,2013,27(3):257-264.
[4]袁道先.全球岩溶生态系统对比:科学目标和执行计划[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(4):461-466.Yuan D X. World correlation of karst ecosystem:objectives and implementation plan[J]. Advance in Earth Sciences,2001,16(4):461-466.
[5]陈洪松,王克林.西南喀斯特山区土壤水分研究[J].农业现代化研究,2008,29(6):734-738.Chen H S,Wang K L. Soil water research in karst mountain areas of southwest China[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization,2008,29(6):734-738.
[6] Ries F,Lange J,Schmidt S,et al. Recharge estimation and soil moisture dynamics in a Mediterranean,semi-arid karst region[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2015,19(3):1439-1456.
[7] Hu K,Chen H S,Nie Y P,et al. Seasonal recharge and mean residence times of soil and epikarst water in a small karst catchment of southwest China[J]. Scientific Reports,2015,5:10215.
[8] Famiglietti J S,Rudnicki J W,Rodell M. Variability in surface moisture content along a hillslope transect:Rattlesnake Hill,Texas[J]. Journal of Hydrology,1998,210(1-4):259-281.
[9] Lee K S,Kim J M,Lee D R,et al. Analysis of water movement through an unsaturated soil zone in Jeju Island,Korea using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,345(3-4):199-211.
[10] Mueller M H, Weingartner R, Alewell C. Importance of vegetation,topography and flow paths for water transit times of base flow in alpine headwater catchments[J]. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17(4):1661-1679.
[11] Mueller M H,Alaoui A,Kuells C,et al. Tracking water pathways in steep hillslopes byδ18O depth profiles of soil water[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:340-352.
[12] Chen H S,Zhang W,Wang K L,et al. Soil moisture dynamics under different land uses on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi,China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2010,61(6):1105-1111.
[13] Yang J,Nie Y P,Chen H S,et al. Hydraulic properties of karst fractures filled with soils and regolith materials:implication for their ecohydrological functions[J]. Geoderma,2016,276:93-101.
[14]袁道先.岩溶学词典[M].北京:地质出版社,1988.Yuan D X. Glossary of karstology[M]. Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1988.
[15] Song X F,Wang S Q,Xiao G Q,et al. A study of soil water movement combining soil water potential with stable isotopes at two sites of shallow groundwater areas in the North China Plain[J]. Hydrological Processes,2009,23(9):1376-1388.
[16] White W B. Karst hydrology:recent developments and open questions[J]. Engineering Geology,2002,65(2-3):85-105.
[17] Williams P W. The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology:a review[J]. International Journal of Speleology,2008,37(1):1-10.
[18] Gazis C,Feng X H. A stable isotope study of soil water:evidence for mixing and preferential flow paths[J]. Geoderma,2004,119(1-2):97-111.
[19] Robertson J A,Gazis C A. An oxygen isotope study of seasonal trends in soil water fluxes at two sites along a climate gradient in Washington state(USA)[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2006,328(1-2):375-387.
[20] Chen H S,Hu K,Nie Y P,et al. Analysis of soil water movement inside a footslope and a depression in a karst catchment,Southwest China[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7:2544.
[21] Liu W,Wang S J,Luo W J,et al. Characteristics of soil water movement in a grass slope in a karst peak-cluster region,China[J]. Hydrological Processes,2017,31(6):1331-1348.
[22] Yang J,Chen H S,Nie Y P,et al. Spatial variability of shallow soil moisture and its stable isotope values on a karst hillslope[J].Geoderma,2016,264:61-70.
[23]吴华武,章新平,关华德,等.不同水汽来源对湖南长沙地区降水中δD、δ18O的影响[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(8):1404-1414.Wu H W,Zhang X P,Guan H D,et al. Influences of different moisture sources onδD andδ18O in precipitation in Changsha,Hunan Province[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(8):1404-1414.
[24] Yurtsever Y,Gat J R. Atmospheric waters[A]. In:Gat JR,Gonfiantini R(Eds.). Stable Isotope Hydrology. Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in the Water Cycle[C]. Vienna:IAEA,1981. 103-142.
[25] Craig H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters[J]. Science,1961,133(3465):1702-1703.
[26]胡菡.重庆市北碚区大气降水中的氢氧同位素特征和水汽来源分析[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.Hu H. The characteristics of the hydrogen and oxygen isotope in precipitation in Chongqing and the analysis of moisture sources[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2015.
[27]张洪平,刘恩凯,王东升,等.中国大气降水稳定同位素组成及影响因素[A].见:中国地质科学院水文地质工程地质研究所文集(7)[C].北京:中国地质学会,1991. 10.
[28]胡菡,王建力.重庆市2013年10-12月大气降水中氢氧同位素特征及水汽来源分析[J].中国岩溶,2015,34(3):247-253.Hu H, Wang J L. Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation from October to December 2013 in Chongqing and analysis of moisture sources[J]. Carsologica Sinica,2015,34(3):247-253.
[29]刘梦娇,王勇,张耀华,等.中国西南季风区不同水体稳定同位素特征分析——以重庆市北碚区为例[J].中国岩溶,2015,34(5):486-494.Liu M J,Wang Y,Zhang Y H,et al. Variation characteristics of stable isotopes in different water bodies in Southwestern China monsoon area——a case study of Beibei District,Chongqing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2015,34(5):486-494.
[30]张小娟,宋维峰,吴锦奎,等.元阳梯田水源区土壤水氢氧同位素特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):2102-2108.Zhang X J, Song W F, Wu J K, et al. Characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of soil water in the water source area of Yuanyang Terrace[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(6):2102-2108.
[31]黄一民,章新平,唐方雨,等.长沙大气降水中稳定同位素变化及过量氘指示水汽来源[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(11):1945-1954.Huang Y M, Zhang X P, Tang F Y, et al. Variations of precipitation stable isotope and vapor origins revealed by deuterium excess in Changsha[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(11):1945-1954.
[32]邢星,陈辉,朱建佳,等.柴达木盆地诺木洪地区5种优势荒漠植物水分来源[J].生态学报,2014,34(21):6277-6286.Xing X,Chen H,Zhu J J,et al. Water sources of five dominant desert plant species in Nuomuhong area of Qaidam Basin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(21):6277-6286.
[33]邢丹,肖玖军,王晓红,等.黔西北石漠化桑园土壤水稳定同位素的时空变化特征[J].西南农业学报,2017,30(3):639-644.Xing D,Xiao J J,Wang X H,et al. Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of stable isotopes in soil water of stony desertification Mulberry Field in Northwestern Guizhou[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2017,30(3):639-644.
[34] Hsieh J C C,Chadwick O A,Kelly E F,et al. Oxygen isotopic composition of soil water:quantifying evaporation and transpiration[J]. Geoderma,1998,82(1-3):269-293.
[35]张应华,仵彦卿,温小虎,等.环境同位素在水循环研究中的应用[J].水科学进展,2006,17(5):738-747.Zhang Y H, Wu Y Q, Wen X H, et al. Application of environmental isotopes in water cycle[J]. Advances in Water Science,2006,17(5):738-747.
[36] Yamanaka T, Tsujimura M, Oyunbaatar D, et al. Isotopic variation of precipitation over eastern Mongolia and its implication for the atmospheric water cycle[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2007,333(1):21-34.
[37] Rietti-Shati M, Yam R, Karlen W, et al. Stable isotope composition of tropical high-altitude fresh-waters on Mt. Kenya,Equatorial East Africa[J]. Chemical Geology,2000,166(3-4):341-350.
[38]黄天明,聂中青,袁利娟.西部降水氢氧稳定同位素温度及地理效应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(8):76-81.Huang T M,Nie Z Q,Yuan L J. Temperature and geographical effects of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in west of China[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2008,22(8):76-81.
[39]李廷勇,李红春,沈川洲,等. 2006~2008年重庆大气降水δD和δ18O特征初步分析[J].水科学进展,2010,21(6):757-764.Li T Y,Li H C,Shen C Z,et al. Study on theδD andδ18O characteristics of meteoric precipitation during 2006-2008 in Chongqing,China[J]. Advances in Water Science,2010,21(6):757-764.
[40]柳艳菊,丁一汇,赵南. 1998年南海季风爆发时期中尺度对流系统的研究:I中尺度对流系统发生发展的大尺度条件[J].气象学报,2005,63(4):431-442.Liu Y J,Ding Y H,Zhao N,et al. A study on the meso-scale convective systems during summer monsoon onset over the south China sea in 1998:Ⅰanalysis of large-scale fields for occurrence and development of meso-scale convective systems[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2005,63(4):431-442.
[41]刘伟,王世杰,罗维均,等.贵州荔波喀斯特与非喀斯特地区土壤水运移的对比研究[J].地球与环境,2011,39(2):137-149.Liu W,Wang S J,Luo W J,et al. Comparative research on soil water movement between karst and non-karst plots in Libo County of Guizhou Province,China[J]. Earth and Environment,2011,39(2):137-149.
[42]刘梦娇.重庆市北碚区不同水体稳定同位素特征及其气候指示意义[D].重庆:西南大学,2016.Liu M J. Variation characteristics of stable isotopes in different water bodies and its implication for climate in Chongqing China[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2016.
[43] Wan H,Liu W G. An isotope study(δ18O andδD)of water movements on the Loess Plateau of China in arid and semiarid climates[J]. Ecological Engineering,2016,93:226-233.