疫苗时代疫苗可预防疾病流行病学和临床表现的变化
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摘要
在高疫苗接种率的国家和地区,近些年来几种疫苗可预防疾病发病情况再度增多,如麻疹、水痘、百日咳、流行性腮腺炎等,引起了广泛关注。研究发现,这些疾病的临床表现和流行病学特征不同于疫苗使用以前。该文综述疫苗可预防疾病在疫苗使用前后的临床和流行病学特点,重点介绍我国情况,希望以此引起临床医生的重视,提高认识,加强防控,促进深入研究。
In countries and regions with high vaccination coverage, several vaccine-preventable diseases have been resurged in recent years, such as measles, varicella, pertussis and mumps. Some studies have found that the clinical manifestation and epidemiological characteristics of these diseases were different from those in pre-vaccine era. This article reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of vaccine-preventable diseases before and after wide immunization implementation, focusing on the situation in China, in order to attract the attention of clinicians, raise awareness, strengthen prevention and control, and promote in-depth research for these diseases.
In countries and regions with high vaccination coverage, several vaccine-preventable diseases have been resurged in recent years, such as measles, varicella, pertussis and mumps. Some studies have found that the clinical manifestation and epidemiological characteristics of these diseases were different from those in pre-vaccine era. This article reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of vaccine-preventable diseases before and after wide immunization implementation, focusing on the situation in China, in order to attract the attention of clinicians, raise awareness, strengthen prevention and control, and promote in-depth research for these diseases.
引文
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[19]Ma R,Lu L,Zhangzhu J,et al.A measles outbreak in a middle school with high vaccination coverage and evidence of prior immunity among cases,Beijing,P.R.China[J].Vaccine,2016,34(15):1853-1860.
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[22]Toizumi M,Vo HM,Dang DA,et al.Clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome:a review of our experience in Vietnam[J].Vaccine,2019,37(1):202-209.
[23]Meng Q,Luo J,Li L,et al.Rubella seroprevalence among pregnant women in Beijing,China[J].BMC Infect Dis,2018,18(1):130.
[24]孙晓冬,任佳,汤素文,等.2014年上海市医务人员麻疹、风疹及流行性腮腺炎血清学特征研究[J].中国疫苗和免疫,2016,22(2):169-174.
[25]Wang C,Zhu Z,Xu Q,et al.Progress towards rubella elimination after implementation of rubella immunization for over 20 years in Shandong province,China[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):17982.
[2]宁桂军,高源,吴丹,等.中国2011-2017年百日咳流行病学特征分析[J].中国疫苗和免疫,2018,24(3):264-267.
[3]Sheridan SL,Frith K,Snelling TL,et al.Waning vaccine immunity in teenagers primed with whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccine:recent epidemiology[J].Expert Rev Vaccines,2014,13(9):1081-1106.
[4]Hewlett EL,Edwards KM.Clinical practice.Pertussis-not just for kids[J].N Engl J Med,2005,352(12):1215-1222.
[5]Mattoo S,Cherry JD.Molecular pathogenesis,epidemiology,and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies[J].Clin Microbiol Rev,2005,18(2):326-382.
[6]Cherry JD.Pertussis in young infants throughout the world[J].Clin Infect Dis,2016,63(suppl 4):S119-S122.
[7]Yaari E,Yafe-Zimerman Y,Schwartz SB,et al.Clinical manifestations of Bordetella pertussis infection in immunized children and young adults[J].Chest,1999,115(5):1254-1258.
[8]Wallace MR,Bowler WA,Oldfield EC 3rd.Treatment of varicella in the immunocompetent adult[J].J Med Virol,1993,Suppl 1:90-92.
[9]Moore ZS,Seward JF,Watson BM,et al.Chickenpox or smallpox:the use of the febrile prodrome as a distinguishing characteristic[J].Clin Infect Dis,2004,39(12):1810-1817.
[10]Chaves SS,Zhang J,Civen R,et al.Varicella disease among vaccinated persons:clinical and epidemiological characteristics,1997-2005[J].J Infect Dis,2008,197 Suppl 2:S127-S131.
[11]Seward JF,Zhang JX,Maupin TJ,et al.Contagiousness of varicella in vaccinated cases:a household contact study[J].JAMA,2004,292(6):704-708.
[12]Willocks LJ,Guerendiain D,Austin HI,et al.An outbreak of mumps with genetic strain variation in a highly vaccinated student population in Scotland[J].Epidemiol Infect,2017,145(15):3219-3225.
[13]Ma R,Lu L,Zhou T,et al.Mumps disease in Beijing in the era of two-dose vaccination policy,2005-2016[J].Vaccine,2018,36(19):2589-2595.
[14]Vygen S,Fischer A,Meurice L,et al.Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults,France 2013[J].Euro Surveill,2016,21(10):30156.
[15]Chen CC,Lu CC,Su BH,et al.Epidemiologic features of mumps in Taiwan from 2006 to 2011:a new challenge for public health policy[J].World J Pediatr,2015,11(2):141-147.
[16]苏琪茹,郝利新,马超,等.中国2015-2016年麻疹流行病学特征分析[J].中国疫苗和免疫,2018,24(2):146-151.
[17]连志勇,安向东,于文博,等.高校一起成人非典型麻疹暴发疫情的调查分析[J].疾病预防控制通报,2015,30(2):76-78.
[18]李晓华,张凯宇,娄丽新,等.以肺炎为主要表现的21例成人非典型麻疹临床分析[J].中华临床感染病杂志,2015,8(2):152-154.
[19]Ma R,Lu L,Zhangzhu J,et al.A measles outbreak in a middle school with high vaccination coverage and evidence of prior immunity among cases,Beijing,P.R.China[J].Vaccine,2016,34(15):1853-1860.
[20]Cui A,Mao N,Wang H,et al.Importance of real-time RT-PCR to supplement the laboratory diagnosis in the measles elimination program in China[J].PLoS One,2018,13(11):e0208161.
[21]Orenstein WA,Markowitz LE,Atkinson WL,et al.Worldwide measles prevention[J].Isr J Med Sci,1994,30(5-6):469-481.
[22]Toizumi M,Vo HM,Dang DA,et al.Clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome:a review of our experience in Vietnam[J].Vaccine,2019,37(1):202-209.
[23]Meng Q,Luo J,Li L,et al.Rubella seroprevalence among pregnant women in Beijing,China[J].BMC Infect Dis,2018,18(1):130.
[24]孙晓冬,任佳,汤素文,等.2014年上海市医务人员麻疹、风疹及流行性腮腺炎血清学特征研究[J].中国疫苗和免疫,2016,22(2):169-174.
[25]Wang C,Zhu Z,Xu Q,et al.Progress towards rubella elimination after implementation of rubella immunization for over 20 years in Shandong province,China[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):17982.