实测坡度差异分析
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摘要
坡度是地表固有属性,对坡度的可量测性、量测方法等存在着不同的观点。文中利用常规的测量手段,利用全站仪、罗盘、1米长的直钢管等工具,实测地面最大坡降方向地面线的不同坡度。通过精度分析,论证了实测坡度的可靠性以及分析了不同方式确定的坡度的差异性。同时对不同形式的地面线的坡度进行对比分析,发现下割线、拟合线坡度稳定性优于上切线,且下割线与拟合线坡度具有较好的吻合程度,拟合线表现出更好的稳定性。建议坡度实测时最好实测剖面线采用拟合的方式确定地面点坡度,若在保证测量点高程精度的条件下亦可直接测量下割线坡度。
Slope is an inherent attribute of the land surface,but there still have no consensus on the scalability and measuring methods. In this study,traditional measurements including total station,compass and straight steel tube with 1-meter have been used to measure the slope in the direction of the maximum slope. Then the reliability of the field measured slope and the slope determined by different ways have demonstrated through precision analysis. The findings show that the performance of the slope stability derived from the fitting line and the lower secant line is better than upper tangent line,the slope of the fitting line is quite consistent with the slope of lower secant line,and shows better resistance. It is recommended that fitting line should be used to determine profile lines when measure slope in the field,and lower secant line can also be used when the elevation accuracy has a good controlling.
Slope is an inherent attribute of the land surface,but there still have no consensus on the scalability and measuring methods. In this study,traditional measurements including total station,compass and straight steel tube with 1-meter have been used to measure the slope in the direction of the maximum slope. Then the reliability of the field measured slope and the slope determined by different ways have demonstrated through precision analysis. The findings show that the performance of the slope stability derived from the fitting line and the lower secant line is better than upper tangent line,the slope of the fitting line is quite consistent with the slope of lower secant line,and shows better resistance. It is recommended that fitting line should be used to determine profile lines when measure slope in the field,and lower secant line can also be used when the elevation accuracy has a good controlling.
引文
[1]周启明,刘学军.数字地形分析[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
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[3]BEVEN K J,KIRKBY M J.A physically based,variable contributing area model of basin hydrology[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,1979,24(1):43-69.
[4]ARMSTRONG R N,MARTZ L W.Topographic parameterization in continental hydrology:A study in scale[J].Hydrological Processes,2003,17(18):3763-3781.
[5]IWAHASHI J,WATANABE S,FURUY T.Mean slopeangle frequency distribution and size frequency distribution of landslide masses in higashikubiki area[J].Japan Geomorphology,2003,50(4):349-364.
[6]中国科学院黄河中游水土保持综合考察队.山西西部水土保持土地合理利用报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1957.
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[8]REN Z P,WANG H L.Road slope estimation algorithm and safety analysis of mountainous road[J].Journal of Information&Computational Science,2014,11(7):2253-2265.
[9]梁国华,钱国敏,李瑞,等.基于安全与效率的交通事件下高速公路长大下坡限速值[J].中国公路学报,2015,28(5):117-124.
[10]THROWER N J W,COOKE R U.Scales for determining slope from topographic maps[J].The Professional Geographer,1968,20(3):181-186.
[11]汤国安.黄土丘陵沟壑区地面坡度分级及其制图的方法研究[D].西安:西北大学,1987.
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[14]刘学军,龚健雅,周启鸣,等.基于DEM坡度坡向算法精度的分析研究[J].测绘学报,2004,33(3):258-263.
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[16]WILSON J P.Digital terrain modeling[J].Geomorphology,2012,137(1):107-121.
[17]STRAHLER A N.Quantitative slope analysis[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1956,67(5):571-596.
[18]朱震达.应用数量方法来研究黄土丘陵区的侵蚀地貌[J].地理学报,1958,24(3):275-305.
[19]RAPP.Measurement of slopes[J].Study of Slope and Pluvial Processes,1967,152-155.
[20]HAMMER R D,YOUNG F J,WOLLENHAUPT N C,et al.Slope class maps from soil survey and digital elevation models[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59(3):509-519.
[21]YANG C,SHROPERIRE G J,PETERSON C L.Measurement of ground slope and aspect using two inclinometers and GPS[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1997,40(6):1769-1776.
[22]YOUNG A.Slopes[M].Oliver and Boyd:Edinburgh,1972.
[23]PARSONS A J.Hillslope Form[M].New York:Routledge,1988.
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[25]EVANS I S.Statistical Characterisation of Altitude Matrices by Computer[M].University of Durham,England:Department of Geography,1979.
[26]MOORE I D,GRAYSON R B,LANDSON A R.Digital terrain modelling:A review of hydrological,geomorphological,and biological applications[J].Hydrological Processes,1991,5(1):3-30.
[27]JESTER W,KLIK A.Soil surface roughness measurement-methods,applicability,and surface representation[J].Catena,2005,64(2-3):174-192.
[28]潘威.EDM三角高程测量误差分析[J].交通标准化,2006,157(9):93-95.
[29]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GBT12898-2009,国家三四等水准测量规范[S].北京:测绘出版社,2009.
[30]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB14912-2005,1-500 1-1000 1-2000外业数字测图技术规程[S].北京:测绘出版社,2005.
[2]RENARD K G,FOSTER G R,WEESIES G A.AGuide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)Handbook[M].Washington:Department of Agriculture,1997.
[3]BEVEN K J,KIRKBY M J.A physically based,variable contributing area model of basin hydrology[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,1979,24(1):43-69.
[4]ARMSTRONG R N,MARTZ L W.Topographic parameterization in continental hydrology:A study in scale[J].Hydrological Processes,2003,17(18):3763-3781.
[5]IWAHASHI J,WATANABE S,FURUY T.Mean slopeangle frequency distribution and size frequency distribution of landslide masses in higashikubiki area[J].Japan Geomorphology,2003,50(4):349-364.
[6]中国科学院黄河中游水土保持综合考察队.山西西部水土保持土地合理利用报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1957.
[7]唐克丽,张科利,雷阿林.黄土丘陵区退耕上限坡度的研究论证[J].科学通报,1998,43(2):200-203.
[8]REN Z P,WANG H L.Road slope estimation algorithm and safety analysis of mountainous road[J].Journal of Information&Computational Science,2014,11(7):2253-2265.
[9]梁国华,钱国敏,李瑞,等.基于安全与效率的交通事件下高速公路长大下坡限速值[J].中国公路学报,2015,28(5):117-124.
[10]THROWER N J W,COOKE R U.Scales for determining slope from topographic maps[J].The Professional Geographer,1968,20(3):181-186.
[11]汤国安.黄土丘陵沟壑区地面坡度分级及其制图的方法研究[D].西安:西北大学,1987.
[12]HENGI T,REUTER H I.Geomorphometry:Concepts,Software and Applications[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,2009.
[13]汤国安,赵牡丹,李天文,等.DEM提取黄土高原地面坡度的不确定性[J].地理学报,2003,58(6):824-830.
[14]刘学军,龚健雅,周启鸣,等.基于DEM坡度坡向算法精度的分析研究[J].测绘学报,2004,33(3):258-263.
[15]EVANS I S.Geomorphometry and landform mapping:What is a landform[J].Geomorphology,2012,137(1):94-106.
[16]WILSON J P.Digital terrain modeling[J].Geomorphology,2012,137(1):107-121.
[17]STRAHLER A N.Quantitative slope analysis[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of America,1956,67(5):571-596.
[18]朱震达.应用数量方法来研究黄土丘陵区的侵蚀地貌[J].地理学报,1958,24(3):275-305.
[19]RAPP.Measurement of slopes[J].Study of Slope and Pluvial Processes,1967,152-155.
[20]HAMMER R D,YOUNG F J,WOLLENHAUPT N C,et al.Slope class maps from soil survey and digital elevation models[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1995,59(3):509-519.
[21]YANG C,SHROPERIRE G J,PETERSON C L.Measurement of ground slope and aspect using two inclinometers and GPS[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1997,40(6):1769-1776.
[22]YOUNG A.Slopes[M].Oliver and Boyd:Edinburgh,1972.
[23]PARSONS A J.Hillslope Form[M].New York:Routledge,1988.
[24]CHORLEY R J.Spatial Analysis in Geomorphology[M].London:Harper and Row,1972.
[25]EVANS I S.Statistical Characterisation of Altitude Matrices by Computer[M].University of Durham,England:Department of Geography,1979.
[26]MOORE I D,GRAYSON R B,LANDSON A R.Digital terrain modelling:A review of hydrological,geomorphological,and biological applications[J].Hydrological Processes,1991,5(1):3-30.
[27]JESTER W,KLIK A.Soil surface roughness measurement-methods,applicability,and surface representation[J].Catena,2005,64(2-3):174-192.
[28]潘威.EDM三角高程测量误差分析[J].交通标准化,2006,157(9):93-95.
[29]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GBT12898-2009,国家三四等水准测量规范[S].北京:测绘出版社,2009.
[30]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB14912-2005,1-500 1-1000 1-2000外业数字测图技术规程[S].北京:测绘出版社,2005.
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