放牧高寒嵩草草地不同演替阶段土壤酶活性及养分演变特征
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摘要
以高寒草地演替序列禾草-矮嵩草群落、矮嵩草群落、加厚期小嵩草群落、开裂期小嵩草群落和杂类草-黑土型次生裸地为对象,研究多稳态放牧高寒草地土壤酶活性演变及其与养分的关联性.结果表明:随退化演替推进,植被盖度和地上生物量依次降低,而地下生物量在加厚期和开裂期小嵩草群落达到高峰.土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性在土壤表层(0～10 cm)高于亚表层(10～20 cm),而几丁质酶相反;纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶在禾草-矮嵩草群落最高,杂类草-黑土型次生裸地最低,加厚期小嵩草群落略有升高;几丁质酶在中间3个阶段均显示较高活性;脲酶和蔗糖酶在后期杂类草-黑土型次生裸地阶段明显升高.土壤水分、铵态氮、碱解氮、全氮、全碳和有机碳随退化演替依次递减,但硝态氮和速效磷在后期两阶段回升.除几丁质酶外,其他酶均与速效磷、铵态氮、碱解氮、全碳和有机碳呈正相关,与pH呈负相关;纤维素酶、碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶还与土壤水分和全氮呈正相关;影响土壤酶活性的主控因子为速效磷和铵态氮.高寒草地土壤酶受放牧退化演替影响呈现不同演变趋势,酶活性与土壤养分存在相互协同作用,但重度退化的极端环境也可能会激发与氮、碳养分转化相关的土壤酶活性.
The variation of soil enzyme activity and relevance with soil nutrients was examined in multistable grazing alpine Kobresia grassland, including Gramineae-Kobresia humilis community, K. humilis community, K. pygmaea community at thickened stage, K. pygmaea community at cracked stage and forb-black soil type secondary bare land. The results showed that the vegetation coverage and aboveground biomass successively decreased with degenerative succession. The belowground biomass was the highest in the K. pygmaea community at thickened and cracked stages. The activities of soil sucrase, urease, cellulase, alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were higher at the surface soil layer(0-10 cm) than those at the subsurface soil layer(10-20 cm), while the pattern of chitinase activity was contrary. The activities of cellulase, alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were the highest in the Gramineae-K. humilis community and the lowest at the forb-black soil type secondary bare land, and they slightly increased during the thickened stage of K. pygmaea community. Chitinase activity was relatively high at the middle three stages, while urease and sucrase activity had an obvious increase in the forb-black soil type secondary bare land. Soil moisture, ammonium, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total nitrogen, total carbon and organic carbon successively decreased with degenerative succession, whereas the concentrations of nitrate and available phosphorus increased at the latter two succession stages. The activities of the other enzymes, except for chitinase, were significantly positively correlated with the soil available phosphorus, ammonium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, total carbon, and organic carbon, and negatively correlated with soil pH. The activities of cellulose, alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were significantly positively correlated with soil moisture and total nitrogen. The main factors affecting soil enzyme activity were available phosphorus and ammonium. Soil enzymes showed different evolutionary trends influenced by grazing degradation succession in the alpine grassland, with a synergistic effect with soil nut-rients. Moreover, severely degraded extreme environments may stimulate soil enzyme activities related to nitrogen and carbon transformation.
The variation of soil enzyme activity and relevance with soil nutrients was examined in multistable grazing alpine Kobresia grassland, including Gramineae-Kobresia humilis community, K. humilis community, K. pygmaea community at thickened stage, K. pygmaea community at cracked stage and forb-black soil type secondary bare land. The results showed that the vegetation coverage and aboveground biomass successively decreased with degenerative succession. The belowground biomass was the highest in the K. pygmaea community at thickened and cracked stages. The activities of soil sucrase, urease, cellulase, alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were higher at the surface soil layer(0-10 cm) than those at the subsurface soil layer(10-20 cm), while the pattern of chitinase activity was contrary. The activities of cellulase, alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were the highest in the Gramineae-K. humilis community and the lowest at the forb-black soil type secondary bare land, and they slightly increased during the thickened stage of K. pygmaea community. Chitinase activity was relatively high at the middle three stages, while urease and sucrase activity had an obvious increase in the forb-black soil type secondary bare land. Soil moisture, ammonium, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total nitrogen, total carbon and organic carbon successively decreased with degenerative succession, whereas the concentrations of nitrate and available phosphorus increased at the latter two succession stages. The activities of the other enzymes, except for chitinase, were significantly positively correlated with the soil available phosphorus, ammonium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, total carbon, and organic carbon, and negatively correlated with soil pH. The activities of cellulose, alkaline phosphatase and aryl sulfatase were significantly positively correlated with soil moisture and total nitrogen. The main factors affecting soil enzyme activity were available phosphorus and ammonium. Soil enzymes showed different evolutionary trends influenced by grazing degradation succession in the alpine grassland, with a synergistic effect with soil nut-rients. Moreover, severely degraded extreme environments may stimulate soil enzyme activities related to nitrogen and carbon transformation.
引文
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[21] Hu L (胡雷),Wang C-T (王长庭),Wang G-X (王根绪),et al.Changes in the activities of soil enzymes and microbial community structure at different degradation successional stages of alpine meadows in the headwater region of Three Rivers,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2014,23(3):8-19 (in Chinese)
[22] Cai X-B (蔡晓布),Zhou J (周进),Qian C (钱成).Variation of soil microbial activities in alpine steppes different in degradation intensity in the north Tibet Plateau.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2008,45(6):1110-1118 (in Chinese)
[23] Barbosa NM,Carvalho RC,Santos E,et al.Production and purification of chitinase by Metarhizium anisopliae isolated from soil.Journal of Biotechnology,2010,150:189-190
[24] Niu B (牛犇),Zhang L-F (张立峰),Ma R-R (马荣荣),et al.Study of microbial biomass and enzymatic activity on the alpine meadow.Acta Scientiarum Natura-lium Universitatis Nankaiensis (南开大学学报:自然科学版),2016,49(4):53-60 (in Chinese)
[25] Jiao T (焦婷),Chang G-Z (常根柱),Zhou X-H (周学辉),et al.Study on relationship between soil enzyme and soil fertility of alpine meadow in different carrying capacities.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2009,18(6):98-104 (in Chinese)
[26] Qin Y (秦燕),He F (何峰),Tong Z-Y (仝宗永),et al.Influence of cutting interval on soil enzymes activity and nutrients in Leymus chinensis meadow.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2016,25(4):55-62 (in Chinese)
[27] Nahidan S,Nourbakhsh F,Mosaddeghi M.Variation of soil microbial biomass C and hydrolytic enzyme activities in a rang-land ecosystem:Are slope aspect and position effective.Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2014,61:1-15
[28] Taylor JP,Wilson B,Mills MS,et al.Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:387-401
[29] Cao R (曹瑞),Wu F-Z (吴福忠),Yang W-Q (杨万勤),et al.Effects of altitudes on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in alpine-gorge regions.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(4):1257-1264 (in Chinese)
[30] Niu X-Y (牛小云),Sun X-M (孙晓梅),Chen D-S (陈东升),et al.Soil microorganisms,nutrients and enzyme activity of Larix kaempferi plantation under different ages in mountainous region of eastern Liaoning Province,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(9):2663-2672 (in Chinese)
[31] Wendu R-L (文都日乐),Li G (李刚),Zhang J-N (张静妮),et al.The study of soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity on different grassland in Hulunbeier,Inner Mongolia.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2010,19(5):94-102 (in Chinese)
[2] Unteregelsbacher S,Hafner S,Guggenberger G,et al.Response of long-,medium- and short-term processes of the carbon budget to overgrazing-induced crusts in the Tibetan Plateau.Biogeochemistry,2012,111:187-201
[3] Chen H,Zhu QA,Peng CH,et al.The impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,2013,19:2940-2955
[4] Dong QM,Zhao XQ,Wu GL,et al.A review of formation mechanism and restoration measures of “black-soil-type” degraded grassland in the Qinghai-Tibetan Pla-teau.Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,70:2359-2370
[5] Cao G-M (曹广民),Du Y-G (杜岩功),Liang D-Y (梁东营),et al.Character of passive-active degradation process and its mechanism in alpine Kobresia mea-dow.Journal of Mountain Science (山地学报),2007,25(6):641-648 (in Chinese)
[6] Xu M-P (许淼平),Ren C-J (任成杰),Zhang W (张伟),et al.Responses mechanism of C:N:P stoichiome-try of soil microbial biomass and soil enzymes to climate change.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2018,29(7):2445-2454 (in Chinese)
[7] Wang Q-L (王启兰),Wang X (王溪),Wang C-T (王长庭),et al.The relationships between soil enzyme activities in Kobresia humilis alpine meadow and soil properties.Chinese Journal of Grassland (中国草地学报),2010,32(3):51-56 (in Chinese)
[8] Cai X-B (蔡晓布),Qian C (钱成),Zhang Y-Q (张永清).Characterization of soil biological properties on degrade alpine grasslands.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2007,18(8):1733-1738 (in Chinese)
[9] Tan Y-R (谈嫣蓉),Du G-Z (杜国祯),Chen D-D (陈懂懂),et al.Impact of grazing on the activities of soil enzymes and soil nutrient factors in an alpine mea-dow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Lanzhou University (兰州大学学报),2012,48(1):86-91 (in Chinese)
[10] Jiang Y-M (蒋永梅),Shi S-L (师尚礼),Tian Y-L (田永亮),et al.Characteristics of soil microorganism and soil enzyme activities in alpine meadows under different degrees of degradation.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报),2017,31(3):244-249 (in Chinese)
[11] Wang Q-L (王启兰),Cao G-M (曹广民),Wang C-T (王长庭).The impact of grazing on the activities of soil enzymes and soil environmental factors in alpine Kobresia pygmaea meadow.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报),2007,13(5):856-864 (in Chinese)
[12] Shang ZH,Gibb MJ,Leiber F,et al.The sustainable development of grassland-livestock systems on the Tibe-tan plateau:Problems,strategies and prospects.The Rangeland Journal,2014,36:267-296
[13] Guan S-Y (关松荫).Soil Enzyme and Its Research Methods.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1986 (in Chinese)
[14] Lin X-G (林先贵).Principle and Method of Soil Microbiology Research.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2010 (in Chinese)
[15] Rodriguez-Kabana R,Godoy G,Morgan-Jones G,et al.The determination of soil chitinase activity:Conditions for assay and ecological studies.Plant and Soil,1983,75:96-106
[16] Gu X-Y (顾向阳),Hu Z-J (胡正嘉).A method of determining the activity of soil chitinase.Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报),1994,25(6):284-285 (in Chinese)
[17] Li XZ,Sarah P.Arylsulfatase activity of soil microbial biomass along a Mediterranean-arid transect.Soil Bio-logy and Biochemistry,2003,35:925-934
[18] Jiang H (江洪),Zhang Y-L (张艳丽),James RS.Spatial analysis of disturbances and ecosystem succession.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2003,23(9):1861-1876 (in Chinese)
[19] Cao G-M (曹广民),Long R-J (龙瑞军).System stability and its self-maintaining mechanism by grazing in alpine Kobresia meadow.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology (中国农业气象),2009,30(4):553-559 (in Chinese)
[20] Cao G-M (曹广民),Lin L (林丽),Zhang F-W (张法伟),et al.Long-term ecological research and experimental demonstration provide theoretical and technical support for adaptive management of alpine Grassland.Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (中国科学院院刊),2018,33(10):1115-1126 (in Chinese)
[21] Hu L (胡雷),Wang C-T (王长庭),Wang G-X (王根绪),et al.Changes in the activities of soil enzymes and microbial community structure at different degradation successional stages of alpine meadows in the headwater region of Three Rivers,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2014,23(3):8-19 (in Chinese)
[22] Cai X-B (蔡晓布),Zhou J (周进),Qian C (钱成).Variation of soil microbial activities in alpine steppes different in degradation intensity in the north Tibet Plateau.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2008,45(6):1110-1118 (in Chinese)
[23] Barbosa NM,Carvalho RC,Santos E,et al.Production and purification of chitinase by Metarhizium anisopliae isolated from soil.Journal of Biotechnology,2010,150:189-190
[24] Niu B (牛犇),Zhang L-F (张立峰),Ma R-R (马荣荣),et al.Study of microbial biomass and enzymatic activity on the alpine meadow.Acta Scientiarum Natura-lium Universitatis Nankaiensis (南开大学学报:自然科学版),2016,49(4):53-60 (in Chinese)
[25] Jiao T (焦婷),Chang G-Z (常根柱),Zhou X-H (周学辉),et al.Study on relationship between soil enzyme and soil fertility of alpine meadow in different carrying capacities.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2009,18(6):98-104 (in Chinese)
[26] Qin Y (秦燕),He F (何峰),Tong Z-Y (仝宗永),et al.Influence of cutting interval on soil enzymes activity and nutrients in Leymus chinensis meadow.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2016,25(4):55-62 (in Chinese)
[27] Nahidan S,Nourbakhsh F,Mosaddeghi M.Variation of soil microbial biomass C and hydrolytic enzyme activities in a rang-land ecosystem:Are slope aspect and position effective.Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science,2014,61:1-15
[28] Taylor JP,Wilson B,Mills MS,et al.Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:387-401
[29] Cao R (曹瑞),Wu F-Z (吴福忠),Yang W-Q (杨万勤),et al.Effects of altitudes on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in alpine-gorge regions.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(4):1257-1264 (in Chinese)
[30] Niu X-Y (牛小云),Sun X-M (孙晓梅),Chen D-S (陈东升),et al.Soil microorganisms,nutrients and enzyme activity of Larix kaempferi plantation under different ages in mountainous region of eastern Liaoning Province,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(9):2663-2672 (in Chinese)
[31] Wendu R-L (文都日乐),Li G (李刚),Zhang J-N (张静妮),et al.The study of soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity on different grassland in Hulunbeier,Inner Mongolia.Acta Prataculturae Sinica (草业学报),2010,19(5):94-102 (in Chinese)