关系认同:结构与行为
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摘要
基于关系主义研究对"关系"的本质和内涵进行的多方面论述,本文认同"关系是一种具有本体属性的友好但密切程度不同的人际联系"的界定,并从"关系理论"的关系性国际体系研究出发,提出了"关系认同构成关系结构"的观点,从一定程度上澄清了关系结构建构的微观机制及其作用原理。该观点认为,所有关系世界中的行为体都处于与其他行为体之间的、由关系认同确立起来的关系认同结构之中。行为体依据不同关系认同的亲密程度和强烈程度,决定其对其他行为体的支持力度与合作程度。但是,关系认同结构本身会随着自身结构内相关行为体关注领域的变化而发生变化。这一"关系认同结构理论"可以分析冷战时期的国际体系结构和特朗普政府与中东国家之间的关系状态与行为方式,表现出很好的解释能力。
The study of Relationalism has made a profound and rich exposition of the essence and connotation of the relationship. This paper accepts the view that the relationship is a kind of friendly interpersonal connections with different degrees of intimacy and ontological attributes. Starting from the relational study of international system, this paper puts forward the argument that every actor in the relational world is embeded in the relational identity structure established by relational identities of actors vis-a-vis each other. Based on the intimacy and the intensity of relational identities, the actor decides what degree of support and cooperation it will provide for other actors. The structural theory of relational identity explains the relationship status and the behaviors of the Trump administration with its Middle East allies pretty well. Hence it shows a very strong explanatory power.
The study of Relationalism has made a profound and rich exposition of the essence and connotation of the relationship. This paper accepts the view that the relationship is a kind of friendly interpersonal connections with different degrees of intimacy and ontological attributes. Starting from the relational study of international system, this paper puts forward the argument that every actor in the relational world is embeded in the relational identity structure established by relational identities of actors vis-a-vis each other. Based on the intimacy and the intensity of relational identities, the actor decides what degree of support and cooperation it will provide for other actors. The structural theory of relational identity explains the relationship status and the behaviors of the Trump administration with its Middle East allies pretty well. Hence it shows a very strong explanatory power.
引文
(1)Patrick T.Jackson and Daniel H.Nexon,"Relations Before States:Substance,Process and the Study of World Politics,"Europian Journal of International Relations,Vol.5,No.3,1999,pp.291-3 32.
(2)See F.Berenskotter,"Friends,There Are No Friends?An Intimate Reframing of the International,"Millenium,Vol.35,No.3,2007,pp.647-676; Preston King,"Friendship in Politics,"Critical Review ofInternational,Social and Political Philosophy,Vol.10,No.1,2007,pp.125-145;P.E.Digeser,"Public Reason and International Friendship,"Journal of International Political Theory, Vol.5,No.1,2009,pp.22-40; Simon Koschut and Andrea Oelsner,Friendship and International Relations,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2014,pp.3-34;Astrid H.M.Nordin and Graham M.Smith,"Reintroducing Friendship to International Relations:Relational Ontologies From China to the West,"International Relations of the A.sia-Pacific,Vol.10,2018,pp.1-28;Francois De Peleeau,"What Is the Direction of the'Relational Turn,?"in Christopher Powell and Francois De Pelteau,eds.,Conceptualizing Relational Sociology,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2013,pp.163-85; Powell,Christopher and Francois De'Pelteau,"Introduction,"in Conceptualizing Relational Sociology,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2013,pp.1-12;Emilian Kavalski,"Guanxi or What Is the Chinese for Relational Theory of World Politics,"International Relations of the Asia-Pacific,Vol.1 8,201 8,pp.397-420,etc.
(1)参见秦亚青:《关系本位与过程建构:将中国理念植入国际关系理论》,载《中国社会科学》,2009年第3期,第69-86页;秦亚青:《关系与过程:中国国际关系理论的文化建构》,上海:上海人民出版社,2012年版,第17页;Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"International Studies Review,Vol.18,Iss.1,2016,pp.33-47;赵汀阳:《“天下体系”:帝国与世界制度》,载《哲学研究》,2003年第5期,第2-33页;赵汀阳:《共在存在论:人际与心际》,载《哲学研究》,2009年第8期,第22-30页;赵汀阳:《深化启蒙:从方法论的个人主义到方法论的关系主义》,载《哲学研究》,2011年第1期,第90-93页;黄光国:《儒家关系主义》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年版,第3-30页;苏长和:《关系理论的学术议程》,载《世界经济与政治》,2016年第10期,第29-38页;高尚涛:《关系主义与中国学派》,载《世界经济与政治》,2010年第8期,第116-138页;Chih-yu Shih,"Relations and Balances:Self-Restraint and Democratic Governability Under Confucianism,"Pacific Focus,Vol.29,No.3,2014,pp.351-372;Chin-Yu Shih,"Affirmative Balance of the Singapore-Taiwan Relationship:A Bilateral Perspective on the Relational Turn in International Relations,"International Studies Review,Vol.18,No.4,2016,pp.681-701;魏玲:《关系平衡、东盟中心与地区秩序演进》,载《世界经济与政治》,2017年第7期,第38-63页;曹德军:《关系性契约与中美信任维持》,载《世界经济与政治》,2015年第9期,第82-103页;刘毅:《关系取向、礼物交换与对外援助的类型学》,载《世界经济与政治》,2014年第12期,第71-94页,等等。
(1)本论文旨在提出一个关系主义的结构分析框架,即,首先从理论上论述关系世界中存在一种关系结构——关系认同结构,关系认同结构与(置身结构之中的)个体的行为之间存在特定的逻辑关系(理论框架)。然后,通过经验数据确认,经验世界中存在真实的关系认同结构与个体行为之间存在理论框架所预测的行为(实证分析)。本文主要从结构分析角度来重点讨论结构与行为之间的关系机制。为了说明问题,本文在讨论关系结构时,也会简要介绍关系认同的产生及其形成关系结构的背景知识。但是,本文不是进程分析,不会详细讨论个体互动如何建立关系结构的关系机制,这是进程理论重点讨论的内容。
(1)Christopher Powell and Francois DePelteau,"Introduction,"in Conceptualizing Relational Sociology,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2013,pp.1-12.
(2)Simon Frankel Pratt,"A Relational View of Ontological Security in International Relations,"International Studies Quarterly,Vol.6 1,Iss.1,201 7,pp.78-85.
(3)Iver B.Neumann,"Entry into International Society Reconceptualized:the Case of Russia,"Review of International Studies,Vol.37,Iss.2,2011,pp.463-84.
(4)Emanuel Adler,"The Spread of Security Communities:Communities of Practice,Self-Restraint,and NATO's Post-Cold War Transformation,"European Journal of International Relations,Vol.14,No.2,2008,pp.195-230.
(5)Emilie Hafner-Burton,Miles Kahler and Alexander H.Montgomery,"Network Analysis for International Relations,"International Organization,Vol.63,No.3,2009,pp.5 59-592.
(1)F. Berenskotter,"Friends,There Are No Friends?An Intimate Reframing of the International,"Millenium,Vol.35,No.3,2007,pp.647-676.
(2)Chin-Yu Shih,"Affirmative Balance of the Singapore—Taiwan Relationship:A Bilateral Perspective on the Relational Turn in International Relations,"International Studies Review,Vol.18,2016,pp.681-701.
(1)Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"pp.33-47.
(2)参见高尚涛:《关系主义与中国学派》,第116-138页。另参见赵汀阳《共在存在论:人际与心际》,第22-30页。
(3)参见黄光国:《儒家关系主义》,第3-30页。
(4)Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"pp.33-47.
(5)赵汀阳:《共在存在论:人际与心际》,第26页。
(1)Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"pp.33-47.
(2)关系领域是指行为体之间可能或已经建立起特定关系连接或关系认同的情况。
(1)负关系认同是指行为体就它们在某个关注领域存在某个或某些矛盾形成了共有知识。
(1)在沙特阿拉伯,目前尽管是萨勒曼国王在执政,但他授予了自己的儿子默罕默德王储很大的决策权和执行权,所以我们将沙特阿拉伯政府称为萨勒曼父子政府。在伊朗,当前,国家的实际最高权力掌握在最高宗教领袖哈梅内伊手中,政府首脑鲁哈尼总统也有较大的决策权和执行权,所以我们将伊朗政府称为哈梅内伊-鲁哈尼政府。
(1)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump at the Israel Museum,"Washington D.C.,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-israel-museum/,登录时间:2019年4月20日。
(2)White House News,"Remarks by Vice President Pence at the AIPAC Policy Conference,"Washington D.C.,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-aipacpolicy-conference/,登录时间:2018年3月5日。
(1)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel Before Bilateral Meeting,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trumpprime-minister-netanyahu-israel-bilateral-meeting-2/,登录时间:2018年3月5日。
(2)一个完备的关系认同结构,意味着行为体在所有的高关注的和低关注的关系领域,都确立了强烈的关系认同。美国和以色列的关系,尚未达到这一标准。
(3)White House News,"Readout of President Donald J.Trump's Call with Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/readout-president-donald-jtrumps-call-crown-prince-mohamed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia/,登录时间:2017年1月21日。。
(4)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump at the United Nations General Assembly:Outlining an America First Foreign Policy,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/presidentdonald-j-trump-united-nations-general-as sembly-outlining-america-first-foreign-policy/,登录时间:2017年9月20日。
(1)White House News,"Joint Statement Between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States of America,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/j oint-statement-kingdom-saudi-arabiaunited-states-america/,登录时间:2017年5月23日。
(2)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and Emir Tamim bin Hamad A1 Thani Before Bilateral Meeting,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-emir-tamimbin-hamad-al-thani-bilateral-meeting/,登录时间:2017年9月17日。
(1)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and His Majesty King Abdullah II bin AlHussein of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Before Bilateral Meeting,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-pre sident-trump-m aj esty-king-abdullah-ii-bin-al-hus sein-hashemite-kingdomjordan-bilateral-meeting/,登录时间:2018年1月25日。
(2)因为研究设计的原因,中东大国土耳其也没有纳入本文的分析范围之内,但这不意味着美国没有和土耳其建立相对重要的关系认同结构。另外,美国和伊朗没有建立起关系认同结构,因而仅作为美国的打击对象而提及。
(1)News of Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Islamic Republic of IRAN,"President at Mehrabad Airport before Leaving for Sochi,"http://en.mfa.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=3&pageid=36409&newsview=557 848,登录时间:2019年2月14日。
(2)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump's New Strategy on Iran,"https://www.whitehouse.go v/briefings-statement s/president-donald-j-trumps-new-strategy-iran/,登录时间:2017年1 0月13日。
(1)Marc R.DeVore,"Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship:A Case Study of how State Sponsorship Affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making,"Perspectives on Terrori.sm.Vol.6,Iss.4-5,2012,p.91; Primoz Manfreda,"Why Iran Supports the Syrian Regime,"Thought Co,https://www.thoughtco.com/why-iransupports-the-syrian-regime-2353082,登录时间:2019年1月13日。
(1)Xinhua News,"Israel to Limit Settlement Construction to Satisfy Trump,"http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/31/c_136175278.htm,登录时间:2017年3月31日。
(2)2017年6月1日,特朗普政府为了促使巴勒斯坦接受美国政府草拟的明显偏袒以色列的“新巴以和平方案”,曾声明“短暂推迟”迁馆时间,但同时指出短暂推迟迁馆时间绝不意味着改变了迁馆决定。迁馆只是时间问题,而非是否问题。参见White House News,"Statement on the American Embassy in Israel,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-american-embassy-israel/,登录时间:2017年6月1日。
(3)White House News,"President Trump Arrives in Israel,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/president-trump-arrives-israel/,登录时间:2017年5月22日。
(4)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump at the Israel Museum,"Washington D.C.,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-pre sident-trump-israel-museu m/,登录时间:2017年5月23日。
(5)White House News,"Remarks by Vice President Pence at An Israel Independence Day Commemoration Event,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-penceisrael-independence-day-commemoration-event/,登录时间:2017年5月2日。
(6)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and His Majesty King AbdullahⅡof Jordan in Joint Press Conference,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trumpmaj esty-king-abdullah-ii-j ordan-j oint-pres s-conference/,登录时间:2017年4月5日。
(1)Jim Zanotti,"Israel:Background and U.S.Relations,"Congressional Research Service,July 31,2018.pp.1 8-22,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf,登录时间:2019年4月2 1日。
(2)White House News,"Readout of the President's Call with King Salman bin Abd Al-Aziz A1 Saud of Saudi Arabia,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/readout-presidents-call-king-salman-binabd-al-aziz-al-saud-saudi-arabia/,登录时间:2017年1月29日。
(1)White House News,"Joint Statement Between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States of America,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/j oint-statement-kingdom-saudi-arabiaunited-states-america/,登录时间:2017年3月31日。
(2)White House News,"Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Standing with Saudi Arabia,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-standing-saudiarabia/,登录时间:2018年11月20日。
(1)White House News,"Readout of President Donald J.Trump's Meeting with Amir Tamim Bin Hamad A1 Thani,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/readout-president-donald-j-trumpsmeeting-amir-tamim-bin-hamad-al-thani/,登录时间:2017年4月10日。
(2)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump is Strengthening Bilateral Relations with Jordan,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing s-statements/pre sident-donald-j-trump-strengthening-bilateralrelations-jordan/,登录时间:2018年6月26日。
(3)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump's New Strategy on Iran,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statement s/president-donald-j-trumps-new-strategy-iran/,登录时间:2017年10月13日。
(1)Hunter Walker,"Trump Takes'Unprecedented,Action Against Iran,"https://news.yahoo.com/trump-takes-unprecedented-action-against-iran-1 6573 8982.html,登录时间:2019年4月18日。
(1)区别于现实主义假定的国家围绕权力进行竞争与冲突的世界,也不同于自由主义所谓的国家围绕国际机制相互依赖与合作的世界。
(2)See F.Berenskotter,"Friends,There Are No Friends?An Intimate Reframing of the International,"Millenium,Vol.35,No.3,2007,pp.647-676; Preston King,"Friendship in Politics,"Critical Review ofInternational,Social and Political Philosophy,Vol.10,No.1,2007,pp.125-145;P.E.Digeser,"Public Reason and International Friendship,"Journal of International Political Theory, Vol.5,No.1,2009,pp.22-40; Simon Koschut and Andrea Oelsner,Friendship and International Relations,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2014,pp.3-34;Astrid H.M.Nordin and Graham M.Smith,"Reintroducing Friendship to International Relations:Relational Ontologies From China to the West,"International Relations of the A.sia-Pacific,Vol.10,2018,pp.1-28;Francois De Peleeau,"What Is the Direction of the'Relational Turn,?"in Christopher Powell and Francois De Pelteau,eds.,Conceptualizing Relational Sociology,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2013,pp.163-85; Powell,Christopher and Francois De'Pelteau,"Introduction,"in Conceptualizing Relational Sociology,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2013,pp.1-12;Emilian Kavalski,"Guanxi or What Is the Chinese for Relational Theory of World Politics,"International Relations of the Asia-Pacific,Vol.1 8,201 8,pp.397-420,etc.
(1)参见秦亚青:《关系本位与过程建构:将中国理念植入国际关系理论》,载《中国社会科学》,2009年第3期,第69-86页;秦亚青:《关系与过程:中国国际关系理论的文化建构》,上海:上海人民出版社,2012年版,第17页;Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"International Studies Review,Vol.18,Iss.1,2016,pp.33-47;赵汀阳:《“天下体系”:帝国与世界制度》,载《哲学研究》,2003年第5期,第2-33页;赵汀阳:《共在存在论:人际与心际》,载《哲学研究》,2009年第8期,第22-30页;赵汀阳:《深化启蒙:从方法论的个人主义到方法论的关系主义》,载《哲学研究》,2011年第1期,第90-93页;黄光国:《儒家关系主义》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年版,第3-30页;苏长和:《关系理论的学术议程》,载《世界经济与政治》,2016年第10期,第29-38页;高尚涛:《关系主义与中国学派》,载《世界经济与政治》,2010年第8期,第116-138页;Chih-yu Shih,"Relations and Balances:Self-Restraint and Democratic Governability Under Confucianism,"Pacific Focus,Vol.29,No.3,2014,pp.351-372;Chin-Yu Shih,"Affirmative Balance of the Singapore-Taiwan Relationship:A Bilateral Perspective on the Relational Turn in International Relations,"International Studies Review,Vol.18,No.4,2016,pp.681-701;魏玲:《关系平衡、东盟中心与地区秩序演进》,载《世界经济与政治》,2017年第7期,第38-63页;曹德军:《关系性契约与中美信任维持》,载《世界经济与政治》,2015年第9期,第82-103页;刘毅:《关系取向、礼物交换与对外援助的类型学》,载《世界经济与政治》,2014年第12期,第71-94页,等等。
(1)本论文旨在提出一个关系主义的结构分析框架,即,首先从理论上论述关系世界中存在一种关系结构——关系认同结构,关系认同结构与(置身结构之中的)个体的行为之间存在特定的逻辑关系(理论框架)。然后,通过经验数据确认,经验世界中存在真实的关系认同结构与个体行为之间存在理论框架所预测的行为(实证分析)。本文主要从结构分析角度来重点讨论结构与行为之间的关系机制。为了说明问题,本文在讨论关系结构时,也会简要介绍关系认同的产生及其形成关系结构的背景知识。但是,本文不是进程分析,不会详细讨论个体互动如何建立关系结构的关系机制,这是进程理论重点讨论的内容。
(1)Christopher Powell and Francois DePelteau,"Introduction,"in Conceptualizing Relational Sociology,New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2013,pp.1-12.
(2)Simon Frankel Pratt,"A Relational View of Ontological Security in International Relations,"International Studies Quarterly,Vol.6 1,Iss.1,201 7,pp.78-85.
(3)Iver B.Neumann,"Entry into International Society Reconceptualized:the Case of Russia,"Review of International Studies,Vol.37,Iss.2,2011,pp.463-84.
(4)Emanuel Adler,"The Spread of Security Communities:Communities of Practice,Self-Restraint,and NATO's Post-Cold War Transformation,"European Journal of International Relations,Vol.14,No.2,2008,pp.195-230.
(5)Emilie Hafner-Burton,Miles Kahler and Alexander H.Montgomery,"Network Analysis for International Relations,"International Organization,Vol.63,No.3,2009,pp.5 59-592.
(1)F. Berenskotter,"Friends,There Are No Friends?An Intimate Reframing of the International,"Millenium,Vol.35,No.3,2007,pp.647-676.
(2)Chin-Yu Shih,"Affirmative Balance of the Singapore—Taiwan Relationship:A Bilateral Perspective on the Relational Turn in International Relations,"International Studies Review,Vol.18,2016,pp.681-701.
(1)Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"pp.33-47.
(2)参见高尚涛:《关系主义与中国学派》,第116-138页。另参见赵汀阳《共在存在论:人际与心际》,第22-30页。
(3)参见黄光国:《儒家关系主义》,第3-30页。
(4)Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"pp.33-47.
(5)赵汀阳:《共在存在论:人际与心际》,第26页。
(1)Yaqing Qin,"A Relational Theory of World Politics,"pp.33-47.
(2)关系领域是指行为体之间可能或已经建立起特定关系连接或关系认同的情况。
(1)负关系认同是指行为体就它们在某个关注领域存在某个或某些矛盾形成了共有知识。
(1)在沙特阿拉伯,目前尽管是萨勒曼国王在执政,但他授予了自己的儿子默罕默德王储很大的决策权和执行权,所以我们将沙特阿拉伯政府称为萨勒曼父子政府。在伊朗,当前,国家的实际最高权力掌握在最高宗教领袖哈梅内伊手中,政府首脑鲁哈尼总统也有较大的决策权和执行权,所以我们将伊朗政府称为哈梅内伊-鲁哈尼政府。
(1)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump at the Israel Museum,"Washington D.C.,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-israel-museum/,登录时间:2019年4月20日。
(2)White House News,"Remarks by Vice President Pence at the AIPAC Policy Conference,"Washington D.C.,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-aipacpolicy-conference/,登录时间:2018年3月5日。
(1)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and Prime Minister Netanyahu of Israel Before Bilateral Meeting,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trumpprime-minister-netanyahu-israel-bilateral-meeting-2/,登录时间:2018年3月5日。
(2)一个完备的关系认同结构,意味着行为体在所有的高关注的和低关注的关系领域,都确立了强烈的关系认同。美国和以色列的关系,尚未达到这一标准。
(3)White House News,"Readout of President Donald J.Trump's Call with Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman of Saudi Arabia,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/readout-president-donald-jtrumps-call-crown-prince-mohamed-bin-salman-saudi-arabia/,登录时间:2017年1月21日。。
(4)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump at the United Nations General Assembly:Outlining an America First Foreign Policy,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/presidentdonald-j-trump-united-nations-general-as sembly-outlining-america-first-foreign-policy/,登录时间:2017年9月20日。
(1)White House News,"Joint Statement Between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States of America,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/j oint-statement-kingdom-saudi-arabiaunited-states-america/,登录时间:2017年5月23日。
(2)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and Emir Tamim bin Hamad A1 Thani Before Bilateral Meeting,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-emir-tamimbin-hamad-al-thani-bilateral-meeting/,登录时间:2017年9月17日。
(1)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and His Majesty King Abdullah II bin AlHussein of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Before Bilateral Meeting,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-pre sident-trump-m aj esty-king-abdullah-ii-bin-al-hus sein-hashemite-kingdomjordan-bilateral-meeting/,登录时间:2018年1月25日。
(2)因为研究设计的原因,中东大国土耳其也没有纳入本文的分析范围之内,但这不意味着美国没有和土耳其建立相对重要的关系认同结构。另外,美国和伊朗没有建立起关系认同结构,因而仅作为美国的打击对象而提及。
(1)News of Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Islamic Republic of IRAN,"President at Mehrabad Airport before Leaving for Sochi,"http://en.mfa.ir/index.aspx?fkeyid=&siteid=3&pageid=36409&newsview=557 848,登录时间:2019年2月14日。
(2)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump's New Strategy on Iran,"https://www.whitehouse.go v/briefings-statement s/president-donald-j-trumps-new-strategy-iran/,登录时间:2017年1 0月13日。
(1)Marc R.DeVore,"Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship:A Case Study of how State Sponsorship Affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making,"Perspectives on Terrori.sm.Vol.6,Iss.4-5,2012,p.91; Primoz Manfreda,"Why Iran Supports the Syrian Regime,"Thought Co,https://www.thoughtco.com/why-iransupports-the-syrian-regime-2353082,登录时间:2019年1月13日。
(1)Xinhua News,"Israel to Limit Settlement Construction to Satisfy Trump,"http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/31/c_136175278.htm,登录时间:2017年3月31日。
(2)2017年6月1日,特朗普政府为了促使巴勒斯坦接受美国政府草拟的明显偏袒以色列的“新巴以和平方案”,曾声明“短暂推迟”迁馆时间,但同时指出短暂推迟迁馆时间绝不意味着改变了迁馆决定。迁馆只是时间问题,而非是否问题。参见White House News,"Statement on the American Embassy in Israel,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-american-embassy-israel/,登录时间:2017年6月1日。
(3)White House News,"President Trump Arrives in Israel,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/president-trump-arrives-israel/,登录时间:2017年5月22日。
(4)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump at the Israel Museum,"Washington D.C.,https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-pre sident-trump-israel-museu m/,登录时间:2017年5月23日。
(5)White House News,"Remarks by Vice President Pence at An Israel Independence Day Commemoration Event,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-penceisrael-independence-day-commemoration-event/,登录时间:2017年5月2日。
(6)White House News,"Remarks by President Trump and His Majesty King AbdullahⅡof Jordan in Joint Press Conference,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trumpmaj esty-king-abdullah-ii-j ordan-j oint-pres s-conference/,登录时间:2017年4月5日。
(1)Jim Zanotti,"Israel:Background and U.S.Relations,"Congressional Research Service,July 31,2018.pp.1 8-22,https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33476.pdf,登录时间:2019年4月2 1日。
(2)White House News,"Readout of the President's Call with King Salman bin Abd Al-Aziz A1 Saud of Saudi Arabia,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/readout-presidents-call-king-salman-binabd-al-aziz-al-saud-saudi-arabia/,登录时间:2017年1月29日。
(1)White House News,"Joint Statement Between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States of America,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/j oint-statement-kingdom-saudi-arabiaunited-states-america/,登录时间:2017年3月31日。
(2)White House News,"Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Standing with Saudi Arabia,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/statement-president-donald-j-trump-standing-saudiarabia/,登录时间:2018年11月20日。
(1)White House News,"Readout of President Donald J.Trump's Meeting with Amir Tamim Bin Hamad A1 Thani,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/readout-president-donald-j-trumpsmeeting-amir-tamim-bin-hamad-al-thani/,登录时间:2017年4月10日。
(2)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump is Strengthening Bilateral Relations with Jordan,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing s-statements/pre sident-donald-j-trump-strengthening-bilateralrelations-jordan/,登录时间:2018年6月26日。
(3)White House News,"President Donald J.Trump's New Strategy on Iran,"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statement s/president-donald-j-trumps-new-strategy-iran/,登录时间:2017年10月13日。
(1)Hunter Walker,"Trump Takes'Unprecedented,Action Against Iran,"https://news.yahoo.com/trump-takes-unprecedented-action-against-iran-1 6573 8982.html,登录时间:2019年4月18日。
(1)区别于现实主义假定的国家围绕权力进行竞争与冲突的世界,也不同于自由主义所谓的国家围绕国际机制相互依赖与合作的世界。