山区可持续发展的基本理论、欧洲经验及启示
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摘要
随着气候变化和生态环境退化等问题凸显,作为生态屏障和水源保护地的山区可持续发展日益受到关注,山区可持续发展理论也逐步成型。从国别或地区实践看,"欧盟2020战略"以及欧洲山区协会制定的"山地计划2020"所展现的欧洲山区可持续发展经验较为先进,其运用关系模型和可持续发展概况矩阵获取制定欧洲山区可持续发展战略所需政策依据的方法可资借鉴。在山区面积占国土面积近70%的中国,乡村振兴乃至国家的可持续发展,其重点和难点都在山区。借鉴欧盟经验,我国应在贯彻落实中共十九大报告提出的乡村振兴和城乡融合的新的农村政策指导下,及时研究制定山区和农村地区可持续发展战略。
As the emergence and worsening of climate change and ecological environment degradation,the sustainable development of mountain areas,as ecological barriers and water conservation sites,has drawn increasing attention.Theories on sustainable mountain development have also gradually taken shape.In terms of the practice in specific countries or regions,the European experience of sustainable mountain development based on the"EU 2020 Strategy"and the"Toward Mountains 2020"made by Euromontana is comparatively advanced.Using the Nexus Model and the Sustainability Profile Matrix,EU may obtain the evidence needed in the making of its sustainable development strategy,which can be learned by other countries.In China,where mountain areas account for nearly 70% of the whole country,the key points,difficulties,hopes and solutions for the sustainable development of the countryside and even the whole country lie in the mountain areas.On the basis of the EU experience,and under the guidance of the rural revitalization and integrated development of urban and rural areas put forward by the 19 th CPC Congress,China should formulate its own sustainable development strategy in mountain and rural areas promptly.
As the emergence and worsening of climate change and ecological environment degradation,the sustainable development of mountain areas,as ecological barriers and water conservation sites,has drawn increasing attention.Theories on sustainable mountain development have also gradually taken shape.In terms of the practice in specific countries or regions,the European experience of sustainable mountain development based on the"EU 2020 Strategy"and the"Toward Mountains 2020"made by Euromontana is comparatively advanced.Using the Nexus Model and the Sustainability Profile Matrix,EU may obtain the evidence needed in the making of its sustainable development strategy,which can be learned by other countries.In China,where mountain areas account for nearly 70% of the whole country,the key points,difficulties,hopes and solutions for the sustainable development of the countryside and even the whole country lie in the mountain areas.On the basis of the EU experience,and under the guidance of the rural revitalization and integrated development of urban and rural areas put forward by the 19 th CPC Congress,China should formulate its own sustainable development strategy in mountain and rural areas promptly.
引文
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[2]周其仁.城乡中国(上)[M].北京:中信出版社,2013:10.
[3]World Commission on Environment and Development.Our Common Future[R].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987:16.
[4]Nagan W P,Hammer C,Akhmetkaliyeva M.Towards A Theory of Sustainable Development:Drawing on Insights From Developments in Modern Legal Theory[J].Cadmus Journal,2017,3(2):45-57.
[5]Biermann F,Kanie N,Kim R E.Global Governance by Goal-setting:the Novel Approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2017,26-27:26-31.
[6]王光辉,刘怡君,王红兵.过去30年世界可持续发展目标的演替[J].中国科学院院刊,2015,30(5):586-592.
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[11]习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次代表大会上的报告[R],2017-10-18.
[12]景娟,钱云,黄哲姣.欧洲一体化的空间规划:发展历程及其对我国的借鉴[J].城市发展研究,2011(6):1-6.
[13]European Commission.European Spatial Development Perspective:Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the EU[BE/OL].[2017-05-10].http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/pdf/sum_en.pdf.
[14]Bundesministerium für Umwelt,Naturschutz,Bau und Reaktorsicherheit(BMUB).Territorial Agenda of the European Union:Towards A More Competitive and Sustainable Europe of Diverse Regions.[BE/OL].[2017-05-25].http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/policy/what/territorial-cohesion/territorial_agenda_leipzig2007.pdf.
[15]European Union.Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020:Towards An Inclusive,Smart and Sustainable Europe of Diverse Regions[BE/OL].[2017-05-19].http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/policy/what/territorial-cohesion/territorial_agenda_2020.pdf.
[16]李林林.国际山区研究进展及其发展趋势[M]//吴次芳.全球土地2016:热点与前沿.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2018:96-114.
[17]Gloersen E,Mader C,Ruoss E.What Policy Evidence for A European Strategy of Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions?[J].Revue De Géographie Alpine,2016,104(3):1-20.
[18]Howlett,M.Policy Analytical Capacity and Evidencebased Policy-making:Lessons From Canada[J].Canadian Public Administration/Administration Publique Du Canada,2009,52(2):153-175.
[19]Bartlett W.Obstacles to Evidence-based Policy-making in the EU Enlargement Countries:The Case of Skills Policies[J].Social Policy&Administration,2013,47(4):451-467.
[20]周志忍,李乐.循证决策:国际实践、理论渊源与学术定位[J].中国行政管理,2013(12):23-27.
[21]李乐,周志忍.英国社会政策循证决策的理论与实践:对中国的启示[J].中国公共政策评论,2016,11(2):117-131.
[22]MajcenS.Evidence Based Policy Making in the European Union:The Role of the Scientific Community[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2016,24(9):1-3.
[23]Mayer Heike.Theoretical Basis for A Coherent Federal Strategy for Mountain and Rural Areas in Switzerland[R].Berne:Secretariat d’Etata l’Economie SECO,2014:1-47.
[24]石山.大农业战略的思考[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008:121.
[25]邓伟,方一平,唐伟.我国山区城镇化的战略影响及其发展导向[J].中国科学院院刊,2013,28(1):66-73.
(1)根据图3例子中展现的情况,利益相关者总体上认为在可持续发展导向、合作和交流、透明度和可追责性,以及合作和开发价值方面会受当地发展经验、价值观、潜力、弱点和历史等的影响较大,其次是在健康、地区影响、经济和文化方面;而在有关当地可持续发展的社会和环境方面所受影响较小。值得注意的是,在对“目标状态”的评价中,与“当前状态”相比,利益相关者可能会希望当地在某一领域/方面朝反方向发展,比如在图2例子中所示的环境方面。这很可能是由于当地是一个被大量“未经开发的荒野”包围的社区,而利益相关者认为对这些资源的合理开发有利于当地的可持续发展。
(1)根据在北大法宝数据库检索框内输入“山区”得到的中央法规司法解释以及地方法规规章,有关山区发展的专门法律文件主要是地方政府规章和地方规范性文件,地方和中央层面综合性的山区法律法规并不存在。
[2]周其仁.城乡中国(上)[M].北京:中信出版社,2013:10.
[3]World Commission on Environment and Development.Our Common Future[R].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987:16.
[4]Nagan W P,Hammer C,Akhmetkaliyeva M.Towards A Theory of Sustainable Development:Drawing on Insights From Developments in Modern Legal Theory[J].Cadmus Journal,2017,3(2):45-57.
[5]Biermann F,Kanie N,Kim R E.Global Governance by Goal-setting:the Novel Approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals[J].Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2017,26-27:26-31.
[6]王光辉,刘怡君,王红兵.过去30年世界可持续发展目标的演替[J].中国科学院院刊,2015,30(5):586-592.
[7]联合国.山区可持续发展——秘书长的报告[BE/OL].[2017-08-25].http://undocs.org/zh/A/60/309.
[8]The Committee of Ministers.Recommendation Rec(2002)of the Committee of Ministers to Member States?on the Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent[BE/OL].[2017-09-25].http://www.bbsr.bund.de/BBSR/EN/Publications/IzR/2003/7Appendix5.pdf?blob=publicationFile&v=3.
[9]Price M F.Mountains:A Very Short Introduction[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015:376.
[10]Gutierrez J.Toward Mountains 2020:Capitalising Our Knowledge to Inspire Programming[BE/OL].[2017-07-20].http://www.pyrenees-pireneus.com/Pastoralisme/Syndicats-Agricoles/Euromontana/2013-02-00-Montagne-2020-Capitaliser-travail-Euromontanaet-de-ses-membres-01-v1.pdf.
[11]习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次代表大会上的报告[R],2017-10-18.
[12]景娟,钱云,黄哲姣.欧洲一体化的空间规划:发展历程及其对我国的借鉴[J].城市发展研究,2011(6):1-6.
[13]European Commission.European Spatial Development Perspective:Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the Territory of the EU[BE/OL].[2017-05-10].http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/pdf/sum_en.pdf.
[14]Bundesministerium für Umwelt,Naturschutz,Bau und Reaktorsicherheit(BMUB).Territorial Agenda of the European Union:Towards A More Competitive and Sustainable Europe of Diverse Regions.[BE/OL].[2017-05-25].http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/policy/what/territorial-cohesion/territorial_agenda_leipzig2007.pdf.
[15]European Union.Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020:Towards An Inclusive,Smart and Sustainable Europe of Diverse Regions[BE/OL].[2017-05-19].http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/policy/what/territorial-cohesion/territorial_agenda_2020.pdf.
[16]李林林.国际山区研究进展及其发展趋势[M]//吴次芳.全球土地2016:热点与前沿.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2018:96-114.
[17]Gloersen E,Mader C,Ruoss E.What Policy Evidence for A European Strategy of Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions?[J].Revue De Géographie Alpine,2016,104(3):1-20.
[18]Howlett,M.Policy Analytical Capacity and Evidencebased Policy-making:Lessons From Canada[J].Canadian Public Administration/Administration Publique Du Canada,2009,52(2):153-175.
[19]Bartlett W.Obstacles to Evidence-based Policy-making in the EU Enlargement Countries:The Case of Skills Policies[J].Social Policy&Administration,2013,47(4):451-467.
[20]周志忍,李乐.循证决策:国际实践、理论渊源与学术定位[J].中国行政管理,2013(12):23-27.
[21]李乐,周志忍.英国社会政策循证决策的理论与实践:对中国的启示[J].中国公共政策评论,2016,11(2):117-131.
[22]MajcenS.Evidence Based Policy Making in the European Union:The Role of the Scientific Community[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2016,24(9):1-3.
[23]Mayer Heike.Theoretical Basis for A Coherent Federal Strategy for Mountain and Rural Areas in Switzerland[R].Berne:Secretariat d’Etata l’Economie SECO,2014:1-47.
[24]石山.大农业战略的思考[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008:121.
[25]邓伟,方一平,唐伟.我国山区城镇化的战略影响及其发展导向[J].中国科学院院刊,2013,28(1):66-73.
(1)根据图3例子中展现的情况,利益相关者总体上认为在可持续发展导向、合作和交流、透明度和可追责性,以及合作和开发价值方面会受当地发展经验、价值观、潜力、弱点和历史等的影响较大,其次是在健康、地区影响、经济和文化方面;而在有关当地可持续发展的社会和环境方面所受影响较小。值得注意的是,在对“目标状态”的评价中,与“当前状态”相比,利益相关者可能会希望当地在某一领域/方面朝反方向发展,比如在图2例子中所示的环境方面。这很可能是由于当地是一个被大量“未经开发的荒野”包围的社区,而利益相关者认为对这些资源的合理开发有利于当地的可持续发展。
(1)根据在北大法宝数据库检索框内输入“山区”得到的中央法规司法解释以及地方法规规章,有关山区发展的专门法律文件主要是地方政府规章和地方规范性文件,地方和中央层面综合性的山区法律法规并不存在。