道路扬尘排放因子建立方法与应用
|
摘要
排放因子是分析污染源排放特征和建立排放清单的基础数据,本研究对典型道路进行积尘负荷采样和实验室筛分分析,通过再悬浮系统和颗粒物粒径谱仪对道路扬尘粒径分布和粒径乘数进行测量,调查道路车型构成并计算车重,以北京市通州区为例应用模型法建立本地化的道路扬尘PM_(2.5)排放因子.结果表明,不同类型道路的扬尘颗粒物粒径分布在<2. 5μm范围内的质量比例较为接近,道路扬尘中PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)比值在0. 28～0. 32之间;不同类型道路的PM_(2.5)粒度乘数在0. 18～0. 20 g·(km·辆)~(-1)之间,高速路、国道、省道、县道和乡道的PM_(2.5)排放因子分别为0. 06、0. 14、0. 31、0. 30和0. 39g·(km·辆)~(-1).积尘负荷采样、再悬浮粒径分布测量和排放因子模型计算,是道路扬尘排放因子本地化的可行方法.在建立道路扬尘排放因子过程中,粒径乘数可以应用默认值,由于不同类型道路的积尘负荷差异较大,需要分道路类型或按车流量级别进行积尘负荷采样分析,对排放因子进行本地化.
Size distribution and emission factors are the basic information used in emission characteristic studies and emission inventory establishment. The silt loadings of typical roads in the Tongzhou district of Beijing were sampled and tested. A particulate matter resuspension and measurement system and a particle size spectrometer were used to measure the size distribution and particle size multiplier of the fugitive road dust in this study. The localized PM_(2.5) emission factors for the fugitive road dust were obtained by experiment and investigation. The results showed that the ratio of the particles with sizes from 0 μm to 2. 5 μm was similar for different road types; the ratio of PM_(2.5) to PM_(10) in the fugitive road dust was between 0. 28 and 0. 32. The particle size multiplier of PM_(2.5) was between 0. 18-0. 20 g·( km·vehicle)~(-1) for the different types of roads. The PM_(2.5) emission factors for highways,national roads,provincial roads,county roads,and township roads were 0. 06,0. 14,0. 31,0. 30,and 0. 39 g·( km·vehicle)~(-1),respectively. The silt loadings of different type roads showed great differences; thus,field sampling of the silt loading is necessary in the emission factor localization process.
Size distribution and emission factors are the basic information used in emission characteristic studies and emission inventory establishment. The silt loadings of typical roads in the Tongzhou district of Beijing were sampled and tested. A particulate matter resuspension and measurement system and a particle size spectrometer were used to measure the size distribution and particle size multiplier of the fugitive road dust in this study. The localized PM_(2.5) emission factors for the fugitive road dust were obtained by experiment and investigation. The results showed that the ratio of the particles with sizes from 0 μm to 2. 5 μm was similar for different road types; the ratio of PM_(2.5) to PM_(10) in the fugitive road dust was between 0. 28 and 0. 32. The particle size multiplier of PM_(2.5) was between 0. 18-0. 20 g·( km·vehicle)~(-1) for the different types of roads. The PM_(2.5) emission factors for highways,national roads,provincial roads,county roads,and township roads were 0. 06,0. 14,0. 31,0. 30,and 0. 39 g·( km·vehicle)~(-1),respectively. The silt loadings of different type roads showed great differences; thus,field sampling of the silt loading is necessary in the emission factor localization process.
引文
[1] Priya Darshini S,Sharma M,Singh D. Synergy of receptor and dispersion modelling:quantification of PM10emissions from road and soil dust not included in the inventory[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research,2016,7(3):403-411.
[2] Fan S B,Tian G,Cheng S Y,et al. A new approach to developing a fugitive road dust emission inventory and emission trend from 2006 to 2010 in the Beijing metropolitan area,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(4):1039-1045.
[3] Men C,Liu R M,Xu F,et al. Pollution characteristics,risk assessment,and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:138-147.
[4] Pan H Y,Lu X W,Lei K. A comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in urban road dust of Xi'an,China:contamination,source apportionment and spatial distribution[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:1361-1369.
[5] Zannoni D,Valotto G,Visin F,et al. Sources and distribution of tracer elements in road dust:the Venice mainland case of study[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2016,166:64-72.
[6] Franco C F J,de Resende M F,de Almeida Furtado L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in street dust of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói,Brazil:particle size distribution,sources and cancer risk assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,599-600:305-313.
[7] Ma Y K,Liu A,Egodawatta P,et al. Quantitative assessment of human health risk posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:895-904.
[8] Chen D S,Cheng S Y,Zhou Y,et al. Impact of road fugitive dust on air quality in Beijing, China[J]. Environmental Engineering Science,2010,27(10):825-834.
[9]樊守彬,李雪峰,张东旭,等.道路交通扬尘排放因子测量系统研发及应用[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(10):3569-3575.Fan S B, Li X F, Zhang D X, et al. Development and application of an emission factor measurement system for road fugitive dust[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(10):3569-3575.
[10] Zhu D Z,Kuhns H D,Gillies J A,et al. Evaluating vehicle reentrained road dust and its potential to deposit to Lake Tahoe:a bottom-up inventory approach[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,466-467:277-286.
[11]樊守彬,田刚,李钢,等.北京铺装道路交通扬尘排放规律研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(10):2396-2399.Fan S B,Tian G,Li G,et al. Emission characteristics of paved roads fugitive dust in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2007,28(10):2396-2399.
[12] Thouron L,Seigneur C,Kim Y,et al. Intercomparison of three modeling approaches for traffic-related road dust resuspension using two experimental data sets[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2018,58:108-121.
[13] Padoan E,Ajmone-Marsan F,Querol X,et al. An empirical model to predict road dust emissions based on pavement and traffic characteristics[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018,237:713-720.
[14] Amato F,Pandolfi M,Alastuey A,et al. Impact of traffic intensity and pavement aggregate size on road dust particles loading[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2013,77:711-717.
[15] Amato F,Schaap M,Denier van der Gon H A C,et al. Effect of rain events on the mobility of road dust load in two Dutch and Spanish roads[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,62:352-358.
[16] Teng H L,Kwigizile V,James D E. Identifying influencing factors on paved roads silt loading[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2007,57(7):778-784.
[17]张东旭,樊守彬,林雅妮,等. APEC会议期间北京市交通扬尘控制效果研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(2):684-689.Zhang D X, Fan S B, Lin Y N, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of road fugitive dust control measures during the APEC conference in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(2):684-689.
[18]樊守彬,张东旭,田灵娣. AP-42道路交通扬尘排放模型评估及其在北京市的应用[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(5):2501-2506.Fan S B,Zhang D X,Tian L D. Assessment for AP-42 model of road dust emissions and its application in Beijing,China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(5):2501-2506.
[19]樊守彬,田刚,秦建平,等.北京道路降尘排放特征研究[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(3):629-632.Fan S B,Tian G,Qin J P,et al. Emission characteristics of road dust-fall in Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(3):629-632.
[20]张伟,姬亚芹,李树立,等.天津市春季样方法道路扬尘PM2. 5粒度乘数特征[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):1955-1959.Zhang W,Ji Y Q,Li S L,et al. PM2. 5size multiplier feature of road dust in Tianjin during spring with quadrat sampling method[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):1955-1959.
[21]许妍,周启星.天津城市交通道路扬尘排放特征及空间分布研究[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(12):2168-2173.Xu Y, Zhou Q X. Emission characteristics and spatial distribution of road fugitive dust in Tianjin,China[J]. China Environmental Science,2012,32(12):2168-2173.
[22]彭康,杨杨,郑君瑜,等.珠江三角洲地区铺装道路扬尘排放因子与排放清单研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(10):2657-2663.Peng K, Yang Y, Zheng J Y, et al. Emission factor and inventory of paved road fugitive dust sources in the Pearl River Delta region[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(10):2657-2663.
[23] EPA. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors,stationary point and area sources. Appendix C. 1. procedures for sampling surface/bulk dust loading[R]. Triangle Park,NC:Measurement Policy Group Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,1993.
[24]黄玉虎,金大建,毛华云,等.颗粒物再悬浮和检测系统的性能指标[J].过程工程学报,2009,9(5):860-864.Huang Y H,Jin D J,Mao H Y,et al. Performance indices of particulate matter resuspension and measurement systems[J].The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering,2009,9(5):860-864.
[25] USEPA. Emission factor documentation for AP-42, Section13. 2. 1 paved roads[R]. Triangle Park,NC:Monitoring Policy Group,Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,U. S.Environmental Protection Agency,2010.
[26]田刚,樊守彬,李钢,等.施工工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(11):2626-2629.Tian G,Fan S B,Li G,et al. Characteristics of fugitive dust emission from paved road near construction activities[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2007,28(11):2626-2629.
[27]樊守彬,张东旭,田灵娣,等.北京市交通扬尘PM2. 5排放清单及空间分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(1):20-28.Fan S B,Zhang D X,Tian L D,et al. Emission inventory and spatial distribution of road fugitive dust PM2. 5in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(1):20-28.
[2] Fan S B,Tian G,Cheng S Y,et al. A new approach to developing a fugitive road dust emission inventory and emission trend from 2006 to 2010 in the Beijing metropolitan area,China[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(4):1039-1045.
[3] Men C,Liu R M,Xu F,et al. Pollution characteristics,risk assessment,and source apportionment of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:138-147.
[4] Pan H Y,Lu X W,Lei K. A comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in urban road dust of Xi'an,China:contamination,source apportionment and spatial distribution[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,609:1361-1369.
[5] Zannoni D,Valotto G,Visin F,et al. Sources and distribution of tracer elements in road dust:the Venice mainland case of study[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2016,166:64-72.
[6] Franco C F J,de Resende M F,de Almeida Furtado L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in street dust of Rio de Janeiro and Niterói,Brazil:particle size distribution,sources and cancer risk assessment[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,599-600:305-313.
[7] Ma Y K,Liu A,Egodawatta P,et al. Quantitative assessment of human health risk posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road dust[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,575:895-904.
[8] Chen D S,Cheng S Y,Zhou Y,et al. Impact of road fugitive dust on air quality in Beijing, China[J]. Environmental Engineering Science,2010,27(10):825-834.
[9]樊守彬,李雪峰,张东旭,等.道路交通扬尘排放因子测量系统研发及应用[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(10):3569-3575.Fan S B, Li X F, Zhang D X, et al. Development and application of an emission factor measurement system for road fugitive dust[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(10):3569-3575.
[10] Zhu D Z,Kuhns H D,Gillies J A,et al. Evaluating vehicle reentrained road dust and its potential to deposit to Lake Tahoe:a bottom-up inventory approach[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,466-467:277-286.
[11]樊守彬,田刚,李钢,等.北京铺装道路交通扬尘排放规律研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(10):2396-2399.Fan S B,Tian G,Li G,et al. Emission characteristics of paved roads fugitive dust in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2007,28(10):2396-2399.
[12] Thouron L,Seigneur C,Kim Y,et al. Intercomparison of three modeling approaches for traffic-related road dust resuspension using two experimental data sets[J]. Transportation Research Part D:Transport and Environment,2018,58:108-121.
[13] Padoan E,Ajmone-Marsan F,Querol X,et al. An empirical model to predict road dust emissions based on pavement and traffic characteristics[J]. Environmental Pollution,2018,237:713-720.
[14] Amato F,Pandolfi M,Alastuey A,et al. Impact of traffic intensity and pavement aggregate size on road dust particles loading[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2013,77:711-717.
[15] Amato F,Schaap M,Denier van der Gon H A C,et al. Effect of rain events on the mobility of road dust load in two Dutch and Spanish roads[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2012,62:352-358.
[16] Teng H L,Kwigizile V,James D E. Identifying influencing factors on paved roads silt loading[J]. Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2007,57(7):778-784.
[17]张东旭,樊守彬,林雅妮,等. APEC会议期间北京市交通扬尘控制效果研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(2):684-689.Zhang D X, Fan S B, Lin Y N, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of road fugitive dust control measures during the APEC conference in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(2):684-689.
[18]樊守彬,张东旭,田灵娣. AP-42道路交通扬尘排放模型评估及其在北京市的应用[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(5):2501-2506.Fan S B,Zhang D X,Tian L D. Assessment for AP-42 model of road dust emissions and its application in Beijing,China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(5):2501-2506.
[19]樊守彬,田刚,秦建平,等.北京道路降尘排放特征研究[J].环境工程学报,2010,4(3):629-632.Fan S B,Tian G,Qin J P,et al. Emission characteristics of road dust-fall in Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2010,4(3):629-632.
[20]张伟,姬亚芹,李树立,等.天津市春季样方法道路扬尘PM2. 5粒度乘数特征[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(7):1955-1959.Zhang W,Ji Y Q,Li S L,et al. PM2. 5size multiplier feature of road dust in Tianjin during spring with quadrat sampling method[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(7):1955-1959.
[21]许妍,周启星.天津城市交通道路扬尘排放特征及空间分布研究[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(12):2168-2173.Xu Y, Zhou Q X. Emission characteristics and spatial distribution of road fugitive dust in Tianjin,China[J]. China Environmental Science,2012,32(12):2168-2173.
[22]彭康,杨杨,郑君瑜,等.珠江三角洲地区铺装道路扬尘排放因子与排放清单研究[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(10):2657-2663.Peng K, Yang Y, Zheng J Y, et al. Emission factor and inventory of paved road fugitive dust sources in the Pearl River Delta region[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(10):2657-2663.
[23] EPA. Compilation of air pollutant emission factors,stationary point and area sources. Appendix C. 1. procedures for sampling surface/bulk dust loading[R]. Triangle Park,NC:Measurement Policy Group Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,1993.
[24]黄玉虎,金大建,毛华云,等.颗粒物再悬浮和检测系统的性能指标[J].过程工程学报,2009,9(5):860-864.Huang Y H,Jin D J,Mao H Y,et al. Performance indices of particulate matter resuspension and measurement systems[J].The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering,2009,9(5):860-864.
[25] USEPA. Emission factor documentation for AP-42, Section13. 2. 1 paved roads[R]. Triangle Park,NC:Monitoring Policy Group,Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,U. S.Environmental Protection Agency,2010.
[26]田刚,樊守彬,李钢,等.施工工地出口附近道路交通扬尘排放特征研究[J].环境科学,2007,28(11):2626-2629.Tian G,Fan S B,Li G,et al. Characteristics of fugitive dust emission from paved road near construction activities[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2007,28(11):2626-2629.
[27]樊守彬,张东旭,田灵娣,等.北京市交通扬尘PM2. 5排放清单及空间分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(1):20-28.Fan S B,Zhang D X,Tian L D,et al. Emission inventory and spatial distribution of road fugitive dust PM2. 5in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(1):20-28.