人工智能时代的算法裁判及其规制
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摘要
现在的世界已经进入人工智能时代,我们也已经进入了算法社会。在人工智能的发展中,算法发挥着极其重要的作用。算法裁判即指人工智能可以代替法官直接做出裁判,目前已在我国和西方许多国家的司法实践中得到运用,尽管尚存在一定的争议,如算法裁判可能产生的算法黑箱、算法鸿沟、算法独裁、算法歧视、算法不透明等问题,但其所具有的相对客观性、中立性、效率性、公正性等优势却是毋庸置疑的。智能时代和算法社会已经到来,算法裁判的运用也是科技与法律结合的必然要求和体现。我们应未雨绸缪,在将人工智能和算法裁判运用于司法实践的同时,正视其可能带来的弊端和缺陷,通过技术革新不断弥补和完善其漏洞,通过立法对其运用进行规制,使其更好地为人类社会服务,最终实现智慧司法和公正司法的目的。
Now that the world has entered the era of artificial intelligence,we have also entered an algorithm society. In the development of artificial intelligence,algorithms play an extremely important role. The algorithm judgement means that artificial intelligence can directly make judgments instead of judges. It has been used in the judicial practice of many countries in China and the West,although there is still some controversy.For example,the problem of the algorithm black box,algorithm gap,algorithm dictatorship,algorithm discrimination,and algorithm non-transparency that may be generated by the algorithm judgement. However,its relative objectivity,neutrality,efficiency,impartiality and other advantages are beyond question. The intelligence era and the algorithm society have arrived,and the application of algorithm judgment is also an inevitable requirement and embodiment of the combination of science,technology and law. We should be proactive in applying artificial intelligence and algorithm judgement to judicial practice,face up to the drawbacks and defects it may bring,make up and perfect its loopholes through technological innovation and regulate its application through legislation,ultimately making it better serve human society and finally achieve the purpose of intelligent justice and fair justice.
Now that the world has entered the era of artificial intelligence,we have also entered an algorithm society. In the development of artificial intelligence,algorithms play an extremely important role. The algorithm judgement means that artificial intelligence can directly make judgments instead of judges. It has been used in the judicial practice of many countries in China and the West,although there is still some controversy.For example,the problem of the algorithm black box,algorithm gap,algorithm dictatorship,algorithm discrimination,and algorithm non-transparency that may be generated by the algorithm judgement. However,its relative objectivity,neutrality,efficiency,impartiality and other advantages are beyond question. The intelligence era and the algorithm society have arrived,and the application of algorithm judgment is also an inevitable requirement and embodiment of the combination of science,technology and law. We should be proactive in applying artificial intelligence and algorithm judgement to judicial practice,face up to the drawbacks and defects it may bring,make up and perfect its loopholes through technological innovation and regulate its application through legislation,ultimately making it better serve human society and finally achieve the purpose of intelligent justice and fair justice.
引文
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[16]张凌寒.风险防范下算法的监管路径研究[J].交大法学,2018(4).
[17]KURT KLEINER.Lunchtime Leniency:Judge’Rulings Are Harsher When They Are Hungrier[EB/OL].SAMind 22,4,7(Sep.,2011).2019-04-05.https:∥www.scientificamerican.com/article/lunchtime-leniency/.
[18]陈邦达.人工智能在美国司法实践中的运用[N].中国社会科学报,2018-04-11(5).
[19]卢克·多梅尔.算法时代[M].胡小锐,钟毅,译.北京:中信出版社,2016.
[20]孟建柱.全面深化司法体制改革,努力创造更高水平的社会主义司法文明[J].求是,2017(20).
[21]最高人民法院.中国法院的司法改革(2013-2018)[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2019.
[22]松尾丰.人工智能狂潮:机器人会超越人类吗?[M].赵函宏,高华彬,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2016.
[23]高一飞,高建.智慧法院的审判管理改革[J].法律适用,2018(1).
[24]许可.人工智能的算法黑箱与数据正义[N].社会科学报,2018-03-29(6).
[25]程凡卿.我国司法人工智能建设的问题与应对[J].东方法学,2018(3).
[26]曹建峰.人工智能:机器歧视及应对之策[J].信息安全与通信保密,2016(12).
[27]崔靖梓.算法歧视挑战下平等权保护的危机与应对[J].法律科学:西北政法大学学报,2019(3).
[28]Criminal Law-Sentencing Guidelines-Wisconsin Supreme Court Require Warning before Use of Algorithmic Risk Assessments in Sentencing-State V.Loomis881N.W.2d749(2016)[J].Harvard Law Review,2017.
[29]张富利,郑海山.大数据时代人工智能辅助量刑问题研究[J].昆明理工大学学报:社会科学版,2018(6).
[30]凯文·凯利.技术元素[M].张行舟,余倩,等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2012.
[31]张玉宏,秦志光,尚乐.大数据算法的歧视本质[J].自然辩证法研究,2017(5).
[32]吴季松.人·人类·人工智能[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2018.
[33]杨成越,罗先觉.算法歧视的综合治理初探[J].科学与社会,2018(4).
[34]苏令银.透视人工智能背后的“算法歧视”[N].中国社会科学报,2017-10-10(5).
[35]陈琼珂.智能206,能有效防范冤假错案吗?[N].解放日报,2017-07-10(5).
(1)约翰森堡、谢菲尔《大学算法教程》,方存正、曹旻、华明译,清华大学出版社2007年版,第1页。有学者概括为输入、输出、确定性、可行性、有穷性5大特征,参见江世宏编著《算法与数据结构》,科学出版社2016年版,第46页;汪荣贵、杨娟、薛丽霞编著《算法设计与应用》,机械工业出版社2017年版,第3页。
[2]鲁斌,刘丽,李继荣,姜丽梅.人工智能及应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2017.
[3]JACK M BALKIN.The Three Laws of Robotics in the Age of Big Data[J].Ohio State Law Journal,2017,78(592).
[4]郑戈.算法的法律与法律的算法[J].中国法律评论,2018(2).
[5]佩德罗·多明戈斯.终极算法:机器学习和人工智能如何重塑世界[M].黄芳萍,译.北京:中信出版社,2017.
[6]尹丽波.人工智能发展报告(2016-2017)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.
[7]孙志远,鲁成祥,史忠植,马刚.深度学习研究与进展[J].计算机科学,2016(2).
[8]迈克尔·T.古德里奇,罗伯托·塔马西亚.算法设计与应用[M].乔海燕,李悫炜,王烁程,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2018.
[9]塞奇威克,韦恩.算法[M].第4版,谢路云,译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2012.
[10]迈克尔·西普塞.计算理论导引[M].段磊,唐常杰,等译.北京:机械工业出版社,2015.
[11]Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence.AI in the UK:Ready,Willing and Able?[R]∥Report of Session 2017-19,2017-04-16.London:House of Lords Publishing,2017.
[12]真正支配整个世界的十种算法[EB/OL].搜狐网,2019-04-05.http:∥www.sohu.com/a/260189762_355140.
[13]腾讯研究院,中国信通院互联网法律研究中心,腾讯AI Lab,腾讯开放平台.人工智能[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2017.
[14]曹建峰.“人工智能+法律”十大趋势[J].机器人产业,2017(5).
[15]高奇琦.人工智能:驯服赛维坦[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2018.
[16]张凌寒.风险防范下算法的监管路径研究[J].交大法学,2018(4).
[17]KURT KLEINER.Lunchtime Leniency:Judge’Rulings Are Harsher When They Are Hungrier[EB/OL].SAMind 22,4,7(Sep.,2011).2019-04-05.https:∥www.scientificamerican.com/article/lunchtime-leniency/.
[18]陈邦达.人工智能在美国司法实践中的运用[N].中国社会科学报,2018-04-11(5).
[19]卢克·多梅尔.算法时代[M].胡小锐,钟毅,译.北京:中信出版社,2016.
[20]孟建柱.全面深化司法体制改革,努力创造更高水平的社会主义司法文明[J].求是,2017(20).
[21]最高人民法院.中国法院的司法改革(2013-2018)[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2019.
[22]松尾丰.人工智能狂潮:机器人会超越人类吗?[M].赵函宏,高华彬,译.北京:机械工业出版社,2016.
[23]高一飞,高建.智慧法院的审判管理改革[J].法律适用,2018(1).
[24]许可.人工智能的算法黑箱与数据正义[N].社会科学报,2018-03-29(6).
[25]程凡卿.我国司法人工智能建设的问题与应对[J].东方法学,2018(3).
[26]曹建峰.人工智能:机器歧视及应对之策[J].信息安全与通信保密,2016(12).
[27]崔靖梓.算法歧视挑战下平等权保护的危机与应对[J].法律科学:西北政法大学学报,2019(3).
[28]Criminal Law-Sentencing Guidelines-Wisconsin Supreme Court Require Warning before Use of Algorithmic Risk Assessments in Sentencing-State V.Loomis881N.W.2d749(2016)[J].Harvard Law Review,2017.
[29]张富利,郑海山.大数据时代人工智能辅助量刑问题研究[J].昆明理工大学学报:社会科学版,2018(6).
[30]凯文·凯利.技术元素[M].张行舟,余倩,等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2012.
[31]张玉宏,秦志光,尚乐.大数据算法的歧视本质[J].自然辩证法研究,2017(5).
[32]吴季松.人·人类·人工智能[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2018.
[33]杨成越,罗先觉.算法歧视的综合治理初探[J].科学与社会,2018(4).
[34]苏令银.透视人工智能背后的“算法歧视”[N].中国社会科学报,2017-10-10(5).
[35]陈琼珂.智能206,能有效防范冤假错案吗?[N].解放日报,2017-07-10(5).
(1)约翰森堡、谢菲尔《大学算法教程》,方存正、曹旻、华明译,清华大学出版社2007年版,第1页。有学者概括为输入、输出、确定性、可行性、有穷性5大特征,参见江世宏编著《算法与数据结构》,科学出版社2016年版,第46页;汪荣贵、杨娟、薛丽霞编著《算法设计与应用》,机械工业出版社2017年版,第3页。