铜陵市区表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评估
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摘要
以典型有色金属矿山城市铜陵市为对象,从工业用地、居住用地、商贸用地、文教用地、交通用地和城市广场等6种主要用地类型中,选择64个采样点位,采集表土和不透水地面灰尘样.在对Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni、As和Cd含量分析测试的基础上,利用美国国家环保局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,就儿童和成人群体在不同功能用地、不同暴露途径下的重金属致癌和非致癌风险进行分析和评估,并对表土与灰尘的健康风险效应进行比较.结果表明:铜陵市表土与灰尘重金属含量显著高于该市土壤背景值,意味着铜陵城区土壤和地表灰尘已遭受较为严重的重金属污染;重金属Cr、Ni、As和Cd的致癌风险均值分别为4.30 10-7、7.18 10-9、4.26 10-4和7.58 10-8,不同功能用地的致癌风险均显著超过US EPA推荐的可接受风险阈值范围10-6~10-4和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险值5.0 10-5;表土与灰尘的儿童非致癌风险分别高达5.20和16.58,灰尘对成人的非致癌风险达2.80,都远高于安全阈值1.0,表明铜陵市表土与地表灰尘已对公众身体健康构成危害;主导致癌与非致癌风险效应的主要污染因子是As,主要暴露途径是手-口摄入途径.
This research focused on the potential health risk assessment of heavy metals(including As) pollution in urban topsoil and dust from Tongling,a typical nonferrous metal mining city,China.Samples were collected from sixty four sampling sites covering six land-use types,that is,industrial,residential,commercial,educational and traffic areas,as well as city squares.The heavy metal(Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn,Ni,As and Cd) contents of all samples were analyzed and health risk assessment were conducted for children and adult respectively,using the risk models recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).The levels of heavy metal elements in the urban topsoil and dust of Tongling are much higher than the natural soil background level in the regions,suggesting that the urban topsoil and dust have been heavily polluted by those metals.The exposure to Cr,Ni,As and Cd results in a cancer risk value of 4.30 10-7,7.18 10-9,4.26 10-4 and 7.58 10-8,respectively,and the mean cancer risk for such six land-use types vary in the range of 1.55 10-4-9.14 10-4,significantly higher than the acceptable or tolerable range of threshold values 10-6~10-4 recommended by USEPA,and the 5.0 10-5 probability level deemed unacceptable by the International Commission on Radiation Protection(ICRP).The exposure to topsoil and dust yields an aggregate Hazard Index of 5.20 and 16.58 for children,respectively,while the exposure to dust results in an aggregate Hazard Index of 2.80 for adult,far exceeding the threshold value of 1.0.As a predominant single contributor both to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks,arsenic is the trace element of most concern.In addition,the highest risk is associated with ingestion of soil particles.
This research focused on the potential health risk assessment of heavy metals(including As) pollution in urban topsoil and dust from Tongling,a typical nonferrous metal mining city,China.Samples were collected from sixty four sampling sites covering six land-use types,that is,industrial,residential,commercial,educational and traffic areas,as well as city squares.The heavy metal(Pb,Cu,Cr,Zn,Ni,As and Cd) contents of all samples were analyzed and health risk assessment were conducted for children and adult respectively,using the risk models recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(US EPA).The levels of heavy metal elements in the urban topsoil and dust of Tongling are much higher than the natural soil background level in the regions,suggesting that the urban topsoil and dust have been heavily polluted by those metals.The exposure to Cr,Ni,As and Cd results in a cancer risk value of 4.30 10-7,7.18 10-9,4.26 10-4 and 7.58 10-8,respectively,and the mean cancer risk for such six land-use types vary in the range of 1.55 10-4-9.14 10-4,significantly higher than the acceptable or tolerable range of threshold values 10-6~10-4 recommended by USEPA,and the 5.0 10-5 probability level deemed unacceptable by the International Commission on Radiation Protection(ICRP).The exposure to topsoil and dust yields an aggregate Hazard Index of 5.20 and 16.58 for children,respectively,while the exposure to dust results in an aggregate Hazard Index of 2.80 for adult,far exceeding the threshold value of 1.0.As a predominant single contributor both to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks,arsenic is the trace element of most concern.In addition,the highest risk is associated with ingestion of soil particles.
引文
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[13]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175.
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[20]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[21]周元祥.安徽铜陵典型尾矿库地球化学和环境地球化学效应[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2009:41-52.
[22]周元祥,岳书仓,周涛发.安徽铜陵杨山冲尾矿库尾砂重金属元素的迁移规律[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(4):497-503.
[23]李湘凌,周涛发,殷汉琴,等.基于层次聚类法和主成分分析法的铜陵市大气降尘污染元素来源解析研究[J].地质论评,2010,56(2):283-288.
[24]侯千,马建华,王晓云,等.开封市幼儿园土壤重金属生物活性及潜在生态风险[J].环境科学,2011,32(6):1764-1771.
[25]Thums C R,Farago M E,Thornton L.Bioavailability of tracemetals in brown field soils in an urban area in the UK[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2008,30(6):549-563.
[26]张应华,刘志全,李广贺,等.基于不确定性分析的健康环境风险评价[J].环境科学,2007,28(7):1409-1415.
[27]Kentel E,Aral M M.2D Monte Carlo verus 2D fuzzy MonteCarlo health risk assessment[J].Stochastic EnvironmentalResearch and Risk Assessment,2005,19(1):86-96.
[2]Ferreira-Baptista L,De Miguel E.Geochemistry and riskassessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola:A tropical urbanenvironment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39(25):4501-4512.
[3]杨孝智,陈扬,徐殿斗,等.北京地铁站灰尘中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(6):944-950.
[4]李如忠,童芳,周爱佳,等.基于梯形模糊数的地表灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价模型[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(8):1790-1798.
[5]Zheng N,Liu J S,Wang Q C,et al.Health risk assessment ofheavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district,North east of China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2010,408(4):726-733.
[6]白晓宇,袁峰,李湘凌,等.铜陵矿区土壤重金属元素的空间变异及污染分析[J].地学前缘,2008,15(5):256-263.
[7]徐晓春,王军,李援,等.安徽铜陵林冲尾矿库重金属元素分布与迁移及其环境影响[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2003,22(4):433-436.
[8]徐晓春,牛杏杏,王美琴,等.铜陵相思河重金属污染的潜在生态危害评价[J].合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版),2011,34(1):128-131,136.
[9]李如忠,周爱佳,童芳,等.合肥市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及环境健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(9):2661-2668.
[10]王喆,刘少卿,陈晓明,等.健康环境评价中中国人皮肤暴露面积的估算[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):152-156.
[11]段小丽,聂静,王宗爽,等.健康风险评价中人体暴露参数的国内外研究概况[J].环境与健康杂志,2009,26(4):370-373.
[12]王宗爽,段小丽,刘平,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1164-1170.
[13]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175.
[14]中华人民共和国卫生部.2007中国卫生统计年鉴[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2007.207-208.
[15]US EPA.Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil ScreeningLevels for Superfund Sites[R].Washington,DC:Office ofEmergency and Remedial Response,2002.
[16]De Miguel E,Iribarren I,Chacón E,et al.Risk-based evaluationof the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds inMadrid(Spain)[J].Chemosphere,2007,66(3):505-513.
[17]Lim H-S,Lee J-S,Chon H-T,et al.Heavy metal contaminationand health risk assessment in the vicinity of the abandonedSongcheon Au-Ag mine in Korea[J].Journal of GeochemicalExploration,2008,96(2-3):223-230.
[18]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.329-378.
[19]Ivan G,Rabia A G.Potential health risk assessment for soil heavymetal contamination in the central zone of Belgrade(Serbia)[J].Journal of the Serbia Chemical Society,2008,73(8-9):923-934.
[20]常静,刘敏,李先华,等.上海地表灰尘重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(5):548-554.
[21]周元祥.安徽铜陵典型尾矿库地球化学和环境地球化学效应[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2009:41-52.
[22]周元祥,岳书仓,周涛发.安徽铜陵杨山冲尾矿库尾砂重金属元素的迁移规律[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(4):497-503.
[23]李湘凌,周涛发,殷汉琴,等.基于层次聚类法和主成分分析法的铜陵市大气降尘污染元素来源解析研究[J].地质论评,2010,56(2):283-288.
[24]侯千,马建华,王晓云,等.开封市幼儿园土壤重金属生物活性及潜在生态风险[J].环境科学,2011,32(6):1764-1771.
[25]Thums C R,Farago M E,Thornton L.Bioavailability of tracemetals in brown field soils in an urban area in the UK[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2008,30(6):549-563.
[26]张应华,刘志全,李广贺,等.基于不确定性分析的健康环境风险评价[J].环境科学,2007,28(7):1409-1415.
[27]Kentel E,Aral M M.2D Monte Carlo verus 2D fuzzy MonteCarlo health risk assessment[J].Stochastic EnvironmentalResearch and Risk Assessment,2005,19(1):86-96.
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