发震带试验(SEIZE)
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摘要
对发震带试验计划(SEIZE)以及南海(Nankai)海槽的发震带钻探计划(NanTroSEIZE)进行了综述。SEIZE作为大陆边缘计划(MARGINS)的重要研究内容和综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)的优先研究领域,重点对世界主要俯冲发震带进行研究。SEIZE的主要研究内容包括:①凸凹体的物理性质;②在地震周期里,应力、应变和孔隙流体成分随时间的变化;③在俯冲逆冲断层上,发震带上界和下界的确定;④引起海啸的发震带的特征;⑤大型逆冲带地震在物质转换过程中所起的作用。NanTroSEIZE将成为IODP第一个基于立管钻探的计划,也是科学大洋钻探历史上第一个分期实施的复合钻探计划;钻入发震带的复合钻探计划将最终验证关于发震带的各种假说。
This paper gives a brief introduction to the Seimogenic Zone Experiment (SEIZE) and Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE). As one of major initiatives of the NSF-MARGINS Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), SEIZE focuses its research on major subduction seismogenic belts in the world. The main study areas of SEIZE include: (1)physical nature of asperity; (2)temporal relationships among stress, strain, and pore fluid pressure throughout the earthquake cycle; (3)controls on the updip and downdip limits of the seismogenic zone of subduction thrusts; (4)nature of tsunamigenic earthquake zones; (5)role of large thrust earthquake in mass flux. As the first riser drilling proposal, NanTroSEIZE was highly ranked. It is also the first complex drilling proposal in the history of scientific ocean drilling program. Drilling through the seismogenic zone based on this complex drilling proposal will provide evidences to validate many hypotheses of the seismogenic zone.
This paper gives a brief introduction to the Seimogenic Zone Experiment (SEIZE) and Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE). As one of major initiatives of the NSF-MARGINS Program and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), SEIZE focuses its research on major subduction seismogenic belts in the world. The main study areas of SEIZE include: (1)physical nature of asperity; (2)temporal relationships among stress, strain, and pore fluid pressure throughout the earthquake cycle; (3)controls on the updip and downdip limits of the seismogenic zone of subduction thrusts; (4)nature of tsunamigenic earthquake zones; (5)role of large thrust earthquake in mass flux. As the first riser drilling proposal, NanTroSEIZE was highly ranked. It is also the first complex drilling proposal in the history of scientific ocean drilling program. Drilling through the seismogenic zone based on this complex drilling proposal will provide evidences to validate many hypotheses of the seismogenic zone.
引文
[1] IPSC. Earth, Ocean and life-Integrated Ocean D rilling Program,In itial Science P lan,2003-2013[M ]. Earth Sciences D ivision ofNSFC translate. Shanghai: Tongji Un iversity Press,2003.[ IODP科学规划委员会编著. IODP初始科学计划2003—2013[M ].国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部等译.上海:同济大学出版社,2003.]
[2] Margins Steering Comm ittee. The Seismogen ic Zone Experim ent( SE IZE ): Science P lan [ EB /OL]. http://www. geo. ua. edu /AMG /O ldMargins/SE IZE_sci_plan. htm l#,2004-10-10.
[3] L iu X inyue , W ang Q ing, Zhou Zuyi. IODP in Japan [ J].Ad-vances in Earth Science,2004,19(4):552-557.[刘新月,王清,周祖翼.日本的综合大洋钻探计划( IODP)[ J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):552-557.]
[4] Lay T, Astiz L, KanamoriH,et al.Temporal variation of large in-traplate earthquakes in coupled subduction Zone [ J].Physics ofthe Earth and Planetary Interior,s 1989,54:258-312.
[5] The MarginsO ffice atLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory ofColum-b ia Un iversity. NSF MARG INS Program-Science P lan.2004[M /OL ]. http://www. margins. wustl. edu /Pub lications/ScienceP-lans/MARG INS_ScienceP lans2004. pdf,2004-10-02.
[6] ProttiM, M cnally K, Pacheco J,et al. The March 25,1990(M(W )=7.0 M (L)=6.8), earthquake at the entrance of theN icoya Gu lf, Costa-R ica-Its prior activity, foreshocks, and trig-gered seism icity [ J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch-Solid Earth,1995,100(B10):20345-20358.
[7] B ilek S L, Schwartz S Y, D eshon H R,et a.l Control of seafloorroughness on earthquake rupture behavior[ J].Geolog,y 2003,31:455-458.
[8] Ruff L J. Asperity D istributions and large Earthquake occurrencein subduction zones[ J].Tectonophysics,1992,211:61-83.
[9] M cCaffrey R. Statistical sign ificance of the seism ic coupling coeffi-cient[ J].Bulletin of the Seism ological Society ofAm erica,1997,87:1069-1073.
[10] Hek i K, M iyazake S I, Tsu jiH,et a.l S ilent fau lt slip follow ingan interplate thrust earthquake at the Japan Trench[ J].Nature,1997,.386:595-598.
[11] H irose H, H irahara K, K imata F,et al. A slow thrust slip eventfollow ing the two 1996 hyuganada earthquakes beneath the Bungochannel, Southwest Japan [ J ].Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:3237-3240.
[12] Ozawa S, Murakam iM, Tada T,et al. Tim e-dependent inversionstudy of the slow thrust event in the Nankai Trough SubductionZone, Southwestern Japan[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,2001,106:787-802.
[13] Burgmann R, Kogan M G, Levin V E,et a.l Rap id Aseism icMom ent Release Follow ing the 5 D ecember,1997 Kronotsky,Kam chatka, Earthquake [ J ].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28:213-234.
[14] D ragert G, W ang K, Jam es T S,et a.l A silent slip event on thedeeper Cascad ia subduction interface[ J].Science,2001,292:1225-1528.
[15] L inde A T, S ilver P G. E levation changes and the great 1960ch ilean earthquake-support for Aseism ic Slip [ J].GeophusicalResearch Letter,s 1989,16:1305-1308.
[16] Geller R J, Jackson D D, Kagan Y Y,et al. Geoscience-earth-quakes cannot be pred icted [ J].Science,1997,275:1616-1617.
[17] Masterlark T, D eM ets C, W angH F,et a.l Homogeneous vs het-erogeneous subduction zone models: Coseism ic and postseism icdeformation[ J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28:4047-4050.
[18] Hyndman R D, W ang K. Thermal constraints on the zone ofma-jor thrust earthquake failure—The Cascad ia Subduction Zone[ J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,1993,98:2039-2060.
[19] Hyndman R D, W ang K, YamanoM. Thermal constraints on theseismogen ic portion of the southwestern Japan subduction thrust[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,1995,100:15373-15392.
[20] F isher D, Byrne Tim. The character and d istribution ofm ineral-ized fractures in the Kod iak formation, A laska-implications forflu id-flow in an underthrust sequence[ J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch-Solid Earth and Planet,s 1990,95:9069-9080.
[21] Moore J C, SafferD. Upd ip lim it of the seismogen ic zone beneaththe accretionary Prism of southwest Japan: An E ffect of d iageneticto low-grade m etamorph ic processes and increasing effective stress[ J].Geology,2001,29:183-186.
[22] U jiie K. Evolution and k inematics of an ancient decollem entzone, m elange in the Sh imanto accretionary complex ofOk inawaIsland, Ryukyu Arc[ J].Journal ofStructural Geology,2002,24:937-952.
[23] Tsunam i Earthquakes [EB /OL]. http://www. sciencemag. org /cgi/content/fu ll/278/5338/598,2005-02-12.
[24] B ilek S L, Lay,et a.l Tsunam i earthquakes possib ly w idespreadman ifestations of frictional cond itional stab ility[ J].GeophysicalResearch Letters,2002,29: art. no.-1673.
[25] H ickman S, S ibson R, B ruhn R. Introduction to Special Section-M echan ical Involvem ent of Flu ids in Fau lting[ J].Journal ofGe-ophysical Research-Solid Earth,1995,100:12831-12840.
[26] Raleigh C B, Healy J H, B redehoeft J D. Experim ent in anearthquake control at Rangely, Colorado [ J].Science,1976,191:1230-1237.
[27] Johnson P A, M cevilly T V. Parkfield seism icity-flu id-driven[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,1995,100:12937-12950.
[28] HubbertM K, RubeyM K, RubeyW W. Role of flu id pressurein the m echan ics of overthrust fau lting I: M echan ics of flu id-filledporous solids and its application to overthrust Fau lting[ J].GSABulletin,1959,70:115-166.
[29] Davis D, Suppe J, Dahlen F A. M echan ics of Fold-and-ThrustBelts and Accretionary W edges[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Re-search,1983,88:1153-1172.
[30] Scholz C H. Earthquakes and friction laws[ J].Nature,1998,391:37-42.
[31] Saffer D M, Bek ins B A. Hydrologic Controls on the Morphologyand M echan ics ofAccretionaryW edges[ J].Geology,2002,30:271-274.
[32] Revil A, Cathles L M. Flu id Transport by Solitary W aves A longG row ing Fau lts-A F ield Example from the South Eugene IslandBasin, Gu lf ofM exico[ J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,202(2):321-335.
[33] Song Haib in, Matsuba Y O, Kuramot S. A summary of gas hy-drate researches in ad jacent sea regions around Japan especiallythe Nankai Trough[ J].Progress in Geophysics,2001,16(2):88-98.[宋海斌,松林修,仓本真一.日本Nankai海槽天然气水合物研究现状[ J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(2):88-98.]
[34] Xu Jiren, Zhao Zh ixin, Kono Y,et al. Regional characteristicsof stress field and its dynam ics in and around the Nankai trough,Japan[ J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,2003,46:488-495.[徐纪人,赵志新,河野芳辉,等.日本南海海槽地震区域应力场及其板块构造动力学特征[ J].地球物理学报,2003,46:488-495.]
[35] Gaku K imura, Harold Tob in, the NanTroSE IZE W ork ing G roup.NanTroSE IZE: The Nankai Trough seismogen ic zone experim entComplex D rilling Project [EB /OL]. IODP Complex D rilling Pro-ject ( CDP ) proposal (603). http://www. ees. nm t. edu /NanTroSE IZE /603-CDP-REV3_pub. pdf,2004-12-07.
[2] Margins Steering Comm ittee. The Seismogen ic Zone Experim ent( SE IZE ): Science P lan [ EB /OL]. http://www. geo. ua. edu /AMG /O ldMargins/SE IZE_sci_plan. htm l#,2004-10-10.
[3] L iu X inyue , W ang Q ing, Zhou Zuyi. IODP in Japan [ J].Ad-vances in Earth Science,2004,19(4):552-557.[刘新月,王清,周祖翼.日本的综合大洋钻探计划( IODP)[ J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):552-557.]
[4] Lay T, Astiz L, KanamoriH,et al.Temporal variation of large in-traplate earthquakes in coupled subduction Zone [ J].Physics ofthe Earth and Planetary Interior,s 1989,54:258-312.
[5] The MarginsO ffice atLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory ofColum-b ia Un iversity. NSF MARG INS Program-Science P lan.2004[M /OL ]. http://www. margins. wustl. edu /Pub lications/ScienceP-lans/MARG INS_ScienceP lans2004. pdf,2004-10-02.
[6] ProttiM, M cnally K, Pacheco J,et al. The March 25,1990(M(W )=7.0 M (L)=6.8), earthquake at the entrance of theN icoya Gu lf, Costa-R ica-Its prior activity, foreshocks, and trig-gered seism icity [ J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch-Solid Earth,1995,100(B10):20345-20358.
[7] B ilek S L, Schwartz S Y, D eshon H R,et a.l Control of seafloorroughness on earthquake rupture behavior[ J].Geolog,y 2003,31:455-458.
[8] Ruff L J. Asperity D istributions and large Earthquake occurrencein subduction zones[ J].Tectonophysics,1992,211:61-83.
[9] M cCaffrey R. Statistical sign ificance of the seism ic coupling coeffi-cient[ J].Bulletin of the Seism ological Society ofAm erica,1997,87:1069-1073.
[10] Hek i K, M iyazake S I, Tsu jiH,et a.l S ilent fau lt slip follow ingan interplate thrust earthquake at the Japan Trench[ J].Nature,1997,.386:595-598.
[11] H irose H, H irahara K, K imata F,et al. A slow thrust slip eventfollow ing the two 1996 hyuganada earthquakes beneath the Bungochannel, Southwest Japan [ J ].Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:3237-3240.
[12] Ozawa S, Murakam iM, Tada T,et al. Tim e-dependent inversionstudy of the slow thrust event in the Nankai Trough SubductionZone, Southwestern Japan[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,2001,106:787-802.
[13] Burgmann R, Kogan M G, Levin V E,et a.l Rap id Aseism icMom ent Release Follow ing the 5 D ecember,1997 Kronotsky,Kam chatka, Earthquake [ J ].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28:213-234.
[14] D ragert G, W ang K, Jam es T S,et a.l A silent slip event on thedeeper Cascad ia subduction interface[ J].Science,2001,292:1225-1528.
[15] L inde A T, S ilver P G. E levation changes and the great 1960ch ilean earthquake-support for Aseism ic Slip [ J].GeophusicalResearch Letter,s 1989,16:1305-1308.
[16] Geller R J, Jackson D D, Kagan Y Y,et al. Geoscience-earth-quakes cannot be pred icted [ J].Science,1997,275:1616-1617.
[17] Masterlark T, D eM ets C, W angH F,et a.l Homogeneous vs het-erogeneous subduction zone models: Coseism ic and postseism icdeformation[ J].Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28:4047-4050.
[18] Hyndman R D, W ang K. Thermal constraints on the zone ofma-jor thrust earthquake failure—The Cascad ia Subduction Zone[ J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,1993,98:2039-2060.
[19] Hyndman R D, W ang K, YamanoM. Thermal constraints on theseismogen ic portion of the southwestern Japan subduction thrust[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,1995,100:15373-15392.
[20] F isher D, Byrne Tim. The character and d istribution ofm ineral-ized fractures in the Kod iak formation, A laska-implications forflu id-flow in an underthrust sequence[ J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch-Solid Earth and Planet,s 1990,95:9069-9080.
[21] Moore J C, SafferD. Upd ip lim it of the seismogen ic zone beneaththe accretionary Prism of southwest Japan: An E ffect of d iageneticto low-grade m etamorph ic processes and increasing effective stress[ J].Geology,2001,29:183-186.
[22] U jiie K. Evolution and k inematics of an ancient decollem entzone, m elange in the Sh imanto accretionary complex ofOk inawaIsland, Ryukyu Arc[ J].Journal ofStructural Geology,2002,24:937-952.
[23] Tsunam i Earthquakes [EB /OL]. http://www. sciencemag. org /cgi/content/fu ll/278/5338/598,2005-02-12.
[24] B ilek S L, Lay,et a.l Tsunam i earthquakes possib ly w idespreadman ifestations of frictional cond itional stab ility[ J].GeophysicalResearch Letters,2002,29: art. no.-1673.
[25] H ickman S, S ibson R, B ruhn R. Introduction to Special Section-M echan ical Involvem ent of Flu ids in Fau lting[ J].Journal ofGe-ophysical Research-Solid Earth,1995,100:12831-12840.
[26] Raleigh C B, Healy J H, B redehoeft J D. Experim ent in anearthquake control at Rangely, Colorado [ J].Science,1976,191:1230-1237.
[27] Johnson P A, M cevilly T V. Parkfield seism icity-flu id-driven[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Research-Solid Earth,1995,100:12937-12950.
[28] HubbertM K, RubeyM K, RubeyW W. Role of flu id pressurein the m echan ics of overthrust fau lting I: M echan ics of flu id-filledporous solids and its application to overthrust Fau lting[ J].GSABulletin,1959,70:115-166.
[29] Davis D, Suppe J, Dahlen F A. M echan ics of Fold-and-ThrustBelts and Accretionary W edges[ J].Journal ofGeophysical Re-search,1983,88:1153-1172.
[30] Scholz C H. Earthquakes and friction laws[ J].Nature,1998,391:37-42.
[31] Saffer D M, Bek ins B A. Hydrologic Controls on the Morphologyand M echan ics ofAccretionaryW edges[ J].Geology,2002,30:271-274.
[32] Revil A, Cathles L M. Flu id Transport by Solitary W aves A longG row ing Fau lts-A F ield Example from the South Eugene IslandBasin, Gu lf ofM exico[ J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,202(2):321-335.
[33] Song Haib in, Matsuba Y O, Kuramot S. A summary of gas hy-drate researches in ad jacent sea regions around Japan especiallythe Nankai Trough[ J].Progress in Geophysics,2001,16(2):88-98.[宋海斌,松林修,仓本真一.日本Nankai海槽天然气水合物研究现状[ J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(2):88-98.]
[34] Xu Jiren, Zhao Zh ixin, Kono Y,et al. Regional characteristicsof stress field and its dynam ics in and around the Nankai trough,Japan[ J].Chinese Journal ofGeophysics,2003,46:488-495.[徐纪人,赵志新,河野芳辉,等.日本南海海槽地震区域应力场及其板块构造动力学特征[ J].地球物理学报,2003,46:488-495.]
[35] Gaku K imura, Harold Tob in, the NanTroSE IZE W ork ing G roup.NanTroSE IZE: The Nankai Trough seismogen ic zone experim entComplex D rilling Project [EB /OL]. IODP Complex D rilling Pro-ject ( CDP ) proposal (603). http://www. ees. nm t. edu /NanTroSE IZE /603-CDP-REV3_pub. pdf,2004-12-07.