低频率泥石流灾害及工程防治
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摘要
重现期＞50 a的泥石流被定义为低频率泥石流。低频率泥石流灾害可能发生在生态环境良好的地区,并造成重大的财产损失和人员伤亡。低频率泥石流灾害具有需要大暴雨、特大暴雨、冰湖或水库(尾矿坝)溃决、火山爆发、冰雪融化、冰崩、雪崩、滑坡、地震等特殊因素激发,危害严重,难于预测预报等特点。低频率泥石流灾害应采取土木工程进行预防性治理,工程设计的要点是,在沟谷中布置坚固的大中型骨干拦挡工程,并保证有充足的拦淤库容。新型拦砂坝设计采用重力式结构,低坝群布置,浆砌石建造,在坝体上设置大孔口,具有工程投资小,就地取材,施工简单,有选择性地拦截泥沙,拦淤库容可以反复使用等优点,适合我国国情。
Low frequency debris flow is defined as that with return period of larger than 50 years. The most disas- ters have been caused by the low-frequency debris flows,which occur usually under heavy rain and rainstorm;break of ice lake and reservoir (tail mineral dams),volcanic eruptions,melted ice and snow,ice collapse,avalanche, landslides,earthquakes,and others alike. They also occur in good ecological conditions. The forecast of low-fre- quency debris flow is difficult and generally engineering measurements are necessary for prevention. In designing engineering works,the large and medium-sized dams of gravity types should be set in the gully with sufficient ca- pacity of storage. And deeper dams should be planned in group with coordinating function. The sediment can be se- lectively captured and the capacity of storage can be renewed. Dams are built in stone masonry with parallel holes for delivering water and fine content of sediment of the flow. Engineering system like this costs less and requires no special materials and techniques in construction.
Low frequency debris flow is defined as that with return period of larger than 50 years. The most disas- ters have been caused by the low-frequency debris flows,which occur usually under heavy rain and rainstorm;break of ice lake and reservoir (tail mineral dams),volcanic eruptions,melted ice and snow,ice collapse,avalanche, landslides,earthquakes,and others alike. They also occur in good ecological conditions. The forecast of low-fre- quency debris flow is difficult and generally engineering measurements are necessary for prevention. In designing engineering works,the large and medium-sized dams of gravity types should be set in the gully with sufficient ca- pacity of storage. And deeper dams should be planned in group with coordinating function. The sediment can be se- lectively captured and the capacity of storage can be renewed. Dams are built in stone masonry with parallel holes for delivering water and fine content of sediment of the flow. Engineering system like this costs less and requires no special materials and techniques in construction.
引文
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[15]J.V.Degraff.Landslide dams from the November 1998 Storm Event in Southern Thailand[J].Landslide News,1990,(4):12～15
[16]Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun,Wei Fangqiang,et al.Debris flow hazards and their formation causes in mountain urban of China[J].Jourhal of Mountain Science,2006,24(1):79～87[谢洪，钟敦伦，韦方强，等．我国山区城镇泥石流灾害及其成因[J]．山地学报，2006，24(1)：79～87]
[17]Wang Shige.Landslides and debris flow in construction of town in mountain area in Yunnan Province [A].In:Theory and Practice of Landstide and Debris Flow Hazards for Town in Mountain Area[C].Xian:Northwestern Polytechnic UniversityPress,1999.157～163[王士革．云南山区城镇建设中的滑坡泥石流问题[J]．见：山地城镇规划理论与实践[C]．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1999．157～163]
[18]Li Deji.Theory and Practice of Mitigating Debris Flow Hazards [M].Beijing:Science Press,1997.150～169[李德基．泥石流减灾理论与实践[M]．北京：科学出版杜．1997．150～169]
[19]N.POPOV.Debris flow and their control in Alma-Ata[J].Landslide News,1990,(4):25～27
[20]Lan Zhaosheng,Cao Guangyao,Yao Deji.Sediment control dam of debris flow[J].In:Institute of geography,chinese Academy of Science,et al.Debris Flow(2) [C].Chongqin:ChongqinDivision of Scientific and Technical Document Publishing House,1983.76～84[兰肇生，曹光尧，姚德基．国外泥石流拦挡工程[J]．见：中国科学院成都地理研究所．泥石流(2)[C]．重庆：科学技术出版社重庆分社，1983．76～84]
[2]Wang Shige.Scercan escape from hazards [J].Resource and Environment of Residence,2005,7:9～22[王士革．灾害逃生，先知者胜[J]．资源与人居环境，2005，7：9～22]
[3]Kang Zhicheng,Li Zhuofen,Ma Ailai,et al.Research for Debris Flow in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2004.5～21[康志成，李焯芬，马蔼乃，等．中国泥石流研究[M]．北京：科学出版社，2004．5～21]
[4]Wu Jishan,Tian Lianquan,Kang Zhicheng,et al.Debris Flow and Its Comprchensive Control [M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.191～214[吴积善，田连权，康志成，等．泥石流及其综合防治[M]．北京：科学出版社，1993．191～214]
[5]Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,Chinese Academy of Science & Water Conservancy Ministry.Debris Flow in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2000.60～71[中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所．中国泥石流[M]．北京：科学出版社．2000．60～71]
[6]Zhong Dunlun,Xie Houg,Wang Shige,et al.Debris Flow in the Beijing Mountain [M].Beijing:The Commercial Press,2004.87～108[钟教抡，谢洪，王士革．等．北京山区泥石流[M]．北京：商务印书馆．2004．87～108]
[7]Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun,Wei Fangqiang,et al.Information of debris flow and its collection [J].Scintia Geographica Scinica,2000,20 (5):474～477[谢洪，钟敦抡，韦方强，等．泥石流信息范畴与信息收集[J]．地理科学，2000，20(5)：474～477]
[8]Wane Shige.Characteristic of large low-frequency debris flow hazards and mitigation stratagiese [J].Journal of Mountain Science,2005,2(1):50～58
[9]Wang Shige,Zhoug Dunlun,Zhang Xiaogang,et al.Essential Knowledge for Mitigating Mountain Hazards [M].Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2005.39[王士革，钟敦伦，张晓刚，等．山地灾害及防灾减灾基本知识[M]．成都：四川大学出版社，2005．39]
[10]Li Deiji,Lu Ruren,Tang Bangxing,et al.Debris flow and its control in Lizhiyida Gully,Ganluo,Sichuan[A].In:Collected Papers of the National Conferenceon Exchange of Experiences on the Prevention and Control of Debris Flow[C].Chongqin:Chongqin Division of Scientific and Technical Document Publishing House,1983.34～39[李德基，吕儒仁，唐邦兴，等．四川甘洛利子依达沟泥石流及其防治[A]．见：全国泥石流防治经验交流会论文集[C]．重庆：科学技术文献出版社重庆分社，1983．34～39]
[11]Lu Ruren,Li Deiji,Tan Wanpei,et al.Hazards and Environment in Mountain Area[M].Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2001.36～43[吕儒仁，李德基，潭万沛，等．山地灾害与山地环境[M]．成都：四川大学出版社，2001．36～43]
[12]G.Plaza-nieto,O.Zevallos.The 1993 La Josefina Rockslide and Rio Paute Landslide Dam,Ecuador[J].Landslide News,1994,(8):4～7
[13]James W.Valance.Volcanic debris flows[A].In:Debris-flow Hazards and Related Phenomena[C].Praxis:Praxis Publishing Ltd Chichester UK,2005.247～274
[14]Meng Guocai,Gan Kechang,Wang Shige,et al.Large-scale landslide debris flow hazard and the mitigation countermeasure in Longchuan County,Yunnan Province[J].2004,15(4):104～108[孟国才，高克昌，王士革，等．云南陇川县“2004-07-05”特大滑坡泥石流灾害及防治对策[J]．中国地质灾害与防治学报，2004，15(4)：104～108]
[15]J.V.Degraff.Landslide dams from the November 1998 Storm Event in Southern Thailand[J].Landslide News,1990,(4):12～15
[16]Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun,Wei Fangqiang,et al.Debris flow hazards and their formation causes in mountain urban of China[J].Jourhal of Mountain Science,2006,24(1):79～87[谢洪，钟敦伦，韦方强，等．我国山区城镇泥石流灾害及其成因[J]．山地学报，2006，24(1)：79～87]
[17]Wang Shige.Landslides and debris flow in construction of town in mountain area in Yunnan Province [A].In:Theory and Practice of Landstide and Debris Flow Hazards for Town in Mountain Area[C].Xian:Northwestern Polytechnic UniversityPress,1999.157～163[王士革．云南山区城镇建设中的滑坡泥石流问题[J]．见：山地城镇规划理论与实践[C]．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1999．157～163]
[18]Li Deji.Theory and Practice of Mitigating Debris Flow Hazards [M].Beijing:Science Press,1997.150～169[李德基．泥石流减灾理论与实践[M]．北京：科学出版杜．1997．150～169]
[19]N.POPOV.Debris flow and their control in Alma-Ata[J].Landslide News,1990,(4):25～27
[20]Lan Zhaosheng,Cao Guangyao,Yao Deji.Sediment control dam of debris flow[J].In:Institute of geography,chinese Academy of Science,et al.Debris Flow(2) [C].Chongqin:ChongqinDivision of Scientific and Technical Document Publishing House,1983.76～84[兰肇生，曹光尧，姚德基．国外泥石流拦挡工程[J]．见：中国科学院成都地理研究所．泥石流(2)[C]．重庆：科学技术出版社重庆分社，1983．76～84]
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