钻孔差应变仪观测的苏门答腊大地震激发的地球环型自由振荡
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摘要
我们率先用钻孔应变仪观测资料研究了地球自由振荡.泰安地震台有差应变和体应变两种钻孔应变观测仪器,都观测到2004年12月26日苏门答腊大地震激发的地球自由振荡.体应变仪观测到地球的球型振荡,而差应变仪观测到地球的环型振荡.两种观测还记录到环型振荡与球型振荡相互的耦合作用.观测也记录到明显的一些振型的谱线分裂现象.用直接观测到的高质量的环型振荡资料求解了0T8~0T19等主要振型的Q值.根据两个方向的剪应变观测数据,求解了环型振荡的最大剪应变方向,发现这个方向是相当稳定的.这种研究表明,高精度钻孔应变观测仪是一种理想的地壳形变观测仪器,可以为地球自由振荡研究提供更丰富的信息.
We first studied Earth's free oscillations using observations of borehole strainmeters. Two kinds of borehole strainmeters at the Tai'an Observation Station, TJ dilatometer and RYR shear strainmeter, both have observed the Earth's free oscillations excited by the great Sumatra earthquake occurred on December 26, 2004, with dilatometer for spheroidal modes and shear strainmeter for torsional modes. They also observed coupled modes as well as split modes. Q-values of _0T_8～_0T_ 19 are determined from high-quality data of torsional oscillations. According to recordings of the RYR borehole shear strainmeter in two perpendicular directions, the torsional oscillation symmetrical axis orientation of the earthquake is calculated and found to be quite steady with time and modes. High-precision borehole strainmeter proved to be ideal for crustal deformation observation and able to provide unique data for researches of Earth’s free oscillation.
We first studied Earth's free oscillations using observations of borehole strainmeters. Two kinds of borehole strainmeters at the Tai'an Observation Station, TJ dilatometer and RYR shear strainmeter, both have observed the Earth's free oscillations excited by the great Sumatra earthquake occurred on December 26, 2004, with dilatometer for spheroidal modes and shear strainmeter for torsional modes. They also observed coupled modes as well as split modes. Q-values of _0T_8～_0T_ 19 are determined from high-quality data of torsional oscillations. According to recordings of the RYR borehole shear strainmeter in two perpendicular directions, the torsional oscillation symmetrical axis orientation of the earthquake is calculated and found to be quite steady with time and modes. High-precision borehole strainmeter proved to be ideal for crustal deformation observation and able to provide unique data for researches of Earth’s free oscillation.
引文
[1]傅承义,陈运泰,祁贵仲.地球物理学基础.北京:科学出版社,1985.347~368Fu C Y,Chen YT,Qi GZ.Fundamental Geophysics(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1985.347~368
[2]Lamb H.Onthe variations of an elastic sphere.Lond.Math.Soc.Proc.,1882,13:233~256
[3]Benioff H,Press F,Smith S.Excitation of thefree oscillations of the Earth by earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):605~619
[4]Alsop L E,Sutton G H,Ewing M.Free oscillations of the Earth observed on strain and pendulumseismographs.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):631~641
[5]Bogert B P.An observation of free oscillations of the Earth.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):643~646
[6]Dziewonski A M,Gillbert F.Observation of normal modes from84recordings of the Alaskan earthquakes of1964March28.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.1972,27:393~446
[7]Bolt B A,Currie R G.Maximumentropy estimates of Earthtorsional eigenperiods from1960trieste data.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1975,40:107~114
[8]Zadro M,Braitenberg C.Measurements and interpretations of tilt-strain gauges in seismically active areas.Earth-Science Reviews,1999,47:151~187
[9]吕永清,蔡亚先,周云耀.用JCZ-1超宽频带数字地震仪观测地球自由振荡.地壳形变与地震,1997,17(3):103~105LY Q,Cai Y X,Zhou Y Y.Observation of the Earth’s free oscillations with ultra-wide band seismometers.Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),1997,17(3):103~105
[10]雷湘鄂,许厚泽,孙和平.利用超导重力观测资料检测地球自由振荡.科学通报,2002,47(18):1432~1436Lei X E,Xu HZ,Sun HP.Checkof free oscillationsignal with SG data.Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(18):1573~1577
[11]雷湘鄂,许厚泽,孙和平.由5个国际超导重力仪台站资料检测到的秘鲁8.2级大地震所激发的球型自由振荡现象.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(5):483~491Lei X E,Xu HZ,Sun HP.Detection of spheriodal free oscillation excited by Peru8.2Ms earthquake with five international superconductinggravimeter data.Sciencein China(Series D),2005,48:123~133
[12]万永革,周公威,郭燕平.中国数字地震台网记录的昆仑山口西地震的球型自由振荡.地震,2005,25(1):31~40Wan Y G,Zhou G W,Guo Y P.Spherical mode of the earth free oscillation excited by the earthquake in the west to the Kunlun mountain pass recorded by China digital seismograph network(in Chinese).Earthquake,2005,25(1):31~40
[13]宋秀青,于海英.印度洋9.0级大地震激发的基频地球球型振荡.地震地磁观测与研究,2005,4:13~16Song X Q,Yu H Y.Fundamental spheroidal mode excited by the earthquake of9.0in the Indian Ocean on Dec.26th,2004(in Chinese).Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2005,4:13~16
[14]Widmer R,Zrn W,Masters G.Observation of low-order toroidal modes fromthe1989Macquarie Rise event.Geophys.J.Int.,1992,111:226~236
[15]Tromp J,Zanzerkia E.Toroidal splitting observations fromthe great1994Bolivia and Kuril Islands earthquakes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(16):2297~2300
[16]Masters G,ParkJ,Gilbert F.Observations of coupledspheroidal and toroidal modes.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B12):10285~10298
[17]Zrn W,Laske G,Widmer-Schnidrig R,et al.Observation of coriolis coupled modes bellow1mHz.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,143:113~118
[18]Dziewonski A M,Anderson D L.Preliminary reference earth model.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,1981,25:297~356
[19]Sacks I S,Suyehiro S,Evertson D W,et al.Sacks-Evertson strainmeter,its installation in Japan and some preliminary results concerning strain steps.Pap Met Geophys,1971,22:195~207
[20]Gladwin MT.High precision multi-component borehole deformation monitoring.Rev.Sci Instru,1984,55:2011~2016
[21]邱泽华,石耀霖.国际钻孔应变观测的发展现状.地震学报,2004,26(增刊):481~488Qiu Z H,Shi Y L.Developments of borehole strain observation outside China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,17(Suppl.):172~178
[22]章名川,区明益,汪铁华.测量地应力的专用仪器\-\-SYL-1型数字式压磁应力仪.见:地应力测量的原理和应用.北京:地质出版社,1981.97~112Zhang MC,Ou MY,Wang TH.Aspecial instrumentfor measuring stress inthe Earth crust\-ASYL-1type digital piezo-magnetic stress indicator.In:Principles and Application of Ground Stress Measurement(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.97~112
[23]王启民,冯先水,马鸿钧.一种弦频式钻孔应变仪.地震学报,1983,5(3):370~376Wang Q M,Feng XS,Ma HJ.Astring-frequency bore-hole strain meter.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1983,5(3):370~376
[24]欧阳祖熙,李秉元,贾维九等.一种钻井式地应力测量系统.见:地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,1988,2,1~20Ouyang Z X,Li B Y,Jia WJ,et al.Aborehole type instrument for monitoring of changing stress field in Earth’s crust.In:Bulletin of the Institute of Crustal Dynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988,2:1~20
[25]池顺良.一种浅孔安装的YRY-2型钻孔应变仪在中国华北地区8个台站试验观测的结果.地震学报,1993,15(2):224~231Chi S L.Trial results of YRY-2shallowborehole strainmeter at eight observation sites in Northern China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1993,15(2):224~231
[26]Park J,Song TA,Tromp J,et al.Earth’s free oscillations excitedby the26December2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Science,2005,308:1139~1146
[27]潘立宙.测量地应力的钻孔变形法.见:中国地质科学院地质力学研究所和国家地震局地震地质大队编.地应力测量的原理和应用.北京:地质出版社,1981.1~47Pan LZ.Borehole deformation method of groundstress measurement.In:Principles and Application of Ground Stress Measurement(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.1~47
[28]邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地相对标定.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,1:118~122Qiu Z H,Shi Y L,Ouyang Z X.Relative in-situ calibration of4-component borehole strainmeters.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2005,1:118~122
[29]邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地绝对标定.地震,2005,3:27~34Qiu Z H,Shi Y L,Ouyang Z X.Absolute in-situ calibration of4-component borehole strainmeters.Earthquake(in Chinese),2005,3:27~34
[30]Sorrells GG.Apreliminaryinvestigationintothe relationship between long-period seismic noise and local fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure field.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1971,26:71~82
[31]Mller T,Zrn W.Observation of gravity changes duringthe passage of coldfronts.J.Geophy.,1983,53:155~162
[32]郑治真.波谱分析基础.北京:地震出版社,1979.232~237Zheng Z Z.Fundamental Spectrum Analysis(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1979.1~47
[33]苏恺之,刘瑞民,裴玉珍等.液位型和液压型体积式应变仪.见:地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,1987,1:131~135Su K Z,Liu R M,Pei Y Z,et al.Hydraulic level type and hydraulic pressure type dilatometers.Bulletin of the Institute of Crustal Dynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1987,1:131~135
[34]Haddon R A W,Bullen K E.An Earth model incorporating free Earth oscillation data.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,1969,2:35~49
[35]Ness N F,Harrison J C,Slichter L B.Observations of the free oscillations of the Earth.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):621~629
[36]Geller R J,Stein S.Time-domain attenuation measurements for fundamental spheroidal modes(0S6to0S28)for the1977Indonesian earthquake.Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society ofAmerica,1979,69(6):1671~1691
[37]Beroza G C,Jordan T H.Searching for slowand silent earthquakes usingfree oscillations.J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95(B3):2485~2510
[38]Suda N,Nawa K,Fukao Y.Earth’s background free oscillations.Science,1998,279:2089~2091
[39]Tanimoto T,UmJ,Nishida K,et al.Earth’s continuous oscillations observed on seismically quiet days.Geophys.Res.Lett.1998,25:1553~1556
[40]Tanimoto T,UmJ.Cause of continuous oscillations of the Earth.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104:28723~28739
[41]Rhie J,Romanowicz B.Excitation of Earth’s continuous free oscillations by atmosphere-ocean-seafloor coupling.Nature,2004,431:552~556
[2]Lamb H.Onthe variations of an elastic sphere.Lond.Math.Soc.Proc.,1882,13:233~256
[3]Benioff H,Press F,Smith S.Excitation of thefree oscillations of the Earth by earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):605~619
[4]Alsop L E,Sutton G H,Ewing M.Free oscillations of the Earth observed on strain and pendulumseismographs.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):631~641
[5]Bogert B P.An observation of free oscillations of the Earth.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):643~646
[6]Dziewonski A M,Gillbert F.Observation of normal modes from84recordings of the Alaskan earthquakes of1964March28.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.1972,27:393~446
[7]Bolt B A,Currie R G.Maximumentropy estimates of Earthtorsional eigenperiods from1960trieste data.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1975,40:107~114
[8]Zadro M,Braitenberg C.Measurements and interpretations of tilt-strain gauges in seismically active areas.Earth-Science Reviews,1999,47:151~187
[9]吕永清,蔡亚先,周云耀.用JCZ-1超宽频带数字地震仪观测地球自由振荡.地壳形变与地震,1997,17(3):103~105LY Q,Cai Y X,Zhou Y Y.Observation of the Earth’s free oscillations with ultra-wide band seismometers.Crustal Deformation and Earthquake(in Chinese),1997,17(3):103~105
[10]雷湘鄂,许厚泽,孙和平.利用超导重力观测资料检测地球自由振荡.科学通报,2002,47(18):1432~1436Lei X E,Xu HZ,Sun HP.Checkof free oscillationsignal with SG data.Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(18):1573~1577
[11]雷湘鄂,许厚泽,孙和平.由5个国际超导重力仪台站资料检测到的秘鲁8.2级大地震所激发的球型自由振荡现象.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(5):483~491Lei X E,Xu HZ,Sun HP.Detection of spheriodal free oscillation excited by Peru8.2Ms earthquake with five international superconductinggravimeter data.Sciencein China(Series D),2005,48:123~133
[12]万永革,周公威,郭燕平.中国数字地震台网记录的昆仑山口西地震的球型自由振荡.地震,2005,25(1):31~40Wan Y G,Zhou G W,Guo Y P.Spherical mode of the earth free oscillation excited by the earthquake in the west to the Kunlun mountain pass recorded by China digital seismograph network(in Chinese).Earthquake,2005,25(1):31~40
[13]宋秀青,于海英.印度洋9.0级大地震激发的基频地球球型振荡.地震地磁观测与研究,2005,4:13~16Song X Q,Yu H Y.Fundamental spheroidal mode excited by the earthquake of9.0in the Indian Ocean on Dec.26th,2004(in Chinese).Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,2005,4:13~16
[14]Widmer R,Zrn W,Masters G.Observation of low-order toroidal modes fromthe1989Macquarie Rise event.Geophys.J.Int.,1992,111:226~236
[15]Tromp J,Zanzerkia E.Toroidal splitting observations fromthe great1994Bolivia and Kuril Islands earthquakes.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22(16):2297~2300
[16]Masters G,ParkJ,Gilbert F.Observations of coupledspheroidal and toroidal modes.J.Geophys.Res.,1983,88(B12):10285~10298
[17]Zrn W,Laske G,Widmer-Schnidrig R,et al.Observation of coriolis coupled modes bellow1mHz.Geophys.J.Int.,2000,143:113~118
[18]Dziewonski A M,Anderson D L.Preliminary reference earth model.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,1981,25:297~356
[19]Sacks I S,Suyehiro S,Evertson D W,et al.Sacks-Evertson strainmeter,its installation in Japan and some preliminary results concerning strain steps.Pap Met Geophys,1971,22:195~207
[20]Gladwin MT.High precision multi-component borehole deformation monitoring.Rev.Sci Instru,1984,55:2011~2016
[21]邱泽华,石耀霖.国际钻孔应变观测的发展现状.地震学报,2004,26(增刊):481~488Qiu Z H,Shi Y L.Developments of borehole strain observation outside China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,17(Suppl.):172~178
[22]章名川,区明益,汪铁华.测量地应力的专用仪器\-\-SYL-1型数字式压磁应力仪.见:地应力测量的原理和应用.北京:地质出版社,1981.97~112Zhang MC,Ou MY,Wang TH.Aspecial instrumentfor measuring stress inthe Earth crust\-ASYL-1type digital piezo-magnetic stress indicator.In:Principles and Application of Ground Stress Measurement(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.97~112
[23]王启民,冯先水,马鸿钧.一种弦频式钻孔应变仪.地震学报,1983,5(3):370~376Wang Q M,Feng XS,Ma HJ.Astring-frequency bore-hole strain meter.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1983,5(3):370~376
[24]欧阳祖熙,李秉元,贾维九等.一种钻井式地应力测量系统.见:地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,1988,2,1~20Ouyang Z X,Li B Y,Jia WJ,et al.Aborehole type instrument for monitoring of changing stress field in Earth’s crust.In:Bulletin of the Institute of Crustal Dynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1988,2:1~20
[25]池顺良.一种浅孔安装的YRY-2型钻孔应变仪在中国华北地区8个台站试验观测的结果.地震学报,1993,15(2):224~231Chi S L.Trial results of YRY-2shallowborehole strainmeter at eight observation sites in Northern China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1993,15(2):224~231
[26]Park J,Song TA,Tromp J,et al.Earth’s free oscillations excitedby the26December2004Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Science,2005,308:1139~1146
[27]潘立宙.测量地应力的钻孔变形法.见:中国地质科学院地质力学研究所和国家地震局地震地质大队编.地应力测量的原理和应用.北京:地质出版社,1981.1~47Pan LZ.Borehole deformation method of groundstress measurement.In:Principles and Application of Ground Stress Measurement(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.1~47
[28]邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地相对标定.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,1:118~122Qiu Z H,Shi Y L,Ouyang Z X.Relative in-situ calibration of4-component borehole strainmeters.Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2005,1:118~122
[29]邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地绝对标定.地震,2005,3:27~34Qiu Z H,Shi Y L,Ouyang Z X.Absolute in-situ calibration of4-component borehole strainmeters.Earthquake(in Chinese),2005,3:27~34
[30]Sorrells GG.Apreliminaryinvestigationintothe relationship between long-period seismic noise and local fluctuations in the atmospheric pressure field.Geophys.J.R.Astr.Soc.,1971,26:71~82
[31]Mller T,Zrn W.Observation of gravity changes duringthe passage of coldfronts.J.Geophy.,1983,53:155~162
[32]郑治真.波谱分析基础.北京:地震出版社,1979.232~237Zheng Z Z.Fundamental Spectrum Analysis(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1979.1~47
[33]苏恺之,刘瑞民,裴玉珍等.液位型和液压型体积式应变仪.见:地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,1987,1:131~135Su K Z,Liu R M,Pei Y Z,et al.Hydraulic level type and hydraulic pressure type dilatometers.Bulletin of the Institute of Crustal Dynamics(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1987,1:131~135
[34]Haddon R A W,Bullen K E.An Earth model incorporating free Earth oscillation data.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,1969,2:35~49
[35]Ness N F,Harrison J C,Slichter L B.Observations of the free oscillations of the Earth.J.Geophys.Res.,1961,66(2):621~629
[36]Geller R J,Stein S.Time-domain attenuation measurements for fundamental spheroidal modes(0S6to0S28)for the1977Indonesian earthquake.Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society ofAmerica,1979,69(6):1671~1691
[37]Beroza G C,Jordan T H.Searching for slowand silent earthquakes usingfree oscillations.J.Geophys.Res.,1990,95(B3):2485~2510
[38]Suda N,Nawa K,Fukao Y.Earth’s background free oscillations.Science,1998,279:2089~2091
[39]Tanimoto T,UmJ,Nishida K,et al.Earth’s continuous oscillations observed on seismically quiet days.Geophys.Res.Lett.1998,25:1553~1556
[40]Tanimoto T,UmJ.Cause of continuous oscillations of the Earth.J.Geophys.Res.,1999,104:28723~28739
[41]Rhie J,Romanowicz B.Excitation of Earth’s continuous free oscillations by atmosphere-ocean-seafloor coupling.Nature,2004,431:552~556
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