普通民众认知与响应汶川M_S8.0地震特征分析——以陕西勉县为例
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摘要
为进一步了解普通民众对汶川MS8.0地震灾害的认知与响应程度,并为政府防震减灾战略的制定和实施提供科学依据,根据地震灾害认知与响应结构体系设计了普通民众地震灾害认知与响应调查问卷,主要指标体系包括地震灾害知识、防震减灾技能、自救互救和震后信息传播等4个方面。基于权重和赋分,构建了指标体系各部分评价模型和地震灾害认知与响应总体评价模型,以此来计算普通民众地震灾害认知与响应的综合得分。测评结果表明:1)勉县灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的综合水平与能力均处于不及格水平;2)在认知与响应地震灾害方面,民众的防震减灾技能最差,对地震灾害知识的了解水平次之,而震时及震后自救互救与震后信息传播2个层面稍好一些;3)普通民众对地震知识和观点的理解还停留在表面现象上,对复杂、抽象的地震知识的理解和掌握,特别是对地震知识掌握的准确性和深层次理解还有待于进一步提高;4)从震后民众获取地震灾害信息的主渠道来看,加大政府关于地震灾害知识和防灾技能的宣传力度以及使地震信息公开透明化是降低地震灾害风险的有效途径之一。
In order to find out the cognition and response level of the public to Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and supply a scientific basis for government to establish and implement the disaster-reduction strategy,the paper formulated a questionnaire on the public's cognition and response to earthquake disaster according to the structure system of cognition and response to earthquake disaster.The main index systems in the questionnaire include cognition to the earthquake disaster knowledge,techniques and abilities of defending and reducing the earthquake disaster,the self and mutual help and information dissemination after earthquake.Based on weight and evaluation,the paper constructed the evaluation model for each part of index system and overall evaluation model on cognition and response to earthquake disaster and calculated comprehensive score of the public's cognition and response to earthquake disaster based on it.The results show that in earthquake disaster area of Mianxian county the synthetical score of cognition and response to the earthquake disaster in the public is 49.74,the score of self and mutual help is 53.8,the score of information dissemination after earthquake is 50.9,the score of cognition to the earthquake disaster knowledge is 49.79,and the score of technique and ability of defending and reducing the earthquake disaster is 47.2.The main conclusions are as follows.(1)The comprehensive level and ability of the public's cognition and response to earthquake disaster is very low,and the earthquake knowledge acquisition and technique and ability of defending and reducing earthquake disaster need to be improved greatly.(2)The public's technique and ability of defending and reducing earthquake disaster is the worst,the knowledge acquaintance level of earthquake disaster comes second,and the self and mutual help and information dissemination are a little better.(3)The public's understanding to earthquake knowledge and views still stays in superficies,and the understanding to the complex abstract earthquake knowledge,especially the accurate acquaintance and deep understanding of earthquake knowledge need further improved.(4)In view of the main channels for the public gaining information after the earthquake,to enhance the publicity by the government on the knowledge and skill of preventing earthquake disaster and publicize earthquake information are one of the effective ways to reduce earthquake disaster.
In order to find out the cognition and response level of the public to Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake and supply a scientific basis for government to establish and implement the disaster-reduction strategy,the paper formulated a questionnaire on the public's cognition and response to earthquake disaster according to the structure system of cognition and response to earthquake disaster.The main index systems in the questionnaire include cognition to the earthquake disaster knowledge,techniques and abilities of defending and reducing the earthquake disaster,the self and mutual help and information dissemination after earthquake.Based on weight and evaluation,the paper constructed the evaluation model for each part of index system and overall evaluation model on cognition and response to earthquake disaster and calculated comprehensive score of the public's cognition and response to earthquake disaster based on it.The results show that in earthquake disaster area of Mianxian county the synthetical score of cognition and response to the earthquake disaster in the public is 49.74,the score of self and mutual help is 53.8,the score of information dissemination after earthquake is 50.9,the score of cognition to the earthquake disaster knowledge is 49.79,and the score of technique and ability of defending and reducing the earthquake disaster is 47.2.The main conclusions are as follows.(1)The comprehensive level and ability of the public's cognition and response to earthquake disaster is very low,and the earthquake knowledge acquisition and technique and ability of defending and reducing earthquake disaster need to be improved greatly.(2)The public's technique and ability of defending and reducing earthquake disaster is the worst,the knowledge acquaintance level of earthquake disaster comes second,and the self and mutual help and information dissemination are a little better.(3)The public's understanding to earthquake knowledge and views still stays in superficies,and the understanding to the complex abstract earthquake knowledge,especially the accurate acquaintance and deep understanding of earthquake knowledge need further improved.(4)In view of the main channels for the public gaining information after the earthquake,to enhance the publicity by the government on the knowledge and skill of preventing earthquake disaster and publicize earthquake information are one of the effective ways to reduce earthquake disaster.
引文
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刘斌涛,陶和平,范建容,等.2008.高分辨率SAR数据在5.12汶川地震灾害监测与评估中的应用[J].山地学报,26(3):267—271.LIUBin-tao,TAO He-ping,FAN Jian-rong,et al.2008.Application of high-resolution SAR images in Wenchuan earth-quake hazard monitoring and assessment[J].Journal of Mountain Science,26(3):267—271(in Chinese).
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钱骏,肖杰,蒋厦,等.2009.阿坝州地震灾区资源环境承载力评估[J].西华大学学报(自然科学版),28(2):79—82.QIAN Jun,XIAO Jie,JIANG Xia,et al.2009.Bearing-capacity evaluation of resource environment for the earthquakedisaster area in Aba Prefecture[J].Journal of Xihua University(Natural Science),28(2):79—82(in Chinese).
苏桂武,马宗晋,王若嘉,等.2008.汶川地震灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的特点及其减灾宣教意义[J].地震地质,30(4):877—894.SU Gui-wu,MA Zong-jin,WANG Ruo-jia,et al.2008.General features and their disaster-reduction education implica-tions of the earthquake disaster cognition and responses of the social public inMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake-hitarea:A case study from Deyang prefecture-level city,Sichuan Province[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):877—894(in Chinese).
田青,方修琦,乔佃峰.2005.以吉林省安图县为例说明人类对全球变化适应的行为心理学研究[J].地球科学进展,20(8):916—919.TIAN Qing,FANG Xiu-qi,QIAO Dian-feng.2005.Research on human adaptive behavior to global change in the viewofbehavioristic psychology indicated from the case study of Antu county,Jilin Province[J].Advances in Earth Sci-ence,20(8):916—919(in Chinese).
王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.2009.汶川“5.12”地震发震机理的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,15(2):105—113.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,ZHOU Jing-chun,et al.2009.Numerical modeling for Wenchuan earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,15(2):105—113(in Chinese).
王民.1999.环境意识及测评方法研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.180—182.WANG Min.1999.Environmental Consciousness and Testing Methods[M].China Environmental Science Press,Bei-jing.180—182(in Chinese).
王若嘉,苏桂武,张书维,等.2009.云南普洱地区中学生认知与响应地震灾害特点的初步研究[J].灾害学,24(1):133—138.WANG Ruo-jia,SU Gui-wu,ZHANG Shu-wei,et al.2009.A preliminary study on the characteristics of cognition andresponse to earthquake disaster of the middle school students in Puer area,Yunnan Province,China:A case studyon the2007Ninger earthquake withMS6.4[J].Journal of Catastrophology,24(1):133—138(in Chinese).
王晓青,王龙,章熙海,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震震害遥感定量化初步研究[J].地震,29(1):174—181.WANG Xiao-qing,WANG Long,ZHANG Xi-hai,et al.2009.Primary quantitative study on earthquake damage extractedfrom remote sensing imagery:A case study of Doujiangyan due to the WenchuanM8.0earthquake[J].Earth-quake,29(1):174—181(in Chinese).
王兴中,郑国强,李贵才,等.1988.行为地理学导论[M].西安:陕西人民出版社.235—253.WANG Xing-zhong,ZHENG Guo-qiang,LI Gui-cai,et al.1988.An Introduction to Behavioral Geography[M].Shaanxi People s Press,Xi an.235—253(in Chinese).
王媛,方修琦,田青,等.2006.气候变化及人类适应行为对农作物总产变化的影响:以黑龙江省1990年代水稻生产为例[J].自然科学进展,16(12):1645—1650.WANG Yuan,FANG Xiu-qi,TIANQing,et al.2006.Impacts of climate change and human adaptation on total output ofcrops:A case study of rice production in Heilongjiang Province in1990s[J].Natural Science Progress,16(12):1645—1650(in Chinese).
谢和平,邓建辉,台佳佳,等.2008.汶川大地震灾害与灾区重建的岩土工程问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(9):1781—1791.XIE He-ping,DENG Jian-hui,TAI Jia-jia,et al.2008.Wenchuan large earthquake and post-earthquake reconstruc-tion-related geotechnical problems[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(9):1781—1791(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等.2009.汶川MS8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译[J].遥感学报,13(4):754—762.XUChong,DAI Fu-chu,CHEN Jian,et al.2009.The meticulous remote sensing interpretation of the secondary geolog-ical disaster in WenchuanMS8.0earthquake harder-hit area[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):754—762(in Chinese).
叶笃正,符淙斌,季劲钧,等.2001.有序人类活动与生存环境[J].地球科学进展,16(4):453—460.YE Du-zheng,FU Cong-bin,JI Jin-jun,et al.2001.Orderly human activities and subsistence environment[J].Ad-vances in Earth Science,16(4):453—460(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2009.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,17(1):29—38.YIN Yue-ping.2009.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geolo-gy,17(1):29—38(in Chinese).
张拴厚,王学平,林平选,等.2008.陕西龙门山地震带地质灾害的地质构造约束[J].陕西地质,26(2):44—54.ZHANG Shuan-hou,WANG Xue-ping,LIN Ping-xuan,et al.2008.The geological structures of geohazards occurring inthe Longmenshan seismic zone in Shaanxi Province[J].Geology of Shaanxi,26(2):44—54(in Chinese).
张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.2009.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,15(2):131—141.ZHANG Yong-shuang,SHI Ju-song,SUN Ping,et al.2009.Coupling between endogenic and exogenic geological proces-ses in the Wenchuan earthquake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,15(2):131—141(in Chinese).
郑勇,马宏生,吕坚,等.2009.汶川地震强余震(MS≥5.6)的震源机制解及其与发震构造的关系[J].中国科学(D辑),39(4):413—426.ZHENG Yong,MA Hong-sheng,L Jian,et al.2009.The relationship between the focal mechanism solution and seis-mogenic structure of strong aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science in China Series(Ser D),39(4):413—426(in Chinese).
Dominey-Howes D,Minos-Minopoulos D.2004.Perceptions of hazard and risk on Santorini[J].Journal of Volcanologyand Geothermal Research,137:285—310.
Michael W Tantala,Nordensonb Guy J P,George Deodatisc,et al.2008.Earthquake loss estimation for the New YorkCity metropolitan region[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,28:812—835.
Zhou Qi,Li Jing-yi,Zhao Jing-bo.2003.Study on index system of assessment of public disaster perception in the west-ern China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,(3):284—288.
国家减灾委员会、科学技术部抗震救灾专家组.2008.汶川地震灾害综合分析与评估[M].北京:科学出版社.38,101.Expert Group for Earthquake Relief of National Disaster Reduction Committee and Ministry of Science and Technology.2008.The Comprehensive Analysis and Assessment of the Wenchuan Earthquake Disaster[M].Science Press,Beijing.38,101(in Chinese).
李勇,黄润秋,周荣军,等.2009.龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂[J].工程地质学报,17(1):3—18.LI Yong,HUANG Run-qiu,ZHOU Rong-jun,et al.2009.Geological background of Longmenshan seismic belt and sur-face ruptures in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,17(1):3—18(in Chinese).
李景宜,周旗,严瑞.2002.国民灾害感知能力测评指标体系研究[J].自然灾害学报,11(4):129—134.LI Jing-yi,ZHOUQi,YANRui.2002.Study on index system for assessment of populace s ability in calamity perception[J].Journal of Naturnal Disasters,11(4):129—134(in Chinese).
刘斌涛,陶和平,范建容,等.2008.高分辨率SAR数据在5.12汶川地震灾害监测与评估中的应用[J].山地学报,26(3):267—271.LIUBin-tao,TAO He-ping,FAN Jian-rong,et al.2008.Application of high-resolution SAR images in Wenchuan earth-quake hazard monitoring and assessment[J].Journal of Mountain Science,26(3):267—271(in Chinese).
吕君,陈田,刘丽梅.2009.旅游者环境意识的调查与分析[J].地理研究,28(1):259—270.L Jun,CHENTian,LIULi-mei.2009.An investigation and analysis of tourists environmental consciousness[J].Geo-graphical Research,28(1):259—270(in Chinese).
钱骏,肖杰,蒋厦,等.2009.阿坝州地震灾区资源环境承载力评估[J].西华大学学报(自然科学版),28(2):79—82.QIAN Jun,XIAO Jie,JIANG Xia,et al.2009.Bearing-capacity evaluation of resource environment for the earthquakedisaster area in Aba Prefecture[J].Journal of Xihua University(Natural Science),28(2):79—82(in Chinese).
苏桂武,马宗晋,王若嘉,等.2008.汶川地震灾区民众认知与响应地震灾害的特点及其减灾宣教意义[J].地震地质,30(4):877—894.SU Gui-wu,MA Zong-jin,WANG Ruo-jia,et al.2008.General features and their disaster-reduction education implica-tions of the earthquake disaster cognition and responses of the social public inMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake-hitarea:A case study from Deyang prefecture-level city,Sichuan Province[J].Seismology and Geology,30(4):877—894(in Chinese).
田青,方修琦,乔佃峰.2005.以吉林省安图县为例说明人类对全球变化适应的行为心理学研究[J].地球科学进展,20(8):916—919.TIAN Qing,FANG Xiu-qi,QIAO Dian-feng.2005.Research on human adaptive behavior to global change in the viewofbehavioristic psychology indicated from the case study of Antu county,Jilin Province[J].Advances in Earth Sci-ence,20(8):916—919(in Chinese).
王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.2009.汶川“5.12”地震发震机理的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,15(2):105—113.WANG Lian-jie,CUI Jun-wen,ZHOU Jing-chun,et al.2009.Numerical modeling for Wenchuan earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,15(2):105—113(in Chinese).
王民.1999.环境意识及测评方法研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社.180—182.WANG Min.1999.Environmental Consciousness and Testing Methods[M].China Environmental Science Press,Bei-jing.180—182(in Chinese).
王若嘉,苏桂武,张书维,等.2009.云南普洱地区中学生认知与响应地震灾害特点的初步研究[J].灾害学,24(1):133—138.WANG Ruo-jia,SU Gui-wu,ZHANG Shu-wei,et al.2009.A preliminary study on the characteristics of cognition andresponse to earthquake disaster of the middle school students in Puer area,Yunnan Province,China:A case studyon the2007Ninger earthquake withMS6.4[J].Journal of Catastrophology,24(1):133—138(in Chinese).
王晓青,王龙,章熙海,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震震害遥感定量化初步研究[J].地震,29(1):174—181.WANG Xiao-qing,WANG Long,ZHANG Xi-hai,et al.2009.Primary quantitative study on earthquake damage extractedfrom remote sensing imagery:A case study of Doujiangyan due to the WenchuanM8.0earthquake[J].Earth-quake,29(1):174—181(in Chinese).
王兴中,郑国强,李贵才,等.1988.行为地理学导论[M].西安:陕西人民出版社.235—253.WANG Xing-zhong,ZHENG Guo-qiang,LI Gui-cai,et al.1988.An Introduction to Behavioral Geography[M].Shaanxi People s Press,Xi an.235—253(in Chinese).
王媛,方修琦,田青,等.2006.气候变化及人类适应行为对农作物总产变化的影响:以黑龙江省1990年代水稻生产为例[J].自然科学进展,16(12):1645—1650.WANG Yuan,FANG Xiu-qi,TIANQing,et al.2006.Impacts of climate change and human adaptation on total output ofcrops:A case study of rice production in Heilongjiang Province in1990s[J].Natural Science Progress,16(12):1645—1650(in Chinese).
谢和平,邓建辉,台佳佳,等.2008.汶川大地震灾害与灾区重建的岩土工程问题[J].岩石力学与工程学报,27(9):1781—1791.XIE He-ping,DENG Jian-hui,TAI Jia-jia,et al.2008.Wenchuan large earthquake and post-earthquake reconstruc-tion-related geotechnical problems[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,27(9):1781—1791(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等.2009.汶川MS8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译[J].遥感学报,13(4):754—762.XUChong,DAI Fu-chu,CHEN Jian,et al.2009.The meticulous remote sensing interpretation of the secondary geolog-ical disaster in WenchuanMS8.0earthquake harder-hit area[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):754—762(in Chinese).
叶笃正,符淙斌,季劲钧,等.2001.有序人类活动与生存环境[J].地球科学进展,16(4):453—460.YE Du-zheng,FU Cong-bin,JI Jin-jun,et al.2001.Orderly human activities and subsistence environment[J].Ad-vances in Earth Science,16(4):453—460(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2009.汶川八级地震滑坡特征分析[J].工程地质学报,17(1):29—38.YIN Yue-ping.2009.Features of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geolo-gy,17(1):29—38(in Chinese).
张拴厚,王学平,林平选,等.2008.陕西龙门山地震带地质灾害的地质构造约束[J].陕西地质,26(2):44—54.ZHANG Shuan-hou,WANG Xue-ping,LIN Ping-xuan,et al.2008.The geological structures of geohazards occurring inthe Longmenshan seismic zone in Shaanxi Province[J].Geology of Shaanxi,26(2):44—54(in Chinese).
张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.2009.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,15(2):131—141.ZHANG Yong-shuang,SHI Ju-song,SUN Ping,et al.2009.Coupling between endogenic and exogenic geological proces-ses in the Wenchuan earthquake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geomechanics,15(2):131—141(in Chinese).
郑勇,马宏生,吕坚,等.2009.汶川地震强余震(MS≥5.6)的震源机制解及其与发震构造的关系[J].中国科学(D辑),39(4):413—426.ZHENG Yong,MA Hong-sheng,L Jian,et al.2009.The relationship between the focal mechanism solution and seis-mogenic structure of strong aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science in China Series(Ser D),39(4):413—426(in Chinese).
Dominey-Howes D,Minos-Minopoulos D.2004.Perceptions of hazard and risk on Santorini[J].Journal of Volcanologyand Geothermal Research,137:285—310.
Michael W Tantala,Nordensonb Guy J P,George Deodatisc,et al.2008.Earthquake loss estimation for the New YorkCity metropolitan region[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,28:812—835.
Zhou Qi,Li Jing-yi,Zhao Jing-bo.2003.Study on index system of assessment of public disaster perception in the west-ern China[J].Chinese Geographical Science,(3):284—288.
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