地球介质自组织性对地震波走时和振幅的影响
摘要
本文采用随机介质描述地球内部大尺度背景场上存在的小尺度不均匀性和自组织结构;文中没有采用传统的层状网格结构,提出了块状结构来描述复杂的二维自组织结构的方法,分别以高斯型、指数型和vonKarman型等自相关函数描述各向同性和各向异性非均匀分布自组织特征;采用射线追踪分析了不同分布特征自组织结构对地震波运动学和动力学特征参数的影响;结果表明,由于地球内部介质的自组织性存在,地震波射线轨迹可能发生明显的畸变;不同偏移距处,地震反射振幅减弱或增强;自组织结构从高斯型到vonKarman型,在小尺度上表现更大的非均匀性,因此走时和振幅表征依次更强的平均效应.
We utilize random media to describe small-scale inhomogeneity and self-organized structure in the Earth interior. A block model is adopted to describe the self-organized structure instead of traditional grids in 2-D. Gaussian, exponential, and von Karman autocorrelation functions are used to represent the isotropic and anisotropic self-organized structure. We use numerical methods to perform ray tracing and rectify amplitudes by dynamic ray tracing, furthermore, analyze the influence upon the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of seismic waves. The results indicate that seismic ray trajectories probably generate significant aberrances and the amplitudes of seismic rays may weaken or enlarge at different offsets for the existence of the self-organized structure in the earth interior; from Gaussian to von Karman, amplitudes present more obvious statistic characters.
We utilize random media to describe small-scale inhomogeneity and self-organized structure in the Earth interior. A block model is adopted to describe the self-organized structure instead of traditional grids in 2-D. Gaussian, exponential, and von Karman autocorrelation functions are used to represent the isotropic and anisotropic self-organized structure. We use numerical methods to perform ray tracing and rectify amplitudes by dynamic ray tracing, furthermore, analyze the influence upon the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of seismic waves. The results indicate that seismic ray trajectories probably generate significant aberrances and the amplitudes of seismic rays may weaken or enlarge at different offsets for the existence of the self-organized structure in the earth interior; from Gaussian to von Karman, amplitudes present more obvious statistic characters.
引文
[1]滕吉文,张中杰,白武明等.岩石圈物理学.北京:科学出版社,2003Teng J W,Zhang Z J,Bai W M,et al.Lithosphere Physics(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2003
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[3]Zhao W,Nelson K D,the Project INDEPTHTeam.Deep seismic reflection evidencefor continental underthrusting beneathsouth Tibet.Nature,1993,366:557～559
[4]滕吉文等.柴达木盆地的深层地震反射波和地壳构造.地球物理学报,1974,17(2):121～134Teng J W,et al.Deepreflected waves andthe structure of the earth crust of the eastern part of QaidamBasin.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1974,17(2):121～134
[5]高锐,成湘洲,丁谦.格尔木-额济纳旗地学断面地球动力学模型初探.地球物理学报,1995,38(增刊):3～14Gao R,Cheng X Z,Ding Q.Preliminary geodynamic model of Golmud-Ejin Qi geoscience transect.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1995,38(Suppl.):3～14
[6]王椿镛,韩渭宾,吴建平等.松潘-甘孜造山带地壳速度结构.地震学报,2003,25(3):229～241Wang C Y,Han WB,Wu J P,et al.Crust structure beneath the Songpan-Garze orogenic belt.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(3):229～241
[7]高恩源.喜马拉雅山北麓-雅鲁藏布江地区人工爆炸地震测深地壳结构.见:西藏地球物理文集.北京:地质出版社,1990.1～14Gao E Y.Crustal structure in northern Himalaya-Yarlu Zangbu by artificial deep seismic explosion.In:Tibet Geophysical Corpus.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1990.1～14
[8]国家地震局科技监测司编.中国大陆深部构造的研究与进展.北京:地震出版社,1988Department of Scientific Programming and Earthquake Monitoring,China Earthquake Administration.Developments in the Research of Deep Structures of China s Continent.Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[9]Levander AR,Holliger K.Small-scale heterogeneity and large-scale velocity structure of the continental crust.J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97(B6):8797～8804
[10]Baig A M,Dahlen F A,Hung S H.Traveltimes of waves in three-dimensional random media.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,153:467～482
[11]Ikelle LT,Yung S K,Daubl F.2-Drandommedia withellipsoidal autocorrelationfunction.Geophysics,1993,58(9):1359～1372
[12]奚先,姚姚.二维随机介质及波动方程正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(5):546～552Xi X,Yao Y.2-D random media and wave equation forward modeling.OGP(in Chinese),2001,36(5):546～552
[13]奚先,姚姚.非平稳随机模型.石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(1):71～75Xi X,Yao Y.Non-stationary random medium model.OGP(in Chinese),2005,40(1):71～75
[14]Ojo S B,Mereu RF.The effect of randomvelocity functions on the travel times and amplitudes of seismic waves.Geophys.J.R.astr.Soc.,1986,84:607～618
[15]Moser T J.Shortest path calculation of seismic rays.Geophysics,1991,56:59～67
[16]Crossley D J,Jensen O G.Fractal velocity models in refraction seismology.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1989,131:61～76
[17]Witte O,Roth M,Muller G.Ray tracing in random media.Geophys.J.Int.,1996,124:159～169
[18]徐涛,徐果明,高尔根等.三维复杂介质的块状建模和试射射线追踪.地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1118～1126Xu T,Xu G M,Gao E G,et al.Block modeling and shooting ray tracingin complex3-D media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6):1118～1126
[19]Zhao AH,Zhang ZJ,TengJ W.Minimumtravel timetree algorithm for seismic ray tracing:improvement in efficiency.Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2004,1(4):245～251
[20]赵爱华,丁志峰.宽角反射地震波走时模拟的双重网格法.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1141～1147.Zhao A H,Ding Z F.A double-grid algrithm for calculating traveltimes of wide-angle reflection waves.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(5):1141～1147
[21]Xu T,Xu G,Gao E,et al.Block modelingandsegmentallyiterative raytracingin complex3D media.Geophysics,2006,71(3):T41～T51
[22]Frankel A,Clayton R W.Finite difference simulations of seismic scattering:implications for the propagation of short-period seismic waves inthe crust and models of crustal heterogeneity.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B6):6465～6489
[23]Korn M.Seismic wave in random media.J.Applied Geophys.,1993,29:247～269
[24]Zhang ZJ,He Q D,Teng J W,et al.Simulation of3-component seismic records in a2-dimensional transversely isotropic media with finite-difference.Can J.Expl.Geophys.,1993,29:51～58
[25]Zhang Z J,Wang G J,Harris T M.Multi-component wavefield simulationin viscous extensively dilatancy anisotropic media.Phys.Earth Planet Inter.,1999,114:25～38
[26]Yang D H,Liu E R,Zhang Z J,Teng J W.Finite-difference modelingintwo-dimensional anisotropic media using a flex-corrected transport technique.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,148:320～328
[27]杨顶辉.双相各向异性介质中弹性波方程的有限元解法及波场模拟.地球物理学报,2002,45(4):575～583Yang D H.Finite element method of the elastic wave equation and wavefield simulation in two-phase anisotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(4):575～583
[28]刘永霞,徐涛,赵兵等.自相似型各向异性自组织介质中地震波场动力学响应.地球物理学报,2007,50(1):221～232Liu Y X,Xu T,Zhao B,et al.Seismic sounding of anisotropic self-similar self-organized medium.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(1):221～232
[29]刘永霞,徐春明,宁俊瑞.不同模式自组织介质中声波传播特性的比较研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(3):830～836Liu Y X,Xu C M,NingJ R.Comparison of acoustic propagationin several different types self-organized media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3):830～836
[30]Klimes L.Correlation functions of random media.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:1811～1831
[31]朱华,黄辉宁,李永庆等.随机信号分析.北京理工大学出版社,2003Zhu H,Huang HN,Li Y Q,et al.RandomSignal Analysis(in Chinese).Beijing:BeijingInstitute of Technology Press,2003
[32]Goff J A,Jordan T H.Stochastic modeling of seafloor morphology:inversion of sea beam data for second-order statistic.J.Geophys.Res.,93B:13589～13608
[33]Cerveny V.Seismic Ray Theory.Cambridge University Press,2001
[34]徐涛.三维复杂介质的块状建模和快速射线追踪[博士论文].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2003Xu T.Block modeling and fast ray tracing in complex three-dimensional media[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2003
[35]Zhang Z,Li Y K,Wang GJ,et al.E-Wcrustal structure under the northern Tibet and“down-bowing”Moho under the northern Tibet revealed by wide-angle seismic profile.Sciencein China(Series D).2002,31(11):881～888
[36]Zhang Z,Teng J W,Li Y K,et al.Crustal structure of seismic velocity in southern Tibet and east-westward escape of the crustal material.Science in China(Series D),2004,47(6):500～506
[37]Zhang Z,Klemperer S L.West-east variationin crustal thicknessin northern Lhasa block,central Tibet,from deep seismic sounding data.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,doi:10.1029/2004JB003139
[2]陈运泰,滕吉文,张中杰.地球物理学的回顾与展望.地球科学进展,2001,16(5):634～642Chen YT,Teng J W,Zhang Z J.Geophysics:The20thcentury in retrospect andthe21stcenturyin prospect.Advance in Earth Sciences(in Chinese),2001,16(5):634～642
[3]Zhao W,Nelson K D,the Project INDEPTHTeam.Deep seismic reflection evidencefor continental underthrusting beneathsouth Tibet.Nature,1993,366:557～559
[4]滕吉文等.柴达木盆地的深层地震反射波和地壳构造.地球物理学报,1974,17(2):121～134Teng J W,et al.Deepreflected waves andthe structure of the earth crust of the eastern part of QaidamBasin.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1974,17(2):121～134
[5]高锐,成湘洲,丁谦.格尔木-额济纳旗地学断面地球动力学模型初探.地球物理学报,1995,38(增刊):3～14Gao R,Cheng X Z,Ding Q.Preliminary geodynamic model of Golmud-Ejin Qi geoscience transect.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1995,38(Suppl.):3～14
[6]王椿镛,韩渭宾,吴建平等.松潘-甘孜造山带地壳速度结构.地震学报,2003,25(3):229～241Wang C Y,Han WB,Wu J P,et al.Crust structure beneath the Songpan-Garze orogenic belt.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(3):229～241
[7]高恩源.喜马拉雅山北麓-雅鲁藏布江地区人工爆炸地震测深地壳结构.见:西藏地球物理文集.北京:地质出版社,1990.1～14Gao E Y.Crustal structure in northern Himalaya-Yarlu Zangbu by artificial deep seismic explosion.In:Tibet Geophysical Corpus.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1990.1～14
[8]国家地震局科技监测司编.中国大陆深部构造的研究与进展.北京:地震出版社,1988Department of Scientific Programming and Earthquake Monitoring,China Earthquake Administration.Developments in the Research of Deep Structures of China s Continent.Beijing:Seismological Press,1988
[9]Levander AR,Holliger K.Small-scale heterogeneity and large-scale velocity structure of the continental crust.J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97(B6):8797～8804
[10]Baig A M,Dahlen F A,Hung S H.Traveltimes of waves in three-dimensional random media.Geophys.J.Int.,2003,153:467～482
[11]Ikelle LT,Yung S K,Daubl F.2-Drandommedia withellipsoidal autocorrelationfunction.Geophysics,1993,58(9):1359～1372
[12]奚先,姚姚.二维随机介质及波动方程正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(5):546～552Xi X,Yao Y.2-D random media and wave equation forward modeling.OGP(in Chinese),2001,36(5):546～552
[13]奚先,姚姚.非平稳随机模型.石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(1):71～75Xi X,Yao Y.Non-stationary random medium model.OGP(in Chinese),2005,40(1):71～75
[14]Ojo S B,Mereu RF.The effect of randomvelocity functions on the travel times and amplitudes of seismic waves.Geophys.J.R.astr.Soc.,1986,84:607～618
[15]Moser T J.Shortest path calculation of seismic rays.Geophysics,1991,56:59～67
[16]Crossley D J,Jensen O G.Fractal velocity models in refraction seismology.Pure Appl.Geophys.,1989,131:61～76
[17]Witte O,Roth M,Muller G.Ray tracing in random media.Geophys.J.Int.,1996,124:159～169
[18]徐涛,徐果明,高尔根等.三维复杂介质的块状建模和试射射线追踪.地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1118～1126Xu T,Xu G M,Gao E G,et al.Block modeling and shooting ray tracingin complex3-D media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6):1118～1126
[19]Zhao AH,Zhang ZJ,TengJ W.Minimumtravel timetree algorithm for seismic ray tracing:improvement in efficiency.Journal of Geophysics and Engineering,2004,1(4):245～251
[20]赵爱华,丁志峰.宽角反射地震波走时模拟的双重网格法.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1141～1147.Zhao A H,Ding Z F.A double-grid algrithm for calculating traveltimes of wide-angle reflection waves.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(5):1141～1147
[21]Xu T,Xu G,Gao E,et al.Block modelingandsegmentallyiterative raytracingin complex3D media.Geophysics,2006,71(3):T41～T51
[22]Frankel A,Clayton R W.Finite difference simulations of seismic scattering:implications for the propagation of short-period seismic waves inthe crust and models of crustal heterogeneity.J.Geophys.Res.,1986,91(B6):6465～6489
[23]Korn M.Seismic wave in random media.J.Applied Geophys.,1993,29:247～269
[24]Zhang ZJ,He Q D,Teng J W,et al.Simulation of3-component seismic records in a2-dimensional transversely isotropic media with finite-difference.Can J.Expl.Geophys.,1993,29:51～58
[25]Zhang Z J,Wang G J,Harris T M.Multi-component wavefield simulationin viscous extensively dilatancy anisotropic media.Phys.Earth Planet Inter.,1999,114:25～38
[26]Yang D H,Liu E R,Zhang Z J,Teng J W.Finite-difference modelingintwo-dimensional anisotropic media using a flex-corrected transport technique.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,148:320～328
[27]杨顶辉.双相各向异性介质中弹性波方程的有限元解法及波场模拟.地球物理学报,2002,45(4):575～583Yang D H.Finite element method of the elastic wave equation and wavefield simulation in two-phase anisotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2002,45(4):575～583
[28]刘永霞,徐涛,赵兵等.自相似型各向异性自组织介质中地震波场动力学响应.地球物理学报,2007,50(1):221～232Liu Y X,Xu T,Zhao B,et al.Seismic sounding of anisotropic self-similar self-organized medium.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(1):221～232
[29]刘永霞,徐春明,宁俊瑞.不同模式自组织介质中声波传播特性的比较研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(3):830～836Liu Y X,Xu C M,NingJ R.Comparison of acoustic propagationin several different types self-organized media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3):830～836
[30]Klimes L.Correlation functions of random media.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2002,159:1811～1831
[31]朱华,黄辉宁,李永庆等.随机信号分析.北京理工大学出版社,2003Zhu H,Huang HN,Li Y Q,et al.RandomSignal Analysis(in Chinese).Beijing:BeijingInstitute of Technology Press,2003
[32]Goff J A,Jordan T H.Stochastic modeling of seafloor morphology:inversion of sea beam data for second-order statistic.J.Geophys.Res.,93B:13589～13608
[33]Cerveny V.Seismic Ray Theory.Cambridge University Press,2001
[34]徐涛.三维复杂介质的块状建模和快速射线追踪[博士论文].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2003Xu T.Block modeling and fast ray tracing in complex three-dimensional media[Ph.D.thesis](in Chinese).Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2003
[35]Zhang Z,Li Y K,Wang GJ,et al.E-Wcrustal structure under the northern Tibet and“down-bowing”Moho under the northern Tibet revealed by wide-angle seismic profile.Sciencein China(Series D).2002,31(11):881～888
[36]Zhang Z,Teng J W,Li Y K,et al.Crustal structure of seismic velocity in southern Tibet and east-westward escape of the crustal material.Science in China(Series D),2004,47(6):500～506
[37]Zhang Z,Klemperer S L.West-east variationin crustal thicknessin northern Lhasa block,central Tibet,from deep seismic sounding data.J.Geophys.Res.,2005,110,doi:10.1029/2004JB003139
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