外地核中U、Th的分布、核裂变及其对地球动力学的影响
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摘要
笔者认为地球的外地核中存在大量的生热元素U和Th,它们正是驱动地球内部物质运动、包括板块运动的主要动力。按照地震波资料,地球内部最热的地区在太平洋中部,地磁资料表明地磁中心及相应的热对流中心也向太平洋板块偏离400km,因此U、Th更多地富集在太平洋之下的外地核中。前寒武纪天然核反应堆的发现及行星质量与光度的研究显示,外地核中的U、Th存在周期性核裂变,太平洋热点火山岩及其包体中富集与U、Th核裂变或衰变有密切成因联系的惰性气体也说明了这一点。外地核中的U、Th存在周期性的核裂变可能是地质历史中超静磁带形成的主要原因,也可能是地球上火山活动等地质作用存在节律性及地球膨胀的原因。
The writer considers that there is a large amount of U and Th in the outer core of the Earth. It is these U and Th that provide the energy to drive the movement of materials inside the Earth (especially the movement of the plate tectonic systems). According to the seismic wave data from the upper mantle to lower mantle , the hottest region inside the Earth lies under the center of the Pacific Ocean. Moreover, the center of the geomagnetic field departs from the center of the Earth at towards the Pacific plate for 400 km, which shows that the center of geodynamic and correspondingly the center of thermal convection are also closer to the Pacific plate for 400 km. Therefore, U and Th are richer in the outer core beneath the Pacific plate. The discovery of natural nuclear reactor in the Precambrian rocks and the research results of the relationship between the mass and luminosity of the planets show that nuclear fission can also occur in the outer core of the Earth. The fact that the rocks and xenoliths discovered in the hot plumes in the Pacific Ocean has the highest content of noble gases in the Earth, such as ~3He, ~(129)Xe, ~(136)Xe and ~(86)Kr, which are connected closely with the nuclear fission of U and Th in origination , also supports this point of view. When nuclear fission occurs, the great heat produced from that will boil the outer core and melt the inner core, which will weaken the geomagnetic field and stop its reversal, namely the geomagnetic standstill stages. This great heat will also cause the possible Earth expansion.
The writer considers that there is a large amount of U and Th in the outer core of the Earth. It is these U and Th that provide the energy to drive the movement of materials inside the Earth (especially the movement of the plate tectonic systems). According to the seismic wave data from the upper mantle to lower mantle , the hottest region inside the Earth lies under the center of the Pacific Ocean. Moreover, the center of the geomagnetic field departs from the center of the Earth at towards the Pacific plate for 400 km, which shows that the center of geodynamic and correspondingly the center of thermal convection are also closer to the Pacific plate for 400 km. Therefore, U and Th are richer in the outer core beneath the Pacific plate. The discovery of natural nuclear reactor in the Precambrian rocks and the research results of the relationship between the mass and luminosity of the planets show that nuclear fission can also occur in the outer core of the Earth. The fact that the rocks and xenoliths discovered in the hot plumes in the Pacific Ocean has the highest content of noble gases in the Earth, such as ~3He, ~(129)Xe, ~(136)Xe and ~(86)Kr, which are connected closely with the nuclear fission of U and Th in origination , also supports this point of view. When nuclear fission occurs, the great heat produced from that will boil the outer core and melt the inner core, which will weaken the geomagnetic field and stop its reversal, namely the geomagnetic standstill stages. This great heat will also cause the possible Earth expansion.
引文
1 李春昱.板块构造的起源、发展和问题.见:李春昱,郭令智,朱夏等著.板块构造的基本问题.北京:地震出版社,1996． 1～10．
2 盖保民.地球演化(3卷).北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996． 106～342．
3 王鸿祯.地球的节律与大陆动力学的思考.地学前缘,1997,(3～4) :1～11．
4 李锦铁,肖序常.板块构造学说与大陆动力学.地质论评,1998,44(4) :1～2．
5 鲍学昭,张阿利.U、Th的迁移及其对地壳演化和生物进化的可能影响.北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会理论文集,北京:地震出版社,1998． 927～935．
6 鲍学昭,张阿利.U、Th地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化影响.岩石矿物学杂志,1998,17(2) :160～172．
7 Morgan W J.Convection plumes in the lower mantle.Nature,1971,230:42．
8 Wilson J T.Mantle plumes and plate motions.Tectonophys.,1973,19(2) :149～164．
9 深尾良夫.逐渐明了的地球内部.牛顿杂志,1998,180(5) :22～25．
10 Maruyarna S.Plume tectonics.Geol.Soc.Japan.,1994,100(1) :24～29．
11 侯德封,欧阳自远,于津生.核转变能与地球物质的演化.北京:科学出版社,1974．
12 车自成.地壳运动的主要力源.地质地球化学,1985,(6) :25～31．
13 夏邦栋,刘寿.地质学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,1992． 1～100．
14 刘英俊,曹励明,李兆鳞,王鹤年,储同庆,张景荣.元素地球化学.北京:科学出版社,1984． 216～228．
15 Griffiths R W.Dynamics of mantle thermals with constant buoyancy or anomalous internal heating.Earth Planet.Sci.Let- t,1986,78:435～446．
16 Anderson D L.Chemical plumes in the mantle.Geological Society of America Bulletin.,1975,86(11) :1593～1600．
17 Courtillot V,Besse J.Magnetic field reversals,polar wander,and core-mantle coupling.Science,1987,237:1140～1147．
18 Prevot M,Derder M E,Mcwilliams M,Thompson J.Intensity of the earth (s magnetic field:evidence for a Mesozoic dipole low.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1990,97:129～139．
19 Larson R L,Olson P.Mantle plumes control magnetic reversal frequency,Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1991,107:437～447．
20 邵济安,韩庆军.中生代地球系统与核-幔边界动力学研究进展.地质论评,1998,44(4) ,382～388．
21 Glukhovsky M Z,Moralev V M.Equatorial belt of mantle plumes of the early earth.Abstracts of the 30th IGC.1996 vol.1 of 3:129．
22 黄婉康.地球和行星的化学演化.见:叶笃正主编,地球科学进展、趋势和发展战略研究。北京:气象出版社,1992,244～248．
23 汉布标W K.地球动力系统.殷维翰等译.北京:地质出版社,1980,328～408．
24 Basilevskov M A,Ivanov V Pet al.Geologic history of Venus:comparisons with Earth.Abstracts OF the 30th IG-C,1996,vol.3 of 3:504．
25 谢鸿森.地球深部物质科学导论.北京:科学出版社,1997,238．
26 欧阳自远,张福勤.地球演化的非均变理论模式k地质、地球化学研究的若干问题.地质地球化学.1995,(5) :1～10．
27 Murrell M T,Burnett D S.Partitioning of K.U and Th between sulfide and silicate liquids:implications for radioative heating of planetary cores.J.Geophys.Research,1986,91 (B8) :8126～8136．
28 王鸿章.大行星内部的能源问题.天体物理学报,1990,(1) :82～90．
29 黄祖洽.探索原子核的奥秘.长沙:湖南教育出版社,1994． 1～188．
30 鲍学昭.外地核中的U、Th分布、核裂变及与地球动力学的关系.地质论评,1999,45(4) :344．
31 鲍学昭.外地核U、Th与地幔惰性气体的起源的关系.地质论评,1999,45(5) .
32 杜乐天.幔壳溃疡诱发地球动力学问题集成.北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会理论文集.北京:地震出版社,1998． 29～38．
33 侯渭,谢鸿森.试论地球演化历史中水的总体形为.地球科学进展,1996,(4) :350～355．
34 罗杰斯J T A,亚当斯T A S.钍铀地球化学手册.萧学军等译.北京:原子能出版社,1976． 3～7,103．
35 克拉斯诺巴耶夫AA.金伯利岩中锆英石矿物的地球化学特点及其成因.朱和宝译..地质地球化学,1980,(12) :41～48。
36 迪特富特H V.宇宙星体漫谈.郑嘉恫等译.北京:地震出版社,1986,1～181．
37 威利P J.动力地球学.朱夏译.北京:地质出版社,1978,1～10．
38 中国大百科全书编委会.中国大百科全书天文学(卷).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1981．
39 宋小东.地球内核与地球深部动力学.地学前缘,1998 5(增刊):1～7．
40 邓晋福 赵海玲,莫宣学,吴宗絮,罗照华.中国大陆根-柱构造-大陆动力学的的钥匙.北京:地质出版社,1996． 1～110．
41 Minoru Ozima,Frank A Podosek.Noble gas geochemistry.Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.Press,1983． 1～367．
42 Poreda R J,Farley K A.Rare gases in Samoan xenoliths.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1992,113 (1/2) :129～144．
43 Poreda R.J.,Craig H.He and Sr isotopes in the Lau Basin mantle:depleted and primitive mantle components.Earth and Planetary Science Letters.1992,113(4) :487～493．
44 Farley K A.Is “primordial” Helium really extraterrestrial?.Science,1993,261(5118) :166～167．
45 Anderson D L.Helium-3 from the mantle:Primordial signal or cosmic dust?.Science,1993,261(5118) :170～178．
46 Anderson D L,Toshiro Tanimoto,Yu-shen Zhang.Plate tectonics and hotspots:the third dimension.Science,1992,256(5064) :1645～1650．
47 Carlo Laj,Alain Mazaud,Robin Weeks.Geomagnetic reversal paths.Nature,1991,(351) :447～448．
48 Van der Hilst R D,Widiyantoro S,Engdahl E R.Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography Nature,1997,386:578～584．
49 Yang Tianxin.Natural nuclear reactor in the early stage of the earth.In Chen Yanjing et al.Eds.PROGRESS IN GEOLOGY OF CHINA(1993～1996) ,Papers to 30Th IGC.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1996． P232～235．
50 王道德.中国陨石学导论.北京:科学出版社,1974． 1～120．
51 袁汉溶,苏宗涤,周书华,朱焕南,蒲富痒.原子核物理学.见:物理学词典(下册),第7分册.北京:科学出版社,1988． 1～204．
52 拉马什J R.核反应堆理论导论.洪流译.北京:原子能出版社,1977,1～65．
53 中国大百科全书编委会.中国大百科全书.化学(1～2卷).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1989．
54 Staudacher,Th.& Allegre,C.J.Terrestrial xenology.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1982,60(4) :389～406．
55 Robert M.Nelson.水星:被遗忘的行星.科学(Scientific American中文版),1998(2) :10～17．
2 盖保民.地球演化(3卷).北京:中国科学技术出版社,1996． 106～342．
3 王鸿祯.地球的节律与大陆动力学的思考.地学前缘,1997,(3～4) :1～11．
4 李锦铁,肖序常.板块构造学说与大陆动力学.地质论评,1998,44(4) :1～2．
5 鲍学昭,张阿利.U、Th的迁移及其对地壳演化和生物进化的可能影响.北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会理论文集,北京:地震出版社,1998． 927～935．
6 鲍学昭,张阿利.U、Th地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化影响.岩石矿物学杂志,1998,17(2) :160～172．
7 Morgan W J.Convection plumes in the lower mantle.Nature,1971,230:42．
8 Wilson J T.Mantle plumes and plate motions.Tectonophys.,1973,19(2) :149～164．
9 深尾良夫.逐渐明了的地球内部.牛顿杂志,1998,180(5) :22～25．
10 Maruyarna S.Plume tectonics.Geol.Soc.Japan.,1994,100(1) :24～29．
11 侯德封,欧阳自远,于津生.核转变能与地球物质的演化.北京:科学出版社,1974．
12 车自成.地壳运动的主要力源.地质地球化学,1985,(6) :25～31．
13 夏邦栋,刘寿.地质学概论.北京:高等教育出版社,1992． 1～100．
14 刘英俊,曹励明,李兆鳞,王鹤年,储同庆,张景荣.元素地球化学.北京:科学出版社,1984． 216～228．
15 Griffiths R W.Dynamics of mantle thermals with constant buoyancy or anomalous internal heating.Earth Planet.Sci.Let- t,1986,78:435～446．
16 Anderson D L.Chemical plumes in the mantle.Geological Society of America Bulletin.,1975,86(11) :1593～1600．
17 Courtillot V,Besse J.Magnetic field reversals,polar wander,and core-mantle coupling.Science,1987,237:1140～1147．
18 Prevot M,Derder M E,Mcwilliams M,Thompson J.Intensity of the earth (s magnetic field:evidence for a Mesozoic dipole low.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1990,97:129～139．
19 Larson R L,Olson P.Mantle plumes control magnetic reversal frequency,Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,1991,107:437～447．
20 邵济安,韩庆军.中生代地球系统与核-幔边界动力学研究进展.地质论评,1998,44(4) ,382～388．
21 Glukhovsky M Z,Moralev V M.Equatorial belt of mantle plumes of the early earth.Abstracts of the 30th IGC.1996 vol.1 of 3:129．
22 黄婉康.地球和行星的化学演化.见:叶笃正主编,地球科学进展、趋势和发展战略研究。北京:气象出版社,1992,244～248．
23 汉布标W K.地球动力系统.殷维翰等译.北京:地质出版社,1980,328～408．
24 Basilevskov M A,Ivanov V Pet al.Geologic history of Venus:comparisons with Earth.Abstracts OF the 30th IG-C,1996,vol.3 of 3:504．
25 谢鸿森.地球深部物质科学导论.北京:科学出版社,1997,238．
26 欧阳自远,张福勤.地球演化的非均变理论模式k地质、地球化学研究的若干问题.地质地球化学.1995,(5) :1～10．
27 Murrell M T,Burnett D S.Partitioning of K.U and Th between sulfide and silicate liquids:implications for radioative heating of planetary cores.J.Geophys.Research,1986,91 (B8) :8126～8136．
28 王鸿章.大行星内部的能源问题.天体物理学报,1990,(1) :82～90．
29 黄祖洽.探索原子核的奥秘.长沙:湖南教育出版社,1994． 1～188．
30 鲍学昭.外地核中的U、Th分布、核裂变及与地球动力学的关系.地质论评,1999,45(4) :344．
31 鲍学昭.外地核U、Th与地幔惰性气体的起源的关系.地质论评,1999,45(5) .
32 杜乐天.幔壳溃疡诱发地球动力学问题集成.北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会理论文集.北京:地震出版社,1998． 29～38．
33 侯渭,谢鸿森.试论地球演化历史中水的总体形为.地球科学进展,1996,(4) :350～355．
34 罗杰斯J T A,亚当斯T A S.钍铀地球化学手册.萧学军等译.北京:原子能出版社,1976． 3～7,103．
35 克拉斯诺巴耶夫AA.金伯利岩中锆英石矿物的地球化学特点及其成因.朱和宝译..地质地球化学,1980,(12) :41～48。
36 迪特富特H V.宇宙星体漫谈.郑嘉恫等译.北京:地震出版社,1986,1～181．
37 威利P J.动力地球学.朱夏译.北京:地质出版社,1978,1～10．
38 中国大百科全书编委会.中国大百科全书天文学(卷).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1981．
39 宋小东.地球内核与地球深部动力学.地学前缘,1998 5(增刊):1～7．
40 邓晋福 赵海玲,莫宣学,吴宗絮,罗照华.中国大陆根-柱构造-大陆动力学的的钥匙.北京:地质出版社,1996． 1～110．
41 Minoru Ozima,Frank A Podosek.Noble gas geochemistry.Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.Press,1983． 1～367．
42 Poreda R J,Farley K A.Rare gases in Samoan xenoliths.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1992,113 (1/2) :129～144．
43 Poreda R.J.,Craig H.He and Sr isotopes in the Lau Basin mantle:depleted and primitive mantle components.Earth and Planetary Science Letters.1992,113(4) :487～493．
44 Farley K A.Is “primordial” Helium really extraterrestrial?.Science,1993,261(5118) :166～167．
45 Anderson D L.Helium-3 from the mantle:Primordial signal or cosmic dust?.Science,1993,261(5118) :170～178．
46 Anderson D L,Toshiro Tanimoto,Yu-shen Zhang.Plate tectonics and hotspots:the third dimension.Science,1992,256(5064) :1645～1650．
47 Carlo Laj,Alain Mazaud,Robin Weeks.Geomagnetic reversal paths.Nature,1991,(351) :447～448．
48 Van der Hilst R D,Widiyantoro S,Engdahl E R.Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography Nature,1997,386:578～584．
49 Yang Tianxin.Natural nuclear reactor in the early stage of the earth.In Chen Yanjing et al.Eds.PROGRESS IN GEOLOGY OF CHINA(1993～1996) ,Papers to 30Th IGC.Beijing:China Ocean Press,1996． P232～235．
50 王道德.中国陨石学导论.北京:科学出版社,1974． 1～120．
51 袁汉溶,苏宗涤,周书华,朱焕南,蒲富痒.原子核物理学.见:物理学词典(下册),第7分册.北京:科学出版社,1988． 1～204．
52 拉马什J R.核反应堆理论导论.洪流译.北京:原子能出版社,1977,1～65．
53 中国大百科全书编委会.中国大百科全书.化学(1～2卷).北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1989．
54 Staudacher,Th.& Allegre,C.J.Terrestrial xenology.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1982,60(4) :389～406．
55 Robert M.Nelson.水星:被遗忘的行星.科学(Scientific American中文版),1998(2) :10～17．
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