四川汶川5.12大地震同震滑动断层泥的发现及构造意义
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摘要
2008年汶川8.0级地震沿龙门山断裂带内的映秀—北川断裂和灌县—安县断裂产生了近300 km的同震地表破裂带。震后地质科学考察发现地表变形以逆冲为主,并伴有右旋走滑。地震地表破裂带大多沿古生代碳质泥岩、页岩和三叠系煤系地层内的滑动面出露地表,这些软弱地层为地震破裂带冲到地表提供了超低摩擦滑动带。我们发现在同震垂直和水平位错达6m左右的地表破裂带,地震的同震滑动发生在厚度约0.5～2cm的狭窄滑动带内,以发育新鲜的灰色断层泥为特征,这些断层泥是地震断层快速滑动过程中岩石—流体相互作用的结果。
Intensive coseismic surface deformation was produced by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake along the pre- existing NE-trending Yingxiu-Beichuan and the Guanxian-Anxian faults,in the Longmen Shan fault zone.The post-earthquake geological investigation shows that the most of surface ruptures occurred along the carbonaceous argillite,shale and coal-bearing layers, which are low-frictional layers to form slip interface within the fault zone.We found that fresh fault gouges with a thickness of 1～2 cm occurred along the co-seismic surface rupture zone,which suggests that the coseismic slip concentrated in a narrow slip zone of thickness ranging from 0.5～2 cm although the coseismic vertical and horizontal dislocations are larger than 6 meters.These fresh fault gouges within co-seismic slip zone are resulted from both thermal pressurization and frictional melting during rapid faulting movement at the shallow crust level.
Intensive coseismic surface deformation was produced by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake along the pre- existing NE-trending Yingxiu-Beichuan and the Guanxian-Anxian faults,in the Longmen Shan fault zone.The post-earthquake geological investigation shows that the most of surface ruptures occurred along the carbonaceous argillite,shale and coal-bearing layers, which are low-frictional layers to form slip interface within the fault zone.We found that fresh fault gouges with a thickness of 1～2 cm occurred along the co-seismic surface rupture zone,which suggests that the coseismic slip concentrated in a narrow slip zone of thickness ranging from 0.5～2 cm although the coseismic vertical and horizontal dislocations are larger than 6 meters.These fresh fault gouges within co-seismic slip zone are resulted from both thermal pressurization and frictional melting during rapid faulting movement at the shallow crust level.
引文
Burchfiel BC,Chen Z and Liu Y.1995． Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions.International Geological Review,37:661-735
Burchfiel BC,Royden LH,Van der Hilst RD,Hager BH,Chen Z,King RW,Li C,Lu J,Yao H and Kirby E.2008． A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,18,doi:10． 1130/GSATG18 A.1
Deng QD,Chen SF and Zhao XL. 1994． Tectonics,seismicity and dynamics of Longrnenshan mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,16,389-403(in Chinese with English abstract)
Densmore AL,Ellis MA,Li Y,Zhou R,Hancock GS and Richardson N.2007． Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics,26,doi:10． 1029/2006TC001987
Clark M and Royden LH.2000． Topographic ooze:Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28,703-706
Fu BH,Guo HD,Wang P,Kong P,Shi PL,Zheng GD and Zhang ZW.2008． Mountain building caused by the great earthquake events in eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau:New insights from the 2008 Ms 8． 0 Wenchuan great earthquake.Submitted to Terra Nova
Han R,Shimamoto T,Hirose T,Ree J H and Ando J I.2007． Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition.Science,316:878-881
He CR,Wang Z and Yao WM.2007． Frictional sliding of gabbro gouge under hydrothermal conditions.Tectonophysics,445(3-4) :353-362
Ishikawa T,Tanimizu M,Nagashi K,Matsuoka J,Tadai O,Sakaguchi M,Hirono T,Mishima T,Tanikawa W,Lin WR,Kikuta H,Soh W and Song SR. 2008． Coseismicfluid-rock interaction at high temperatures in the Chelungpu fault.Nature Geoscience,1:679- 683
Li Y,Zhou R J,Densemore A and Ellis M et al.2006． Geodynamic processes of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its geological responses.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1-148(in Chinese)
Lin CY,Shi LB,Liu XS,Tang HJ and Chern XD.1995． Significance of fault gouge in the study of recent activity of fault in bedrock area.Earthquake Research in China,11(1) :26-32(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma BQ,Zhang SM,Tian QJ and Xie FR.2008． The surface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake(M8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,28(4) :513-517(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma GF,Tanaka H,Song SR,Wang CY,Hung JH,Tsai YB,Mori J,Song YF,Yeh EC,Soh W,Sone H,Kuo LW and Wu HY.2006． Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault drilling project.Nature,444:473-476
Ma J,Moore DE,Summers R and Byerlee JD. 1985． The effect oftemperature,pressure and pore pressure of strength and sliding behavior of the gouges.Seismology and Geology,7(1) :15-24(in Chinese with English abstract)
Meng QR,Wang EC and Hu JM.2006． Late Cenozoic denudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,243:252-267
Robertson EC. 1983． Relationship of fault displacement in gouge and breccia thickness.AIME Trans.35:1426-1432
Royden LH,Burchfiel BC,King RW,Wang EC,Chen ZL,Shen F and Liu YP.1997． Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,276,788-790
Sammis CG and Biegel RL.1989． Fractals,fault-gouge,and friction.Pure and Applied Geophysics,131:255-271
Shao SM.1994． Present condition and progress of fault gouge research.Earthquake Research in Plateau,6(3) :51-56
Sibson RH. 1977． Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.Journal of the Geological Society,London,133:191-213
Sibson RH. 1986． Earthquakes and rock deformation in crustal fault zones.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,14:149-175
Sibson RH. 2003． Thickness of the seismic slip zone. Bulletin Seismological Society of America,93(3) :1169-1178
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain AY,Armijo R and Cobbold P.1982． Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:New insights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,10,611-616
Toro GD,Goldsby DL and Tullis TE.2004． Friction falls towards zero in quartz rock as slip velocity approaches seismic rates.Nature,427:436-439
Wang EC,Meng QR and Chen ZL.2001． Early Mesozoic left-lateral movement along the Longmen Shan fault belt and its tectonic implications.Earth Science Frontiers,8:375-384(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang P,Fu BH,Zhang B,Kong P and Wang G.2009． Relationships between surface ruptures and lithologic characteristics of the Wenchuan Ms 8． 0 earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(1) :in press(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu XW,Wen XZ,Ye JQ,Ma BQ,Chen J,Zhou RJ,He HL,Tian QJ,He YL,Wang ZC,Sun ZM,Feng X J,Yu GH,Chen LC,Chen GH,Yu SE,Ran YK,Li XG,Li CX and An YF,2008． The Ms 8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,30(3) :597-629(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu ZQ,Li HQ,Hou LW;Fu XF,Chen W,Zeng LS,Cai ZH and Chen FY.2007． Uplift of the Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China,26(10) :1262-1276(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang ZE,Hu BR and Yang JW.1985． The characteristics of gouge from Honghe and Qujiang fault zones and their seismogeological implications.Seismology and Geology,7(1) :23-32(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang BL,Feng JJ,Niu LF and Hu BR.1989． Characteristics of clay minerals in fault gouges from Honghe fault zone and their seismogeologic implication.Seismology and Geology,11(3) :96-97(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang PZ,Xu XW,Wen XZ and Ran YK.2008． Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(4) :1066-1073(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng GD,Fu BH,Takahashi Y,Miyahara M,Kuno A,Matsuo M and Miyashita Y.2008． Iron speciation in fault gouge from Ushikubi fault zone central Japan.Hyperfine Interactions,186:1-14,DOI 10． 1007/s10751-008-9846-y
邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.1994龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,16(4) :389-403
李勇,周荣军,DensemoreAL等.2006． 青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,1-148
林传勇,史兰斌,刘行松,唐汉军,陈孝德.1995． 断层泥在基岩区断层新活动研究中的意义.中国地震,11(1) :26-32
马保起,张世民,田勤俭,谢富仁.2008汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,28(04) :513-517
马瑾,Moore DE,Summers R,Byerlee JD.1985． 温度压力孔隙压力对断层泥强度及滑动性质的影响.地震地质,7(1) :15-24
邵顺妹.1994． 断层泥研究的现状和进展.高原地震,6(3) :51-56
王二七,孟庆任,陈智樑.2001． 龙门山断裂带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因.地学前缘,8(2) :375-384
王萍,付碧宏,张斌,孔屏,王刚.2009． 汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带与岩性关系.地球物理学报,(待发表)
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,马保起,陈杰,周荣军,何宏林,田勤俭,何玉林,工志才,孙昭民,冯希杰,于贵华,陈立春,陈桂华,于慎鄂,冉勇康,李细光,李陈侠,安艳芬.2008． 汶川Ms 8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,30(3) :597-629
许志琴,李化启,侯立炜,付小芳,陈文,曾令森,蔡志慧,陈方远2007． 青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏山造山带的崛起-大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,26(10) :1262-1276
杨主恩,胡碧茹,杨继武.1985． 红河和曲江断裂带断层泥的特征及其地震地质意义.地震地质,7(1) :25-32
张秉良,冯锦江,牛娈芳,胡碧茹.1989． 红河断裂带断层泥粘土矿物特征及其地震地质意义.地震地质,11(3) :96-97
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,冉永康.2008 2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,51(4) :1066-1073
Burchfiel BC,Royden LH,Van der Hilst RD,Hager BH,Chen Z,King RW,Li C,Lu J,Yao H and Kirby E.2008． A geological and geophysical context for the Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008,Sichuan,People's Republic of China.GSA Today,18,doi:10． 1130/GSATG18 A.1
Deng QD,Chen SF and Zhao XL. 1994． Tectonics,seismicity and dynamics of Longrnenshan mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,16,389-403(in Chinese with English abstract)
Densmore AL,Ellis MA,Li Y,Zhou R,Hancock GS and Richardson N.2007． Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics,26,doi:10． 1029/2006TC001987
Clark M and Royden LH.2000． Topographic ooze:Building the eastern margin of Tibet by lower crustal flow.Geology,28,703-706
Fu BH,Guo HD,Wang P,Kong P,Shi PL,Zheng GD and Zhang ZW.2008． Mountain building caused by the great earthquake events in eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau:New insights from the 2008 Ms 8． 0 Wenchuan great earthquake.Submitted to Terra Nova
Han R,Shimamoto T,Hirose T,Ree J H and Ando J I.2007． Ultralow friction of carbonate faults caused by thermal decomposition.Science,316:878-881
He CR,Wang Z and Yao WM.2007． Frictional sliding of gabbro gouge under hydrothermal conditions.Tectonophysics,445(3-4) :353-362
Ishikawa T,Tanimizu M,Nagashi K,Matsuoka J,Tadai O,Sakaguchi M,Hirono T,Mishima T,Tanikawa W,Lin WR,Kikuta H,Soh W and Song SR. 2008． Coseismicfluid-rock interaction at high temperatures in the Chelungpu fault.Nature Geoscience,1:679- 683
Li Y,Zhou R J,Densemore A and Ellis M et al.2006． Geodynamic processes of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its geological responses.Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1-148(in Chinese)
Lin CY,Shi LB,Liu XS,Tang HJ and Chern XD.1995． Significance of fault gouge in the study of recent activity of fault in bedrock area.Earthquake Research in China,11(1) :26-32(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma BQ,Zhang SM,Tian QJ and Xie FR.2008． The surface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake(M8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,28(4) :513-517(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma GF,Tanaka H,Song SR,Wang CY,Hung JH,Tsai YB,Mori J,Song YF,Yeh EC,Soh W,Sone H,Kuo LW and Wu HY.2006． Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault drilling project.Nature,444:473-476
Ma J,Moore DE,Summers R and Byerlee JD. 1985． The effect oftemperature,pressure and pore pressure of strength and sliding behavior of the gouges.Seismology and Geology,7(1) :15-24(in Chinese with English abstract)
Meng QR,Wang EC and Hu JM.2006． Late Cenozoic denudation by large-magnitude landslides in the eastern edge of Tibetan Plateau.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,243:252-267
Robertson EC. 1983． Relationship of fault displacement in gouge and breccia thickness.AIME Trans.35:1426-1432
Royden LH,Burchfiel BC,King RW,Wang EC,Chen ZL,Shen F and Liu YP.1997． Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern Tibet.Science,276,788-790
Sammis CG and Biegel RL.1989． Fractals,fault-gouge,and friction.Pure and Applied Geophysics,131:255-271
Shao SM.1994． Present condition and progress of fault gouge research.Earthquake Research in Plateau,6(3) :51-56
Sibson RH. 1977． Fault rocks and fault mechanisms.Journal of the Geological Society,London,133:191-213
Sibson RH. 1986． Earthquakes and rock deformation in crustal fault zones.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,14:149-175
Sibson RH. 2003． Thickness of the seismic slip zone. Bulletin Seismological Society of America,93(3) :1169-1178
Tapponnier P,Peltzer G,Le Dain AY,Armijo R and Cobbold P.1982． Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia:New insights from simple experiments with plasticine.Geology,10,611-616
Toro GD,Goldsby DL and Tullis TE.2004． Friction falls towards zero in quartz rock as slip velocity approaches seismic rates.Nature,427:436-439
Wang EC,Meng QR and Chen ZL.2001． Early Mesozoic left-lateral movement along the Longmen Shan fault belt and its tectonic implications.Earth Science Frontiers,8:375-384(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang P,Fu BH,Zhang B,Kong P and Wang G.2009． Relationships between surface ruptures and lithologic characteristics of the Wenchuan Ms 8． 0 earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,52(1) :in press(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu XW,Wen XZ,Ye JQ,Ma BQ,Chen J,Zhou RJ,He HL,Tian QJ,He YL,Wang ZC,Sun ZM,Feng X J,Yu GH,Chen LC,Chen GH,Yu SE,Ran YK,Li XG,Li CX and An YF,2008． The Ms 8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,30(3) :597-629(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu ZQ,Li HQ,Hou LW;Fu XF,Chen W,Zeng LS,Cai ZH and Chen FY.2007． Uplift of the Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau:Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China,26(10) :1262-1276(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang ZE,Hu BR and Yang JW.1985． The characteristics of gouge from Honghe and Qujiang fault zones and their seismogeological implications.Seismology and Geology,7(1) :23-32(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang BL,Feng JJ,Niu LF and Hu BR.1989． Characteristics of clay minerals in fault gouges from Honghe fault zone and their seismogeologic implication.Seismology and Geology,11(3) :96-97(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang PZ,Xu XW,Wen XZ and Ran YK.2008． Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shan active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,51(4) :1066-1073(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zheng GD,Fu BH,Takahashi Y,Miyahara M,Kuno A,Matsuo M and Miyashita Y.2008． Iron speciation in fault gouge from Ushikubi fault zone central Japan.Hyperfine Interactions,186:1-14,DOI 10． 1007/s10751-008-9846-y
邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.1994龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,16(4) :389-403
李勇,周荣军,DensemoreAL等.2006． 青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,1-148
林传勇,史兰斌,刘行松,唐汉军,陈孝德.1995． 断层泥在基岩区断层新活动研究中的意义.中国地震,11(1) :26-32
马保起,张世民,田勤俭,谢富仁.2008汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,28(04) :513-517
马瑾,Moore DE,Summers R,Byerlee JD.1985． 温度压力孔隙压力对断层泥强度及滑动性质的影响.地震地质,7(1) :15-24
邵顺妹.1994． 断层泥研究的现状和进展.高原地震,6(3) :51-56
王二七,孟庆任,陈智樑.2001． 龙门山断裂带印支期左旋走滑运动及其大地构造成因.地学前缘,8(2) :375-384
王萍,付碧宏,张斌,孔屏,王刚.2009． 汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带与岩性关系.地球物理学报,(待发表)
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,马保起,陈杰,周荣军,何宏林,田勤俭,何玉林,工志才,孙昭民,冯希杰,于贵华,陈立春,陈桂华,于慎鄂,冉勇康,李细光,李陈侠,安艳芬.2008． 汶川Ms 8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,30(3) :597-629
许志琴,李化启,侯立炜,付小芳,陈文,曾令森,蔡志慧,陈方远2007． 青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏山造山带的崛起-大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,26(10) :1262-1276
杨主恩,胡碧茹,杨继武.1985． 红河和曲江断裂带断层泥的特征及其地震地质意义.地震地质,7(1) :25-32
张秉良,冯锦江,牛娈芳,胡碧茹.1989． 红河断裂带断层泥粘土矿物特征及其地震地质意义.地震地质,11(3) :96-97
张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,冉永康.2008 2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,51(4) :1066-1073
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