东昆仑断裂带中东部地震破裂分段性与走滑运动分解作用
摘要
基于卫星影像解译和野外考察测量,对东昆仑断裂带中东部托索湖段、玛沁段和玛曲段的晚更新世晚期以来滑动速率以及全新世以来的古地震活动特征进行了分析研究.阿尼玛卿山双挤压弯曲和西贡周断裂交汇区为这3条段落的破裂分段标志,也成为1937年托索湖7.5级地震地表破裂带的终止点.通过构造地貌方法获得这3条段落自西向东晚第四纪晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率分别为(11.2±1),(9.3±2)和(4.9±1.3)mm/a;垂直滑动速率分别为(1.2±0.2),(0.7±0.1)和0.3mm/a.断裂水平滑动速率从西至东呈梯度下降,递减的滑动速率主要转换到了与东昆仑断裂相交的阿万仓断裂上.通过构造转换矢量分解获得阿万仓断裂带西支和东支构成一个滑动分解模式,断裂西南盘相对北东盘的滑动速率为4.6mm/a,滑动方向为112.1°.3条段落的活动均产生独立地表破裂,西侧托索湖段1937年发生了M7.5级地震,往东玛沁段发生了514～534calaBP和距今(1070±180)a(格萨尔王时期)的地表破裂,玛曲段地表破裂发生在1055～1524aBP,显示出段落之间与应力触发有关的地震破裂事件沿断裂带单向迁移的特征.同时利用断裂单次地震位移和古地震复发周期获得断裂的长期滑动速率,结果显示与构造地貌方法获得的滑动速率几乎一致,也显示自西向东逐渐递减的趋势.断裂滑动速率的递减与几何结构走向的弯曲以及横向断裂的相交一一对应,因此东昆仑断裂带的滑动速率梯度递减的主要原因是东昆仑断裂带东延与横向断裂相交和构造转换所致.
引文
1邓起东,张培震,冉勇康,等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2002,32:10201030
2国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年).北京:地震出版社,1995.3471
3中国地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前1912—公元1990年,M s≥4.7).北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.59233
4徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(M s8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24:113
5青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1999.12164
6Xu X W,Chen W B,Ma W T,et al.Surface rupture of the Kunlun earthquake(M s8.1),northern Tibetan Plateau,China.Seismol Res Lett,2002,73:884892
7Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(M w7.8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China.J Geophys Res,2006,111:B05316,doi:10.1029/2004JB003488
8Wen X Z,Yi G X,Xu X W.Background and precursory seismicities along and surrounding the Kunlun fault before the M s8.1,2001,Kokoxili earthquake,China.J Asian Earth Sci,2007,30:63-72
9Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Frederick J R,et al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from26Al,10Be,and14C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology.Geophys J Int,2002,148:356388
10李春锋,贺群禄,赵国光.东昆仑活动断裂带东段全新世滑动速率研究.地震地质,2004,26:676687
11李春峰,贺群禄,赵国光.东昆仑活动断裂带东段古地震活动特征.地震学报,2005,25:6067
12马寅生,施炜,张岳桥,等.东昆仑活动断裂带玛曲段活动特征及其东延.地质通报,2005,24:3035
13李陈侠,戴华光,陈永明,等.对1937年托索湖7.5级地震若干问题的讨论.地震地质,2006,28:1221
14何文贵,袁道阳,熊振,等.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂新活动特征及全新世滑动速率研究.地震,2006,26:6775
15何文贵,熊振,袁道阳,等.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂古地震初步研究.中国地震,2006,22:126134
16Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang E Q,et al.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault.Tectonics,2007,26:TC2010,doi:10.1029/2006TC002033
17Guo J M,Lin A M,Sun G Q,et al.Surface ruptures associated with the1937M7.5Tuosuo Lake and the1963M7.0Alake Lake earthquakes and the paleoseismicity along the Tuosuo Lake Segment of the Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet.Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97:474-496,doi:10.1785/0120050103
18Harkins N,Kirby E.Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults:An example from the Kunlun fault,China.Geophys Res Lett,2008,35:L05406,doi:10.1029/2007GL033073
19Lin A M,Guo J M.Nonuniform slip rate and millennial recurrence interval of large earthquakes along the eastern segment of the Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet.Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:2866-2878,doi:10.1785/0120070193
20青海省第二区域地质调查队,青海省地质矿产局.中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告(比例尺1:200000),优云公社幅和果洛藏族自治州幅(地质部分).1986.210221
21邓启东,冉勇康,杨晓平,等.中国活动构造图(比例尺1:4000000).北京:地震出版社,2007
22Cunningham W D,Mann P.Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends.Geol Soc London Spec Publ,2007,290:112,doi:10.1144/SP290.1
23Meiraux A S,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.Rapid slip along the central Altyn Tagh fault:Morphochronological evidence from Cherchen He and Sulamu Tagh.J Geophys Res,2004,109:B06401,doi:10.1029/2003JB002558
24徐锡伟,Tapponnier P,Van der Woerd J,等.阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑速率及其构造运动转换模式讨论.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33:967974
25Cowgill E.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2007,254:239-255,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.015
26Zhang P Z,Molnar P,Xu X W.Late Quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault,northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC5010
27Sieh K,Jahns R H.Holocene activity of the San Andreas fault at Wallace Creek,Callifornia.Geol Soc Am Bull,1984,95:883896,doi:10.1130/0016-7606
28张培震,李传友,毛凤英.河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率.地震地质,2008,30:4457
29Wallace R E.Earthquake recurrence intervals on the San Andreas fault.Geol Soc Am Bull,1970,81:28752890,doi:10.1130/0016-7606
30陈文彬.河西走廊及邻近地区最新构造变形基本特征及构造成因分析.博士学位论文.北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2003.94100
31Bowman D,King G,Tapponnier P.Slip partitioning by elastoplastic propagation of oblique slip at depth.Science,2003,300:1121-1123,doi:10.1126/science.1082180
32刘光勋.东昆仑活动断裂带及其强震活动.中国地震,1996,12:119126
33刘光勋,肖振敏,谢新生,等.1937年花石峡7.5级地震地表破裂带及有关问题.见:国家地震局地质研究所,主编.活动断裂研究(5).北京:地震出版社,1996.136153
34李龙海,贾云鸿.一九三七年青海托索湖7.5级地震形变带特征.西北地震学报,198l,3:6l65
35李陈侠.东昆仑断裂带东段(玛沁-玛曲)晚第四纪长期滑动习性研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2009.101117
36徐锡伟,闻学泽,于贵华,等.川西理塘断裂带平均滑动速率、地震破裂分段与复发特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35:540551
37Sanders C O.Interaction of the San Jacinto and San Andreas fault zones,southern California:Triggered earthquake migration and coupled recurrence intervals.Science,1993,260:973976
38Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since1939by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys JInt,1997,l28:594604,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
39DePolo C M,Clark D G,Slemmons D B,et al.Historical surface faulting in the Basin and Range province,western North America:Implications for fault segmentation.J Struct Geol,1991,13:123136,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90061-M
40Machette M N,Personius S F,Nelson A R,et al.The Wasatch fault zone Utah segmentation and history of Holocene earthquake.J Struct Geol,1991,13:137-149,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90062-N
41丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.活动断层分段:原则、方法及应用.北京:地震出版社,1993.1143
42邓起东,张培震.活动断裂分段研究的原则和方法(一).见:国家地震局地质研究所,主编.现代地壳运动研究(6).北京:地震出版社,1995.196207
43King G,Nabelek J.Role of fault bends in the initiation and termination of earthquake rupture.Science,1985,228:984987
44Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,et al.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:Implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Geol Soc Am Bull,2000,112:375-393,doi:10.1130/0016-7606
45Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng Q D,et al.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,1994,99:24025-24038
46张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:10411056
47Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics.Nature,1976,264:319324
48Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Geology-oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,2001,294:16711677
49Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseimic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008M w7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,2009,37:515518
50England P C,Molnar P.Right-lateral shear and rotation as the explanation for strike-slip faulting in eastern Tibet.Nature,1990,344:140-142
51England P,Molnar P.Active deformation of Asia:From kinematics to dynamatics.Science,1997,278:647650
52徐锡伟,闻学泽,于贵华,等.巴颜喀拉地块东部龙日坝断裂带的发现及其大地构造意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:529542
53周荣军,李勇,Densmore A L,等.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物岩石,2006,26:4051
54李松林,张先康,张成科,等.玛沁-兰州-靖边地震测深剖面地壳速度结构的初步研究.地球物理学报,2002,45:210217
55赵国泽,汤吉,詹艳,等.青藏高原东北缘地壳电性结构和地块变形关系的研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34:908918
56汤吉,詹艳,赵国泽,等.青藏高原东北缘玛沁-兰州-靖边剖面地壳上地幔电性结构研究.地球物理学报,2005,48:12051216
57詹艳,赵国泽,王继军,等.青藏高原东北缘海原弧形构造区地壳电性结构探测研究.地震学报,2005,27:431440
58赖晓玲,李松林,张先康,等.玛沁-兰州-靖边剖面壳幔复杂性的研究.地球物理学进展,2001,16:6572
59赖晓玲,张先康,方盛明.青藏高原东北缘壳幔过渡带研究.地震学报,2004,26:132139
60姚志祥,王椿镛,裴正林.昆仑山断裂带围陷波的有限差分数值模拟解释.地球物理学报,2007,50:760769
61段永红,张先康,刘志,等.阿尼玛卿缝合带东段地壳结构的接收函数研究.地震学报,2007,29:483491
62张先康,杨卓欣,徐朝繁,等.阿尼玛卿缝合带东段上地壳结构—马尔康-碌曲-古浪深地震测深剖面结果.地震学报,2007,29:592604
63Parsons T,Chen J,Kirby E.Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increase hazard in the Sichuan basin.Nature,2008,454:509510
64单斌,熊熊,郑勇,等.2008年5月12日Mw7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39:537545
2国家地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前23世纪—公元1911年).北京:地震出版社,1995.3471
3中国地震局震害防御司.中国历史强震目录(公元前1912—公元1990年,M s≥4.7).北京:中国科学技术出版社,1999.59233
4徐锡伟,陈文彬,于贵华,等.2001年11月14日昆仑山库赛湖地震(M s8.1)地表破裂带的基本特征.地震地质,2002,24:113
5青海省地震局,中国地震局地壳应力研究所.东昆仑活动断裂带.北京:地震出版社,1999.12164
6Xu X W,Chen W B,Ma W T,et al.Surface rupture of the Kunlun earthquake(M s8.1),northern Tibetan Plateau,China.Seismol Res Lett,2002,73:884892
7Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(M w7.8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China.J Geophys Res,2006,111:B05316,doi:10.1029/2004JB003488
8Wen X Z,Yi G X,Xu X W.Background and precursory seismicities along and surrounding the Kunlun fault before the M s8.1,2001,Kokoxili earthquake,China.J Asian Earth Sci,2007,30:63-72
9Van der Woerd J,Tapponnier P,Frederick J R,et al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central600km of the Kunlun Fault(Tibet),from26Al,10Be,and14C dating of riser offsets,and climatic origin of the regional morphology.Geophys J Int,2002,148:356388
10李春锋,贺群禄,赵国光.东昆仑活动断裂带东段全新世滑动速率研究.地震地质,2004,26:676687
11李春峰,贺群禄,赵国光.东昆仑活动断裂带东段古地震活动特征.地震学报,2005,25:6067
12马寅生,施炜,张岳桥,等.东昆仑活动断裂带玛曲段活动特征及其东延.地质通报,2005,24:3035
13李陈侠,戴华光,陈永明,等.对1937年托索湖7.5级地震若干问题的讨论.地震地质,2006,28:1221
14何文贵,袁道阳,熊振,等.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂新活动特征及全新世滑动速率研究.地震,2006,26:6775
15何文贵,熊振,袁道阳,等.东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂古地震初步研究.中国地震,2006,22:126134
16Kirby E,Harkins N,Wang E Q,et al.Slip rate gradients along the eastern Kunlun fault.Tectonics,2007,26:TC2010,doi:10.1029/2006TC002033
17Guo J M,Lin A M,Sun G Q,et al.Surface ruptures associated with the1937M7.5Tuosuo Lake and the1963M7.0Alake Lake earthquakes and the paleoseismicity along the Tuosuo Lake Segment of the Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet.Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97:474-496,doi:10.1785/0120050103
18Harkins N,Kirby E.Fluvial terrace riser degradation and determination of slip rates on strike-slip faults:An example from the Kunlun fault,China.Geophys Res Lett,2008,35:L05406,doi:10.1029/2007GL033073
19Lin A M,Guo J M.Nonuniform slip rate and millennial recurrence interval of large earthquakes along the eastern segment of the Kunlun Fault,northern Tibet.Bull Seismol Soc Am,2008,98:2866-2878,doi:10.1785/0120070193
20青海省第二区域地质调查队,青海省地质矿产局.中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告(比例尺1:200000),优云公社幅和果洛藏族自治州幅(地质部分).1986.210221
21邓启东,冉勇康,杨晓平,等.中国活动构造图(比例尺1:4000000).北京:地震出版社,2007
22Cunningham W D,Mann P.Tectonics of strike-slip restraining and releasing bends.Geol Soc London Spec Publ,2007,290:112,doi:10.1144/SP290.1
23Meiraux A S,Ryerson F J,Tapponnier P,et al.Rapid slip along the central Altyn Tagh fault:Morphochronological evidence from Cherchen He and Sulamu Tagh.J Geophys Res,2004,109:B06401,doi:10.1029/2003JB002558
24徐锡伟,Tapponnier P,Van der Woerd J,等.阿尔金断裂带晚第四纪左旋走滑速率及其构造运动转换模式讨论.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2003,33:967974
25Cowgill E.Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike-slip faulting:Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2007,254:239-255,doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.015
26Zhang P Z,Molnar P,Xu X W.Late Quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault,northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC5010
27Sieh K,Jahns R H.Holocene activity of the San Andreas fault at Wallace Creek,Callifornia.Geol Soc Am Bull,1984,95:883896,doi:10.1130/0016-7606
28张培震,李传友,毛凤英.河流阶地演化与走滑断裂滑动速率.地震地质,2008,30:4457
29Wallace R E.Earthquake recurrence intervals on the San Andreas fault.Geol Soc Am Bull,1970,81:28752890,doi:10.1130/0016-7606
30陈文彬.河西走廊及邻近地区最新构造变形基本特征及构造成因分析.博士学位论文.北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2003.94100
31Bowman D,King G,Tapponnier P.Slip partitioning by elastoplastic propagation of oblique slip at depth.Science,2003,300:1121-1123,doi:10.1126/science.1082180
32刘光勋.东昆仑活动断裂带及其强震活动.中国地震,1996,12:119126
33刘光勋,肖振敏,谢新生,等.1937年花石峡7.5级地震地表破裂带及有关问题.见:国家地震局地质研究所,主编.活动断裂研究(5).北京:地震出版社,1996.136153
34李龙海,贾云鸿.一九三七年青海托索湖7.5级地震形变带特征.西北地震学报,198l,3:6l65
35李陈侠.东昆仑断裂带东段(玛沁-玛曲)晚第四纪长期滑动习性研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国地震局地质研究所,2009.101117
36徐锡伟,闻学泽,于贵华,等.川西理塘断裂带平均滑动速率、地震破裂分段与复发特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2005,35:540551
37Sanders C O.Interaction of the San Jacinto and San Andreas fault zones,southern California:Triggered earthquake migration and coupled recurrence intervals.Science,1993,260:973976
38Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since1939by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys JInt,1997,l28:594604,doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05321.x
39DePolo C M,Clark D G,Slemmons D B,et al.Historical surface faulting in the Basin and Range province,western North America:Implications for fault segmentation.J Struct Geol,1991,13:123136,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90061-M
40Machette M N,Personius S F,Nelson A R,et al.The Wasatch fault zone Utah segmentation and history of Holocene earthquake.J Struct Geol,1991,13:137-149,doi:10.1016/0191-8141(91)90062-N
41丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.活动断层分段:原则、方法及应用.北京:地震出版社,1993.1143
42邓起东,张培震.活动断裂分段研究的原则和方法(一).见:国家地震局地质研究所,主编.现代地壳运动研究(6).北京:地震出版社,1995.196207
43King G,Nabelek J.Role of fault bends in the initiation and termination of earthquake rupture.Science,1985,228:984987
44Kirby E,Whipple K X,Burchfiel B C,et al.Neotectonics of the Min Shan,China:Implications for mechanisms driving Quaternary deformation along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Geol Soc Am Bull,2000,112:375-393,doi:10.1130/0016-7606
45Chen S F,Wilson C J L,Deng Q D,et al.Active faulting and block movement associated with large earthquakes in the Min Shan and Longmen mountains,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,1994,99:24025-24038
46张培震.青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:10411056
47Tapponnier P,Molnar P.Slip-line field theory and large-scale continental tectonics.Nature,1976,264:319324
48Tapponnier P,Xu Z Q,Roger F,et al.Geology-oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau.Science,2001,294:16711677
49Xu X W,Wen X Z,Yu G H,et al.Coseimic reverse-and oblique-slip surface faulting generated by the2008M w7.9Wenchuan earthquake,China.Geology,2009,37:515518
50England P C,Molnar P.Right-lateral shear and rotation as the explanation for strike-slip faulting in eastern Tibet.Nature,1990,344:140-142
51England P,Molnar P.Active deformation of Asia:From kinematics to dynamatics.Science,1997,278:647650
52徐锡伟,闻学泽,于贵华,等.巴颜喀拉地块东部龙日坝断裂带的发现及其大地构造意义.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:529542
53周荣军,李勇,Densmore A L,等.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物岩石,2006,26:4051
54李松林,张先康,张成科,等.玛沁-兰州-靖边地震测深剖面地壳速度结构的初步研究.地球物理学报,2002,45:210217
55赵国泽,汤吉,詹艳,等.青藏高原东北缘地壳电性结构和地块变形关系的研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34:908918
56汤吉,詹艳,赵国泽,等.青藏高原东北缘玛沁-兰州-靖边剖面地壳上地幔电性结构研究.地球物理学报,2005,48:12051216
57詹艳,赵国泽,王继军,等.青藏高原东北缘海原弧形构造区地壳电性结构探测研究.地震学报,2005,27:431440
58赖晓玲,李松林,张先康,等.玛沁-兰州-靖边剖面壳幔复杂性的研究.地球物理学进展,2001,16:6572
59赖晓玲,张先康,方盛明.青藏高原东北缘壳幔过渡带研究.地震学报,2004,26:132139
60姚志祥,王椿镛,裴正林.昆仑山断裂带围陷波的有限差分数值模拟解释.地球物理学报,2007,50:760769
61段永红,张先康,刘志,等.阿尼玛卿缝合带东段地壳结构的接收函数研究.地震学报,2007,29:483491
62张先康,杨卓欣,徐朝繁,等.阿尼玛卿缝合带东段上地壳结构—马尔康-碌曲-古浪深地震测深剖面结果.地震学报,2007,29:592604
63Parsons T,Chen J,Kirby E.Stress changes from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and increase hazard in the Sichuan basin.Nature,2008,454:509510
64单斌,熊熊,郑勇,等.2008年5月12日Mw7.9汶川地震导致的周边断层应力变化.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39:537545
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心