塔里木盆地及邻区岩石圈拆离解耦与盆山格局关系的天然地震分析
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摘要
与洋陆俯冲关系不同,在板内汇聚过程中,大陆岩石圈固有的多圈层、多界面结构的特点,使得地块的俯冲变形伴有多圈层顺层拆离解耦的行为,使变形结构复杂化。虽然多圈层界面拆离解耦所引发的地震点群空间分布不像洋陆俯冲关系那么规则完美,但是依据地震群与破裂位置、破裂与岩石圈分层力学特性的依次控制关系,运用深度/频次、平面密度等统计方法,再以各种地球物理实测手段得到的岩石圈结构构造数据作为界面标定依据,还是能够得出诸如拆离解耦的界面深度、界面归属和区域层间变形范围等重要的几何学信息,这些变形几何学、运动学数据是构建大陆岩石圈板内汇聚造山特别是盆山耦合模式时的关键性的依据。文中通过对塔里木盆地及周缘造山带的相关研究,在岩石圈层拆离解耦状态及其与盆山构造格局之间的关系方面得出以下几点认识:(1)塔里木盆地及周缘造山带岩石圈的主拆离解耦层均发育于中地壳,但随各区中地壳的具体深度位置不同而有所差别;(2)塔西南/西昆仑盆山构造耦合关系是构建于岩石圈尺度上的,塔北/南天山盆山耦合关系是构建于地壳尺度上的;(3)地震活动的密集程度及密集带的展布与天山的变形强度、隆升状态和地貌阶段类型的变化规律有着近乎完美的精确匹配关系;(4)塔北/南天山和塔西南/西昆仑对应于岩石圈的强拆离解耦区,塔东北/东天山和塔东南/阿尔金山之间无耦合关系,其边缘带对应于岩石圈弱拆离解耦和无拆离解耦区;(5)塔里木盆地总体上的弱变形状态与其岩石圈弱或未拆离解耦类型占据总面积90%的情形相适应;(6)塔里木地块以驱动、阻挡约束、平移滚筒约束和克拉通过渡等多重“身份”存在于相邻单元“包围”的力学环境中。
In the process of intraplate convergence of continental lithosphere, parallel-layer detachments commonly occur during the subduction of continental crust, owing to the multi-layer and multi-interface characteristics of the subcontinental lithosphere. This is a different process from the subduction of oceanic crust beneath continents, thereby resulting in more complex deformation patterns. The spatial distribution of epicenters along several interfaces of the detachments is not as regular as that which characterizes the subduction of oceanic crust beneath continents. Nevertheless, taking into consideration earthquake groups, the locations of ruptures, the relationship of ruptures with the multi-layer structure of lithosphere, the density of earthquakes at different depths, and by counting depth vs. frequency of earthquakes, we can identify important geometric patterns. These include the depth to detachments surface, characteristics of interfaces and deformation between layers on regional scale.This information is critical for interpreting the evolution of orogenic structures formed by the intraplate convergence of continental lithosphere, especially the basin-mountain (orogenic belt) dichotomy. In this article, we report our study of the Tarim Basin and the orogenic belts that surround it. This study has enabled us to model the state of continental decoupling and its relationship with basin-orogenic belt tectonic patterns.The salient points of our work are: (1) The main detachments in lithosphere all occur in the middle crust of the Tarim Basin and adjacent orogenic belts; however, these are not the same due to different depths of the middle crust in different areas. (2) The basin-mountain (orogenic belt) dichotomy and coupling between southwestern Tarim and western Kunlun Mountains occurs at the lithospheric scale, whereas the coupling between northern Tarim and southern Tianshan Mountains occurs at the crustal scale. (3) There are good matching relationships among the distribution and density of earthquakes foci and the intensity of deformation, and the state and amount of uplift of Tianshan Mountains, and the associated changes in topographic styles. (4) The northern Tarim Basin-southern Tianshan Mountains (orogen) and southwestern Tarim Basin-western Kunlun Mountains (orogen) boundaries correspond to the strong decoupling zones. But there are no coupling relationships between northeastern Tarim Basin and east Tianshan Mountains, and between southeastern Tarim Basin and Altun Mountains; the boundaries between the basin and the mountains correspond to the weak lithospheric decoupling or no lithospheric decoupling zones. (5) The state of weak deformation of Tarim Basin coincides with the fact that the weak lithospheric decoupling and no decoupling areas reach 90% of the total areal extent of the Tarim Basin. (6) The Tarim block has evolved in a mechanical environment surrounded by adjacent units; it acts as a backstop that blocks horizontal movements.
In the process of intraplate convergence of continental lithosphere, parallel-layer detachments commonly occur during the subduction of continental crust, owing to the multi-layer and multi-interface characteristics of the subcontinental lithosphere. This is a different process from the subduction of oceanic crust beneath continents, thereby resulting in more complex deformation patterns. The spatial distribution of epicenters along several interfaces of the detachments is not as regular as that which characterizes the subduction of oceanic crust beneath continents. Nevertheless, taking into consideration earthquake groups, the locations of ruptures, the relationship of ruptures with the multi-layer structure of lithosphere, the density of earthquakes at different depths, and by counting depth vs. frequency of earthquakes, we can identify important geometric patterns. These include the depth to detachments surface, characteristics of interfaces and deformation between layers on regional scale.This information is critical for interpreting the evolution of orogenic structures formed by the intraplate convergence of continental lithosphere, especially the basin-mountain (orogenic belt) dichotomy. In this article, we report our study of the Tarim Basin and the orogenic belts that surround it. This study has enabled us to model the state of continental decoupling and its relationship with basin-orogenic belt tectonic patterns.The salient points of our work are: (1) The main detachments in lithosphere all occur in the middle crust of the Tarim Basin and adjacent orogenic belts; however, these are not the same due to different depths of the middle crust in different areas. (2) The basin-mountain (orogenic belt) dichotomy and coupling between southwestern Tarim and western Kunlun Mountains occurs at the lithospheric scale, whereas the coupling between northern Tarim and southern Tianshan Mountains occurs at the crustal scale. (3) There are good matching relationships among the distribution and density of earthquakes foci and the intensity of deformation, and the state and amount of uplift of Tianshan Mountains, and the associated changes in topographic styles. (4) The northern Tarim Basin-southern Tianshan Mountains (orogen) and southwestern Tarim Basin-western Kunlun Mountains (orogen) boundaries correspond to the strong decoupling zones. But there are no coupling relationships between northeastern Tarim Basin and east Tianshan Mountains, and between southeastern Tarim Basin and Altun Mountains; the boundaries between the basin and the mountains correspond to the weak lithospheric decoupling or no lithospheric decoupling zones. (5) The state of weak deformation of Tarim Basin coincides with the fact that the weak lithospheric decoupling and no decoupling areas reach 90% of the total areal extent of the Tarim Basin. (6) The Tarim block has evolved in a mechanical environment surrounded by adjacent units; it acts as a backstop that blocks horizontal movements.
引文
[1]ZHAOJunmeng,LI Zhichun,MAZongjin.Geophysical evi-dence for segmentation of the Tian Shan[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):125-131(in Chinese).
[2]LI Qiang,LI U Ruifeng,DU Anlu,et al.Seismic tomo-graphy of Xinjiang and adjacent region[J].Journal of Geo-physics,1994,37(3):311-319(in Chinese).
[3]WANG Chunyong,LOU Hai,WEI Xiucheng.Crustal struc-ture in northern margin of Tian Shan mountains and seis-motectonics of1906Manas earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(5):460-470(in Chinese).
[4]COTTON F,AVOUACJ P.Crustal and upper mantle struc-ture under the Tian Shan from surface wave dispersion[J].Phs Earth Planet,1994,84:95-109.
[5]WEI Suhua,XUE Guangqi,QI AN Hui.Xinjiang Kuche-Kel-amayi seismic tomography[J].Progress in Geophysics,2000,15(4):46-54(in Chinese).
[6]ZANG Shaoxian,LI Chang,WEI Rongqiang.The determi-nation of rheological mechanics of lithosphere andtheinfluen-cing factors on the rheological strength of lithosphere[J].Progress in Geophysics,2002,17(1):50-60(in Chinese).
[7]ZHOU Yongsheng.Review on the progress in studies on plastic flow of lithosphere and continental intraplate tectonic deformation[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1999(2):8-13(in Chinese).
[8]WANG Qi,ZHANG Peizhen,MA Zongjin.GPS database and velocity field of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2):415-429(in Chinese).
[9]ZHANG Peizhen,WANG Qi,MA Zongjin.GPS velocity field and active crustal locks of contemporarytectonic deform-ation in continental China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2):430-441(in Chinese).
[10]FU Yang,ZHU Wenyao,WANG Xiaoya,et al.The investiga-tions on crustal deformation in China under ITRF97plate model using data of crustal movement observation networkin China[J].Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(3):330-33(in Chinese).
[11]ZHANG Peizhen,WANG Qi,MA Zongjin.GPS velocity field and active crustal deformation in and around the Qing-hai-Tibet plateau[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2):442-450(in Chinese).
[12]DI NG Xiaoya,ZHU Wenyao,FU Yang,et al.Present-ti me crustal deformation in China and its surrounding regions by GPS Chinese[J].Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(2):198-209(in Chinese).
[13]HUANG Liren,GUO Liangqian.Global crustal motion de-duced from GPS observations[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):17-21(in Chinese).
[14]SHEN Zhengkang,WANG Min,GAN Weijun,et al.Con-temporary tectonic strain rate field of Chinese continent and its geodynamic i mplications[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):93-100(in Chinese).
[15]TENGJi wen,ZHANG Zhongjie.The new developmental trends and tasks in the study of Earth s internal physics geo-dynamics[J].Progress in Geophysics,1994,9(4):4-17(in Chinese).
[16]BURCHFIEL B C,DENG Q,MOI NAR P,et al.Intracrust-al detachments within zones of intracontinental deformation[J].Geology,1989,17:452-478.
[17]ROYDEN L H,BURHFIEL B C,KI NG R W,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in Tibet[J].Science,1997,276:788-798.
[18]XU Yi,LI U Futian,LI U Jianhua,et al.Crustal structure and tectonic environment of strong earthquakes in the Tians-han earthquake belt[J].Journal of Geophysics,2000,43(2):184-193(in Chinese).
[19]XU Yi,WANG Keyuan,OSPANNOV,et al.Seismic conver-ted wave sounding on r櫣mqi-Kuerle profile[J].Inland Earthquake,1997,11(3):202-211(in Chinese).
[20]XU Yi,LI UFutian,LI UJianhua.Upper mantle structurein the Tianshan and its geodynamic role to crustal tectonic movement[J].Seismology and Geology,1998,20(4):405-412(in Chinese).
[21]ZHANG Peizhen,WANG Min,GAN Weijun,et al.Slip rates along major active faults from GPS measurements and constraints on contemporary continental tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):81-92(in Chinese).
[22]LI Tao,WANG Zongxiu,ZHOU Gaozhi,et al.The seg-mentation and the relationship between shallow and deep structures of Bogda Mountain,Xinjiang,Northwest[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(3):103-114(in Chinese).
[23]MAJin.Lithospheric deformation and earthquake generation process[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1996,1:8-13(in Chinese).
[24]ZHANG Peizhen.Late Quaternary tectonic deformation and earthquake hazardin continental China[J].Quaternary Sci-ences,1999,5:404-413(in Chinese).
[25]WANG Shengzu.Deformation property recognition of the crust and upper mantle[J].Seismology and Geology,1996,18:215-234(in Chinese).
[26]JI ANG Haikun,ZHANG Liu,ZHOU Yongsheng.Granite deformation and behavior of acoustic emission sequence under the temperature and pressure condition in different crust depths[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2000,22(4):395-403(in Chinese).
[27]LI U Liqiang,MA Shengli,MA Jin,et al.Effect of rock structure on statistic characteristics of acoustic emission[J].Seismologyand Geology,1999,21(4):377-386(in Chinese).
[1]赵俊猛,李植纯,马宗晋.天山分段性的地球物理学分析[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):125-131.
[2]李强,刘瑞丰,杜安陆,等.新疆及毗邻地区地震层析成像[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(3):311-319.
[3]王椿镛,楼海,魏修成,等.天山北缘的地壳结构和1906年玛纳斯地震的地震构造[J].地震学报,2001,23(5):460-470.
[5]魏素花薛光琦钱辉,等.新疆库车—克拉玛依地震层析成像[J].地球物理学进展,2000,15(4):46-54.
[6]臧绍先,李昶,魏荣强.岩石圈流变机制的确定及影响岩石圈流变强度的因素[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(1):50-60.
[7]周永胜.岩石圈塑性流动与大陆板内构造变形研究进展评述[J].国际地震动态,1999(2):8-13.
[8]王琪,张培震,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造变形GPS观测数据与速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):415-429.
[9]张培震,王琪,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):430-441.
[10]符养,朱文耀,王小亚,等.利用中国地壳运动观测网络研究中国大陆相对于ITRF97板块模型形变[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(3):330-33.
[11]张培震,王琪,马宗晋.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):442-450.
[12]丁小亚,朱文耀,符养,等.GPS监测的中国及其周边现时地壳形变[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(2):198-209.
[13]黄立仁,郭良迁.地球表层的运动和变形的GPS描述[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):17-21.
[14]沈正康,王敏,甘卫军,等.中国大陆现今构造应变率场及其动力学成因研究[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):93-100.
[15]滕吉文,张中杰.地球内部岩石圈物理与动力学研究发展的新动向与今后的任务[J].地球物理学进展,1994,9(4):4-17.
[18]胥颐,刘福田,刘建华,等.天山地震带的地壳结构与强震构造环境[J].地球物理学报,2000,43(2):184-193.
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[22]李涛,王宗秀周高志,等.新疆博格达山分段及深浅构造转换关系[J].地学前缘,2004,11(3):103-114.
[23]马瑾.岩石变形与地震发生过程[J].国际地震动态,1996,1:8-13.
[24]张培震.中国大陆岩石圈最新构造变动与地震灾害[J].第四纪地质研究,1999,5:404-413.
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[26]蒋海昆,张流,周永胜.地壳不同深度温压条件下花岗岩变形破坏及声发射时序特征[J].地震学报,2000,22(4):395-403.
[27]刘力强,马胜利,马瑾,等.岩石构造对声发射统计特征的影响[J].地震地质,1999,21(4):377-386.
[2]LI Qiang,LI U Ruifeng,DU Anlu,et al.Seismic tomo-graphy of Xinjiang and adjacent region[J].Journal of Geo-physics,1994,37(3):311-319(in Chinese).
[3]WANG Chunyong,LOU Hai,WEI Xiucheng.Crustal struc-ture in northern margin of Tian Shan mountains and seis-motectonics of1906Manas earthquake[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(5):460-470(in Chinese).
[4]COTTON F,AVOUACJ P.Crustal and upper mantle struc-ture under the Tian Shan from surface wave dispersion[J].Phs Earth Planet,1994,84:95-109.
[5]WEI Suhua,XUE Guangqi,QI AN Hui.Xinjiang Kuche-Kel-amayi seismic tomography[J].Progress in Geophysics,2000,15(4):46-54(in Chinese).
[6]ZANG Shaoxian,LI Chang,WEI Rongqiang.The determi-nation of rheological mechanics of lithosphere andtheinfluen-cing factors on the rheological strength of lithosphere[J].Progress in Geophysics,2002,17(1):50-60(in Chinese).
[7]ZHOU Yongsheng.Review on the progress in studies on plastic flow of lithosphere and continental intraplate tectonic deformation[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1999(2):8-13(in Chinese).
[8]WANG Qi,ZHANG Peizhen,MA Zongjin.GPS database and velocity field of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2):415-429(in Chinese).
[9]ZHANG Peizhen,WANG Qi,MA Zongjin.GPS velocity field and active crustal locks of contemporarytectonic deform-ation in continental China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2):430-441(in Chinese).
[10]FU Yang,ZHU Wenyao,WANG Xiaoya,et al.The investiga-tions on crustal deformation in China under ITRF97plate model using data of crustal movement observation networkin China[J].Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(3):330-33(in Chinese).
[11]ZHANG Peizhen,WANG Qi,MA Zongjin.GPS velocity field and active crustal deformation in and around the Qing-hai-Tibet plateau[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2002,9(2):442-450(in Chinese).
[12]DI NG Xiaoya,ZHU Wenyao,FU Yang,et al.Present-ti me crustal deformation in China and its surrounding regions by GPS Chinese[J].Journal of Geophysics,2002,45(2):198-209(in Chinese).
[13]HUANG Liren,GUO Liangqian.Global crustal motion de-duced from GPS observations[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):17-21(in Chinese).
[14]SHEN Zhengkang,WANG Min,GAN Weijun,et al.Con-temporary tectonic strain rate field of Chinese continent and its geodynamic i mplications[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):93-100(in Chinese).
[15]TENGJi wen,ZHANG Zhongjie.The new developmental trends and tasks in the study of Earth s internal physics geo-dynamics[J].Progress in Geophysics,1994,9(4):4-17(in Chinese).
[16]BURCHFIEL B C,DENG Q,MOI NAR P,et al.Intracrust-al detachments within zones of intracontinental deformation[J].Geology,1989,17:452-478.
[17]ROYDEN L H,BURHFIEL B C,KI NG R W,et al.Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in Tibet[J].Science,1997,276:788-798.
[18]XU Yi,LI U Futian,LI U Jianhua,et al.Crustal structure and tectonic environment of strong earthquakes in the Tians-han earthquake belt[J].Journal of Geophysics,2000,43(2):184-193(in Chinese).
[19]XU Yi,WANG Keyuan,OSPANNOV,et al.Seismic conver-ted wave sounding on r櫣mqi-Kuerle profile[J].Inland Earthquake,1997,11(3):202-211(in Chinese).
[20]XU Yi,LI UFutian,LI UJianhua.Upper mantle structurein the Tianshan and its geodynamic role to crustal tectonic movement[J].Seismology and Geology,1998,20(4):405-412(in Chinese).
[21]ZHANG Peizhen,WANG Min,GAN Weijun,et al.Slip rates along major active faults from GPS measurements and constraints on contemporary continental tectonics[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10(Suppl):81-92(in Chinese).
[22]LI Tao,WANG Zongxiu,ZHOU Gaozhi,et al.The seg-mentation and the relationship between shallow and deep structures of Bogda Mountain,Xinjiang,Northwest[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2004,11(3):103-114(in Chinese).
[23]MAJin.Lithospheric deformation and earthquake generation process[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,1996,1:8-13(in Chinese).
[24]ZHANG Peizhen.Late Quaternary tectonic deformation and earthquake hazardin continental China[J].Quaternary Sci-ences,1999,5:404-413(in Chinese).
[25]WANG Shengzu.Deformation property recognition of the crust and upper mantle[J].Seismology and Geology,1996,18:215-234(in Chinese).
[26]JI ANG Haikun,ZHANG Liu,ZHOU Yongsheng.Granite deformation and behavior of acoustic emission sequence under the temperature and pressure condition in different crust depths[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2000,22(4):395-403(in Chinese).
[27]LI U Liqiang,MA Shengli,MA Jin,et al.Effect of rock structure on statistic characteristics of acoustic emission[J].Seismologyand Geology,1999,21(4):377-386(in Chinese).
[1]赵俊猛,李植纯,马宗晋.天山分段性的地球物理学分析[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):125-131.
[2]李强,刘瑞丰,杜安陆,等.新疆及毗邻地区地震层析成像[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(3):311-319.
[3]王椿镛,楼海,魏修成,等.天山北缘的地壳结构和1906年玛纳斯地震的地震构造[J].地震学报,2001,23(5):460-470.
[5]魏素花薛光琦钱辉,等.新疆库车—克拉玛依地震层析成像[J].地球物理学进展,2000,15(4):46-54.
[6]臧绍先,李昶,魏荣强.岩石圈流变机制的确定及影响岩石圈流变强度的因素[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(1):50-60.
[7]周永胜.岩石圈塑性流动与大陆板内构造变形研究进展评述[J].国际地震动态,1999(2):8-13.
[8]王琪,张培震,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造变形GPS观测数据与速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):415-429.
[9]张培震,王琪,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):430-441.
[10]符养,朱文耀,王小亚,等.利用中国地壳运动观测网络研究中国大陆相对于ITRF97板块模型形变[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(3):330-33.
[11]张培震,王琪,马宗晋.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):442-450.
[12]丁小亚,朱文耀,符养,等.GPS监测的中国及其周边现时地壳形变[J].地球物理学报,2002,45(2):198-209.
[13]黄立仁,郭良迁.地球表层的运动和变形的GPS描述[J].地学前缘,2003,10(特刊):17-21.
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