汶川M_S 8.0地震平原区地表破裂的初步调查
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摘要
2008年5月12日四川省汶川发生M_s8.0级地震,造成龙门山断裂带映秀-北川断裂长达240km和灌县-江油断裂72km的地表破裂。同时在龙门山山前的成都平原内出现了地表弯曲变形、地裂缝、河流跌水以及具有条带状分布的喷砂冒水点和建筑物破坏加剧的现象。为此,对这一地区进行了进一步的调查工作。调查采取以寻访形式为主,结合使用高精度3D扫描仪进行地形测量和探槽开挖。通过调查,发现平原区的隐伏断裂在汶川M_s8.0地震中发生了错动,断层破裂面在地表未见有出露,而是在近地表形成弯曲变形。什邡市师古镇和隐丰镇之间存在两条地震灾害异常带,北北东向灾害异常带长约7km;北北西向灾害异常带长约5km。通过探槽开挖和地形测量得到的汶川M_s8.0级地震在平原区形成的垂直位移为20cm。
On 12~(th) May 2008, the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred in Western Sichuan Province, China. This earthquake generated 240km and 72km-long surface rupture zones along the Beichuan-Yingxiu and the Guanxian - Jiangyou Faults respectively in the Longmenshan Fault zone. The pediment buried fault of the Longmenshan may also have produced rupture near the surface in the Chengdu Plain. Our preliminary field investigations reveal that surface flexural deformation, ground fissures, waterfalls, sand liquefaction points with zonal distribution, and the aggravated building damage and destruction occur between Shigu and Yinfeng towns (31 ° 10′00″ ～ 31°06′00″N, 104°02′ 10″～ 104°05′30″E), Shifang City in the Chengdu Plain, Further investigations, combined with high- precision topographic survey and trench excavation, reveal that dislocation occurred in the the buried fault of the plain area after the earthquake. We totally obtained data of over 22 surface fissures, 33 sand liquefaction points, and 12 building damages and deformations. We also excavated two trenches in the north of Linjiayuanzi and Fanjiayuanzi of Shigu Town and measured waterfall scarps and surface flexural deformation in the north of Linjiayuanzi by using 3D laser scanner. Three conclusions are drawn : ( 1 ) There are two seismic disastrous zones between Shigu and Yinfeng Towns, Shifang City. One is about 7km-long with the direction of NNE,and the other is about 5km-long with the direction of NNW. Both are related with the pediment buried faults of the Longmenshan. Shallow seismic profile also attested this result. (2) Ruptures were caused in buried fauh by the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,showing not as exposed surface rupture but as flexural deformation near the surface in the Chengdu Plain. (3)The vertical displacement in the plain area reached up to 20cm as revealed by trench excavation and topographic survey.
On 12~(th) May 2008, the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred in Western Sichuan Province, China. This earthquake generated 240km and 72km-long surface rupture zones along the Beichuan-Yingxiu and the Guanxian - Jiangyou Faults respectively in the Longmenshan Fault zone. The pediment buried fault of the Longmenshan may also have produced rupture near the surface in the Chengdu Plain. Our preliminary field investigations reveal that surface flexural deformation, ground fissures, waterfalls, sand liquefaction points with zonal distribution, and the aggravated building damage and destruction occur between Shigu and Yinfeng towns (31 ° 10′00″ ～ 31°06′00″N, 104°02′ 10″～ 104°05′30″E), Shifang City in the Chengdu Plain, Further investigations, combined with high- precision topographic survey and trench excavation, reveal that dislocation occurred in the the buried fault of the plain area after the earthquake. We totally obtained data of over 22 surface fissures, 33 sand liquefaction points, and 12 building damages and deformations. We also excavated two trenches in the north of Linjiayuanzi and Fanjiayuanzi of Shigu Town and measured waterfall scarps and surface flexural deformation in the north of Linjiayuanzi by using 3D laser scanner. Three conclusions are drawn : ( 1 ) There are two seismic disastrous zones between Shigu and Yinfeng Towns, Shifang City. One is about 7km-long with the direction of NNE,and the other is about 5km-long with the direction of NNW. Both are related with the pediment buried faults of the Longmenshan. Shallow seismic profile also attested this result. (2) Ruptures were caused in buried fauh by the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,showing not as exposed surface rupture but as flexural deformation near the surface in the Chengdu Plain. (3)The vertical displacement in the plain area reached up to 20cm as revealed by trench excavation and topographic survey.
引文
1 唐荣昌,韩渭宾主编.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993． 123～132 Tang Rongchang,Han Weibin eds.Active Faults and Earthquakes in Sichuan Province.Beijing:Seismological Press,1993． 123-132
2 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学,地震地质,1994,16(4) :389-403 Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,seismicity and dynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :389-403
3 Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Lin Y et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions,Central China.International Geology Review,1995,37:661-735
4 Li Yong,Allen P A,Densmore A L et al.Geological evolution of the Lungmenshan foreland basin (Western Sichuan)during the Late Triassic lndosinian orogeny.Basin Research,2003,15:117-138
5 徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西以及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27(3) :446～460 Xu Xiwei,Zhang Peizhen,Wen Xueze et al.Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquake in the Western Sichuan Province and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,2005,27 (3) :446-460
6 马保起,苏刚,侯治华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率.地震地质,2005,27(2) :234～242 Ma Baoqi,Su Gang,Hou Zhihua et al.Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan Fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River.Seismology and Geology,2005,27(2) :234-242
7 Densmore A L,Ellis M A,Li Youg et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC4005,dot:10． 1029/2006TC001987
8 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等著.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006． 44～63 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Continental Dynamic Processes and Geological Response in the Easteru Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Beijing:Geological Publishiug House,2006． 44-63
9 杨晓平,蒋溥,宋方敏等.龙门山断裂带南段错断晚更新世以来地层的证据.地震地质,1999,21(4) :341～345 Yang Xiaoping,Jiang Pu,Song Fangmin et al.The evidence of the south Longmenshan Fault zones cutting Late Quaternary stratum.Seismology and Geology,1999,21 (4) :341-345
10 董绍鹏,韩竹军,尹金辉等.龙门山山前大邑断裂活动时代与最新构造变形样式初步研究.地震地质,2008,30(4) :996～1004 Dung Shaopeng,Han Zhujun,Yin Jinhui et al.A preliminary research on the latest tectonic deformation style and the activity age of the Dayi Fault in the piedmont of the Longmen Mountains.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (4) :996-1004
11 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597～629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
12 马保起,张世民,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :513-517 Ma Baoqi,Zhang Shimin,Tian Qinjian et al.The surface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake (M8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (4) :513-517
13 滕吉文,白登海,杨辉等.2008汶川M_S8． 0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1385-1402 Teng Jiwen,Bat Denghai,Yang Hut et al.Deep processes and dynamic responses associated with the Wencbuan Ms8． 0 earthquake of 2008． Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51 (5) :1385-1402
14 邓超东。关于四川波川8． 0级地震的思考.地震地质,2008,30(4) :811～827
Deng Qidong.Some thoughts on the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan,Sichuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4) :811-827
15 毛方儒,王磊.三维激光扫描测量技术.宇航计测技术,2005,25(2) :2～6 Mao Fangru,Wang Lei.Measurement technology of 3-D laser scanning.Journal of Astronautic Metrology and Measurement,2005,25(2) :2-6
16 王虎,阿勇康,陈立春等.地表破裂型断层地表缩短量计算方法探讨--以汶川M_S8． 0地震地表变形为例.地震地质,2008,30(4) :1033～1045 Wang Hu,Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun et al.The discussion on the calculation method of surface shortening amounl due to reversefaulting surface rupture:With the example of surface deformation of the MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4) :1033-1045
17 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川M_S8． 0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630～643 Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun,Chen Guihua et al.Primary analyses of in-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :630-643
18 刘保金,杨晓平,酆少英等.龙门山山前疑似汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂的浅层地震反射调查.地震地质,2008,30(4) :906～916 Liu Baojin,Yang Xiaoping,Feng Shaoying et al.Exploration of suspected surface ruptures of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake at frontal areas of Longmenshan using shallow seismic reflection.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (4) :906-916
19 王卫民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8． 0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1403-1410 Wang Weimin,Zhao Lianfeng,Li Juan et al.Rupture process of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5) :1403-1410
20 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学洋等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066～1073 Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shah active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4) :1066-1073
2 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟.龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学,地震地质,1994,16(4) :389-403 Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa,Zhao Xiaolin.Tectonics,seismicity and dynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,1994,16(4) :389-403
3 Burchfiel B C,Chen Z,Lin Y et al.Tectonics of the Longmen Shan and adjacent regions,Central China.International Geology Review,1995,37:661-735
4 Li Yong,Allen P A,Densmore A L et al.Geological evolution of the Lungmenshan foreland basin (Western Sichuan)during the Late Triassic lndosinian orogeny.Basin Research,2003,15:117-138
5 徐锡伟,张培震,闻学泽等.川西以及其邻近地区活动构造基本特征与强震复发模型.地震地质,2005,27(3) :446～460 Xu Xiwei,Zhang Peizhen,Wen Xueze et al.Features of active tectonics and recurrence behaviors of strong earthquake in the Western Sichuan Province and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology,2005,27 (3) :446-460
6 马保起,苏刚,侯治华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率.地震地质,2005,27(2) :234～242 Ma Baoqi,Su Gang,Hou Zhihua et al.Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan Fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River.Seismology and Geology,2005,27(2) :234-242
7 Densmore A L,Ellis M A,Li Youg et al.Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonics,2007,26:TC4005,dot:10． 1029/2006TC001987
8 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等著.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006． 44～63 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Densmore A L et al.Continental Dynamic Processes and Geological Response in the Easteru Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Beijing:Geological Publishiug House,2006． 44-63
9 杨晓平,蒋溥,宋方敏等.龙门山断裂带南段错断晚更新世以来地层的证据.地震地质,1999,21(4) :341～345 Yang Xiaoping,Jiang Pu,Song Fangmin et al.The evidence of the south Longmenshan Fault zones cutting Late Quaternary stratum.Seismology and Geology,1999,21 (4) :341-345
10 董绍鹏,韩竹军,尹金辉等.龙门山山前大邑断裂活动时代与最新构造变形样式初步研究.地震地质,2008,30(4) :996～1004 Dung Shaopeng,Han Zhujun,Yin Jinhui et al.A preliminary research on the latest tectonic deformation style and the activity age of the Dayi Fault in the piedmont of the Longmen Mountains.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (4) :996-1004
11 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597～629 Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing et al.The M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (3) :597-629
12 马保起,张世民,田勤俭等.汶川8． 0级地震地表破裂带.第四纪研究,2008,28(4) :513-517 Ma Baoqi,Zhang Shimin,Tian Qinjian et al.The surface rupture of Wenchuan earthquake (M8． 0) .Quaternary Sciences,2008,28 (4) :513-517
13 滕吉文,白登海,杨辉等.2008汶川M_S8． 0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1385-1402 Teng Jiwen,Bat Denghai,Yang Hut et al.Deep processes and dynamic responses associated with the Wencbuan Ms8． 0 earthquake of 2008． Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51 (5) :1385-1402
14 邓超东。关于四川波川8． 0级地震的思考.地震地质,2008,30(4) :811～827
Deng Qidong.Some thoughts on the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan,Sichuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4) :811-827
15 毛方儒,王磊.三维激光扫描测量技术.宇航计测技术,2005,25(2) :2～6 Mao Fangru,Wang Lei.Measurement technology of 3-D laser scanning.Journal of Astronautic Metrology and Measurement,2005,25(2) :2-6
16 王虎,阿勇康,陈立春等.地表破裂型断层地表缩短量计算方法探讨--以汶川M_S8． 0地震地表变形为例.地震地质,2008,30(4) :1033～1045 Wang Hu,Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun et al.The discussion on the calculation method of surface shortening amounl due to reversefaulting surface rupture:With the example of surface deformation of the MsS.0 Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(4) :1033-1045
17 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川M_S8． 0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630～643 Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun,Chen Guihua et al.Primary analyses of in-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3) :630-643
18 刘保金,杨晓平,酆少英等.龙门山山前疑似汶川M_S8． 0地震地表破裂的浅层地震反射调查.地震地质,2008,30(4) :906～916 Liu Baojin,Yang Xiaoping,Feng Shaoying et al.Exploration of suspected surface ruptures of the M_S8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake at frontal areas of Longmenshan using shallow seismic reflection.Seismology and Geology,2008,30 (4) :906-916
19 王卫民,赵连锋,李娟等.四川汶川8． 0级地震震源过程.地球物理学报,2008,51(5) :1403-1410 Wang Weimin,Zhao Lianfeng,Li Juan et al.Rupture process of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake of Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5) :1403-1410
20 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学洋等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066～1073 Zhang Peizhen,Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmen Shah active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4) :1066-1073
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