煤炭资源枯竭型城市的灾害因素与控制对策——以辽宁省阜新煤矿为例
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摘要
资源枯竭型城市灾害衍生和控制实质上受多因素、多相、多场耦合综合作用,涉及地质学、环境学、采矿学、力学、信息学、测量学等多个交叉学科,是国际上尚未能有效解决的重大科学难题。文章以典型煤炭资源枯竭型城市———辽宁阜新市为例,在阐述资源枯竭城市灾害衍生和控制的国内外研究现状基础上,对其进行归纳分类。将其分为:地下开采引起的动力灾害(包括冲击地压即矿震、煤与瓦斯突出、突水、瓦斯爆炸等);开采引起的环境灾害(包括地下水系流失、淋滤作用造成污染、矸石山自燃导致的大气污染、地表土地大量占用、植被生物群落的破坏、露天矿边坡失稳和地面建筑物受损、地表大面积裸露、地表塌陷变形等)。系统全面总结了阜新矿区衍生各种灾害的孕育条件、发生特点和成因规律。指出:阜新矿区深部冲击地压随采深增加将日益严重。其发生类型多以煤体压缩型为主,同时伴有地质构造应力影响;阜新市沉陷区面积达101.38km2,最大沉陷量8m,有20个下沉盆地,涉及人口78486人。地表沉陷主要是由于地质条件复杂、多年开采导致采空区日益扩大、多煤层重叠重复开采、岩浆岩侵入及断层影响造成的。阜新矿区矸石山356座,占地面积32.23km2,总堆积量13.12×108m3,长期侵占土地并暴露于外,使得其中有毒、有害物质渗透到土壤和水环境系统中,造成地表和地下水系严重污染。同时释放有毒气体污染大气。阜新海州露天矿边坡雨水冲刷导致滑坡失稳破坏、煤体露头自燃,从而严重污染大气环境。通过研究其所属百里矿区煤炭资源开采衍生各种灾害形成机理和发生规律,提出阜新深部开采安全措施、沉陷区治理办法、大型露天矿滑坡防治、矸石山植被和生物群落环境修复、地下水系污染治理等一系列具有针对性的控制方法。从多相多场耦合角度建立了灾害衍生与控制间关系框图。最后指出了今后我国煤炭资源枯竭型城市灾害衍生、控制应遵循的研究方向和技术路线。
Disaster derivation and control are influenced by the coupling functions of multi-factor,multi-phase and multi-field.This is dependent upon some the interdisxiplinaries such as geology,environmental science,mining science,mechanics,information science,surveying and so on.From the coupling system analysis of multi-phase multi-field,based on the typical exhausted coal resource city,Liaoning Fuxin city,as an example,the derivation disasters were classified into two types: 1.the dynamic disasters including rock burst,gas outburst,water outburst and gas explosion;2.the environmental disasters including ground water pollution,air pollution induced by dump spontaneous combustion,soil pollution,vegetation and biotic community damage,landslide of strip mine,ground building damage and surface subsidence and so on.The gestation conditions,occurrence characters and genetic mechanism of all types of derivation disasters in Fuxin field were generalized.The rock burst will be more serious with the mining depths increment.The type is mainly coal mass compression with the effect of geology tectonic stress.In Fuxin city,the subsidence areas reach to 101.38 km~2.The maximum subsidence is 8m.There are 20 subsidence basins.The influenced population is 78486.The surface subsidence is formed by the enlargement gobs,multi-bed overlap mining,intrusion of igneous and magmetic rock,and faults.There are 356 coal dumps and the areas are 32.23km~2,the gross stack quantities are 13.12×10~8m~3. The poisonous wastes penetrate into soil and water to pollute the surface and ground water system.At the same time the toxic gas are released into air.The landslide of strip mine destabilized by the rain water erosion.And the outcrop coal happened spontaneous combustion to pollute atmosphere.Through the study of mechanisms and occurrence rules of derivation disasters,the safe measures of deep-level mining,the control methods of subsidence regions,the prevention of landslide in strip mine,the recovery of vegetations and biotic community,the restoration of ground water system pollution and so on were presented particularly.The relationship between the disasters control and sustainable development was established from multi-phase,multi-field coupling analysis.Finally the research direction and technology courses of disaster derivation,control and sustainable development of exhausted coal resource city were indicated.
Disaster derivation and control are influenced by the coupling functions of multi-factor,multi-phase and multi-field.This is dependent upon some the interdisxiplinaries such as geology,environmental science,mining science,mechanics,information science,surveying and so on.From the coupling system analysis of multi-phase multi-field,based on the typical exhausted coal resource city,Liaoning Fuxin city,as an example,the derivation disasters were classified into two types: 1.the dynamic disasters including rock burst,gas outburst,water outburst and gas explosion;2.the environmental disasters including ground water pollution,air pollution induced by dump spontaneous combustion,soil pollution,vegetation and biotic community damage,landslide of strip mine,ground building damage and surface subsidence and so on.The gestation conditions,occurrence characters and genetic mechanism of all types of derivation disasters in Fuxin field were generalized.The rock burst will be more serious with the mining depths increment.The type is mainly coal mass compression with the effect of geology tectonic stress.In Fuxin city,the subsidence areas reach to 101.38 km~2.The maximum subsidence is 8m.There are 20 subsidence basins.The influenced population is 78486.The surface subsidence is formed by the enlargement gobs,multi-bed overlap mining,intrusion of igneous and magmetic rock,and faults.There are 356 coal dumps and the areas are 32.23km~2,the gross stack quantities are 13.12×10~8m~3. The poisonous wastes penetrate into soil and water to pollute the surface and ground water system.At the same time the toxic gas are released into air.The landslide of strip mine destabilized by the rain water erosion.And the outcrop coal happened spontaneous combustion to pollute atmosphere.Through the study of mechanisms and occurrence rules of derivation disasters,the safe measures of deep-level mining,the control methods of subsidence regions,the prevention of landslide in strip mine,the recovery of vegetations and biotic community,the restoration of ground water system pollution and so on were presented particularly.The relationship between the disasters control and sustainable development was established from multi-phase,multi-field coupling analysis.Finally the research direction and technology courses of disaster derivation,control and sustainable development of exhausted coal resource city were indicated.
引文
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