三江源区人兽冲突现状分析
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摘要
本研究整理了2015-2016年三江源区曲麻莱县、治多县和囊谦县的人兽冲突记录,并对主要肇事物种和人兽冲突的时间分布、地点分布以及受损类型的分布进行了统计分析。结果显示:(1)主要肇事野生动物依次为狼(978起,64.13%)、棕熊(117起,7.67%)、雪豹(5起,0.33%)和野牦牛(3起,0.20%),其余422起冲突(27.67%)未记录肇事野生动物;(2)人兽冲突时间分布不稳定,其高发期在不同年份不同地区都有所不同,总体来看,每年的1月、2月和12月棕熊和狼引起冲突较少,高峰期通常为6-9月;(3)从地区分布看,人兽冲突热点区域是曲麻莱县和治多县,特别是曲麻莱县秋智乡和麻多乡,治多县治渠乡、多彩乡、立新乡和扎河乡,曲麻莱县和治多县交接区域是人兽冲突高发区,囊谦县人兽冲突整体相对较轻;(4)从受损类型看,对牛的攻击和伤害是最主要的受损类型(749次,79.94%),明显多于对羊(56次,5.98%)和马(24次,2.56%)造成伤害的冲突,以及对房屋和家具等其它财产造成破坏的冲突(108起,11.53%)。本研究结果为三江源生态保护和国家公园建设制定更有效的预防和缓解人兽冲突的措施等提供了可靠依据。
Records on human-wildlife conflicts in Sanjiangyuan,Qumalai,Zhiduo and Nangqian Counties from 2015 to2016 were analyzed to find the main causing species and to trace the rules in the time distribution,the geographic distribution and the damage patterns.As our results showed:(1)the main causing animals were Canis lupus(978 cases,64.13%),Ursus arctos(117 cases,7.67%),Panthera uncia(5 cases,0.33%)and Bos mutus(3 cases,0.20%)in order,leaving 422 cases(27.67%)without causing species information;(2)the time distribution of the conflicts was not very stable and the peak period differed in different years and regions; but totally,conflicts in January,February and December were fewer,and the peak period typically occurred during June to September;(3)as to the geographic distribution,the situation in Qumalai and Zhiduo was heavier,especially Qiuzhi and Maduo towns in Qumalai and Zhiqu,Duocai,Lixin and Zhahe in Zhiduo; the conflict hotspot was located in the juncture of Qumalai and Zhiduo Counties; the situation in Nangqian was relatively slighter;(4)the attack and injury to cattle(749 cases,79.94%)was the most common damage type,and conflicts with this damage type were much more than those causing damages to sheep(56 cases,5.98%)or horses(24 cases,2.56%),or house and furniture(108 cases,11.53%).This study will provide reliable information for more effective actions to prevent and alleviate the human-wildlife conflicts in Sanjiangyuan.
Records on human-wildlife conflicts in Sanjiangyuan,Qumalai,Zhiduo and Nangqian Counties from 2015 to2016 were analyzed to find the main causing species and to trace the rules in the time distribution,the geographic distribution and the damage patterns.As our results showed:(1)the main causing animals were Canis lupus(978 cases,64.13%),Ursus arctos(117 cases,7.67%),Panthera uncia(5 cases,0.33%)and Bos mutus(3 cases,0.20%)in order,leaving 422 cases(27.67%)without causing species information;(2)the time distribution of the conflicts was not very stable and the peak period differed in different years and regions; but totally,conflicts in January,February and December were fewer,and the peak period typically occurred during June to September;(3)as to the geographic distribution,the situation in Qumalai and Zhiduo was heavier,especially Qiuzhi and Maduo towns in Qumalai and Zhiqu,Duocai,Lixin and Zhahe in Zhiduo; the conflict hotspot was located in the juncture of Qumalai and Zhiduo Counties; the situation in Nangqian was relatively slighter;(4)the attack and injury to cattle(749 cases,79.94%)was the most common damage type,and conflicts with this damage type were much more than those causing damages to sheep(56 cases,5.98%)or horses(24 cases,2.56%),or house and furniture(108 cases,11.53%).This study will provide reliable information for more effective actions to prevent and alleviate the human-wildlife conflicts in Sanjiangyuan.
引文
Agarwal P K,Raj B,Radhakrishna S,Verghese A,Subaharan K,Gupta A.2016.Human-wildlife conflict.Current Science,111(10):1581-1582.
Anthony B P,Scott P,Antypas A.2010.Sitting on the fence? Policies and practices in managing human-wildlife conflict in Limpopo Province,South Africa.Conservation and Society,8(3):225.
Bissonette J A,Kassar C A,Cook L J.2008.Assessment of costs associated with deer-vehicle collisions:human death and injury,vehicle damage,and deer loss.Human-Wildlife Conflicts,2(1):17-27.
Cao Y F,Zhang T Z,Lian X M,Cui Q H,Deng D D,Su J P.2009.Diet overlap among selected ungulates in Kekexili region,Qinghai Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 28(1):49-54.(in Chinese)
Dolbeer R A,Wright S E.2009.Safety management systems:how useful will the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database be? HumanWildlife Conflicts,3(2):167-178.
Hill C M.2015.Perspectives of“conflict”at the wildlife-agriculture boundary:10 years on.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,20(4):296-301.
Jia R Z,Huang Q Z,Shi H,Han H,Li Y.2013.The marmot ecology behaviour and integrated management.Chin J Hyg Insect&Equip,19(1):85-86.(in Chinese)
Li X,Buzzard P,Chen Y,Jiang X.2013.Patterns of livestock predation by carnivores:human-wildlife conflict in Northwest Yunnan,China.Environmental Management, 52(6):1334-1340.
Liu J Y,Xu X L,Shao Q Q.2008.The spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters Region in Qinghai Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,63(4):364-376.(in Chinese)
Madden F.2004.Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife:global perspectives on local efforts to address human-wildlife conflict.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,9(4):247-257.
Manfredo M J,Dayer A A.2004.Concepts for exploring the social aspects of human-wildlife conflict in a global context.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,9(4):1-20.
Messmer T A.2009.Human-wildlife conflicts:emerging challenges and opportunities.Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3(1):10-17.
Michalski F,Boulhosa R,Faria A,Peres C.2006.Human-wildlife conflicts in a fragmented Amazonian forest landscape:determinants of large felid depredation on livestock.Animal Conservation,9(2):179-188.
Ng J W,Nielsen C,St.Clair C C.2008.Landscape and traffic factors influencing deer-vehicle collisions in an urban enviroment.Human-Wildlife Conflicts,2(1):34-47.
Ogra M V.2008.Human-wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands:a case study of costs,perceptions,and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand(Uttaranchal),India.Geoforum,39(3):1408-1422.
Ogra M,Badola R.2008.Compensating human-wildlife conflict in protected area communities:ground-level perspectives from Uttarakhand,India.Human Ecology,36(5):717.
Okello M M.2005.Land use changes and human-wildlife conflicts in the Amboseli Area,Kenya.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,10(1):19-28.
Parker G E,Osborn F V.2006.Investigating the potential for chilli Capsicum,spp.to reduce human-wildlife conflict in Zimbabwe.Oryx,40(3):343-346.
Peterson M N,Birckhead J L,Leong K,Peterson M J,Peterson T R.2010.Rearticulating the myth of human-wildlife conflict.Conservation Letters,3(2):74-82.
Ravenelle J,Nyhus P J.2017.Global patterns and trends in humanwildlife conflict compensation.Conservation Biology, 31(6):1247-1256.
Schaller G B,Liu W.1996.Distribution,status,and conservation of wild yak Bos grunniens.Biological Conservation,76(1):1-8.
Shen J Y,Cui G F.2015.Current status of human-wildlife conflicts and its prevention-control measures in China and overseas.World Forestry Research, 28(1):43-49.(in Chinese)
Thirgood S,Woodroffe R,Rabinowitz A.2005.The impact of humanwildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods.In:Woodroffe R,Thirgood S,Rabinowitz A eds.People and Wildlife:Conflict or Coexistence?Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,13-26.
Woodroffe R,Thirgood S,Rabinowitz A.2005.The impact of humanwildlife conflict on natural systems.In:Woodroffe R,Thirgood S,Rabinowitz A eds.People and Wildlife:Conflict or Coexistence?Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1-12.
Xiao T,Shao Q Q,Sun W Y,Qi Y Q.2013.Grassland degradation characteristics of typical alpine meadow slopes in the Three-River Source Region of Qinghai Province.Acta Agrestia Sinica,21(3):452-459.(in Chinese)
Xu A C,Jiang Z G,Li C W,Cai P.2010.Food habits and hunting patterns of Tibetan brown bear during warm seasons in Kekexili region on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Zoological Research,31(6):670-674.(in Chinese)
Xu A,Jiang Z,Li C,Guo J,Wu G,Cai P.2006.Summer food habits of brown bears in Kekexili Nature Reserve,Qinghai-TibetanPlateau,China.Ursus,17(2):132-137.
Zhou Y Y,Feng J C,Duo H R,Yang H L,Li J,Li D Q,Zhang Y G.2014.Population survey and genetic diversity of snow leopard(Uncia uncia)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as revealed by fecal DNA.Acta Theriologica Sinica,34(2):138-148.(in Chinese)
刘纪远,徐新良,邵全琴.2008.近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征.地理学报,63(4):364-376.
肖桐,邵全琴,孙文义,齐永青.2013.三江源高寒草甸典型坡面草地退化特征综合分析.草地学报,21(3):452-459.
沈洁滢,崔国发.2015.国内外野生动物肇事现状及其防控措施.世界林业研究,28(1):43-49.
张进林,何伟.2011.三江源地区野生动物种群数量正逐渐恢复.西部时报,19(015).
周芸芸,冯金朝,朵海瑞,杨海龙,李娟,李迪强,张于光.2014.基于粪便DNA的青藏高原雪豹种群调查和遗传多样性分析.兽类学报,34(2):138-148.
贾瑞忠,黄清臻,石华,韩华,李彦.2013.旱獭的生态习性及其管理控制.中华卫生杀虫药械,19(1):85-86.
徐爱春,蒋志刚,李春旺,蔡平.2010.青藏高原可可西里地区藏棕熊暖季食性及采食行为模式.动物学研究,31(6):670-674.
徐爱春,蔡平,吴国生.2013.玉树藏族自治州人一藏棕熊冲突调查与解决对策.见:浙江省动物学会.浙江省动物学会第十二届会员代表大会暨学术讨论会论文摘要集.浙江省动物学会,31.
曹伊凡,张同作,连新明,崔庆虎,邓逗逗,苏建平.2009.青海省可可西里地区几种有蹄类动物的食物重叠初步分析.四川动物,28(1):49-54.
Anthony B P,Scott P,Antypas A.2010.Sitting on the fence? Policies and practices in managing human-wildlife conflict in Limpopo Province,South Africa.Conservation and Society,8(3):225.
Bissonette J A,Kassar C A,Cook L J.2008.Assessment of costs associated with deer-vehicle collisions:human death and injury,vehicle damage,and deer loss.Human-Wildlife Conflicts,2(1):17-27.
Cao Y F,Zhang T Z,Lian X M,Cui Q H,Deng D D,Su J P.2009.Diet overlap among selected ungulates in Kekexili region,Qinghai Province.Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 28(1):49-54.(in Chinese)
Dolbeer R A,Wright S E.2009.Safety management systems:how useful will the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database be? HumanWildlife Conflicts,3(2):167-178.
Hill C M.2015.Perspectives of“conflict”at the wildlife-agriculture boundary:10 years on.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,20(4):296-301.
Jia R Z,Huang Q Z,Shi H,Han H,Li Y.2013.The marmot ecology behaviour and integrated management.Chin J Hyg Insect&Equip,19(1):85-86.(in Chinese)
Li X,Buzzard P,Chen Y,Jiang X.2013.Patterns of livestock predation by carnivores:human-wildlife conflict in Northwest Yunnan,China.Environmental Management, 52(6):1334-1340.
Liu J Y,Xu X L,Shao Q Q.2008.The spatial and temporal characteristics of grassland degradation in the Three-River Headwaters Region in Qinghai Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,63(4):364-376.(in Chinese)
Madden F.2004.Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife:global perspectives on local efforts to address human-wildlife conflict.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,9(4):247-257.
Manfredo M J,Dayer A A.2004.Concepts for exploring the social aspects of human-wildlife conflict in a global context.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,9(4):1-20.
Messmer T A.2009.Human-wildlife conflicts:emerging challenges and opportunities.Human-Wildlife Conflicts, 3(1):10-17.
Michalski F,Boulhosa R,Faria A,Peres C.2006.Human-wildlife conflicts in a fragmented Amazonian forest landscape:determinants of large felid depredation on livestock.Animal Conservation,9(2):179-188.
Ng J W,Nielsen C,St.Clair C C.2008.Landscape and traffic factors influencing deer-vehicle collisions in an urban enviroment.Human-Wildlife Conflicts,2(1):34-47.
Ogra M V.2008.Human-wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands:a case study of costs,perceptions,and vulnerabilities from Uttarakhand(Uttaranchal),India.Geoforum,39(3):1408-1422.
Ogra M,Badola R.2008.Compensating human-wildlife conflict in protected area communities:ground-level perspectives from Uttarakhand,India.Human Ecology,36(5):717.
Okello M M.2005.Land use changes and human-wildlife conflicts in the Amboseli Area,Kenya.Human Dimensions of Wildlife,10(1):19-28.
Parker G E,Osborn F V.2006.Investigating the potential for chilli Capsicum,spp.to reduce human-wildlife conflict in Zimbabwe.Oryx,40(3):343-346.
Peterson M N,Birckhead J L,Leong K,Peterson M J,Peterson T R.2010.Rearticulating the myth of human-wildlife conflict.Conservation Letters,3(2):74-82.
Ravenelle J,Nyhus P J.2017.Global patterns and trends in humanwildlife conflict compensation.Conservation Biology, 31(6):1247-1256.
Schaller G B,Liu W.1996.Distribution,status,and conservation of wild yak Bos grunniens.Biological Conservation,76(1):1-8.
Shen J Y,Cui G F.2015.Current status of human-wildlife conflicts and its prevention-control measures in China and overseas.World Forestry Research, 28(1):43-49.(in Chinese)
Thirgood S,Woodroffe R,Rabinowitz A.2005.The impact of humanwildlife conflict on human lives and livelihoods.In:Woodroffe R,Thirgood S,Rabinowitz A eds.People and Wildlife:Conflict or Coexistence?Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,13-26.
Woodroffe R,Thirgood S,Rabinowitz A.2005.The impact of humanwildlife conflict on natural systems.In:Woodroffe R,Thirgood S,Rabinowitz A eds.People and Wildlife:Conflict or Coexistence?Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1-12.
Xiao T,Shao Q Q,Sun W Y,Qi Y Q.2013.Grassland degradation characteristics of typical alpine meadow slopes in the Three-River Source Region of Qinghai Province.Acta Agrestia Sinica,21(3):452-459.(in Chinese)
Xu A C,Jiang Z G,Li C W,Cai P.2010.Food habits and hunting patterns of Tibetan brown bear during warm seasons in Kekexili region on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Zoological Research,31(6):670-674.(in Chinese)
Xu A,Jiang Z,Li C,Guo J,Wu G,Cai P.2006.Summer food habits of brown bears in Kekexili Nature Reserve,Qinghai-TibetanPlateau,China.Ursus,17(2):132-137.
Zhou Y Y,Feng J C,Duo H R,Yang H L,Li J,Li D Q,Zhang Y G.2014.Population survey and genetic diversity of snow leopard(Uncia uncia)in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as revealed by fecal DNA.Acta Theriologica Sinica,34(2):138-148.(in Chinese)
刘纪远,徐新良,邵全琴.2008.近30年来青海三江源地区草地退化的时空特征.地理学报,63(4):364-376.
肖桐,邵全琴,孙文义,齐永青.2013.三江源高寒草甸典型坡面草地退化特征综合分析.草地学报,21(3):452-459.
沈洁滢,崔国发.2015.国内外野生动物肇事现状及其防控措施.世界林业研究,28(1):43-49.
张进林,何伟.2011.三江源地区野生动物种群数量正逐渐恢复.西部时报,19(015).
周芸芸,冯金朝,朵海瑞,杨海龙,李娟,李迪强,张于光.2014.基于粪便DNA的青藏高原雪豹种群调查和遗传多样性分析.兽类学报,34(2):138-148.
贾瑞忠,黄清臻,石华,韩华,李彦.2013.旱獭的生态习性及其管理控制.中华卫生杀虫药械,19(1):85-86.
徐爱春,蒋志刚,李春旺,蔡平.2010.青藏高原可可西里地区藏棕熊暖季食性及采食行为模式.动物学研究,31(6):670-674.
徐爱春,蔡平,吴国生.2013.玉树藏族自治州人一藏棕熊冲突调查与解决对策.见:浙江省动物学会.浙江省动物学会第十二届会员代表大会暨学术讨论会论文摘要集.浙江省动物学会,31.
曹伊凡,张同作,连新明,崔庆虎,邓逗逗,苏建平.2009.青海省可可西里地区几种有蹄类动物的食物重叠初步分析.四川动物,28(1):49-54.