Clay mineralogy of an Eocene fluvial-lacustrine sequence in Xining Basin, Northwest China, and its paleoclimatic implications
|
摘要
The Eocene was marked by significant cooling during which the global climate was transformed from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. Notable coeval events were the India-Asia collision and the retreat of the Paratethys Sea in Asia. The Eocene section of the long and continuous sedimentary succession of the Xining Basin in Northwest China is characterized by red mudstones with intercalated gypsum and muddy-gypsiferous layers. In this study, we conducted a semi-quantitative analysis of the mineralogy of bulk samples and the clay fraction using X-ray diffraction, with the aim of characterizing the Eocene climatic evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and inland Asia. We used a new pretreatment method to address the problem of extracting sufficient clay particles from the gypsum and gypsiferous layers. The bulk mineralogy is dominated by quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and dolomite; and the clay mineralogy is dominated by illite, chlorite, and smectite(including irregular mixed-layer illite-smectite(I/S)). The variations of the clay mineral assemblages indicate the occurrence of alternations between warm humid conditions and hot dry conditions, with relatively high humidity during ～52–50,～41.5–39 and ～35–34 Ma. Comparison of the results with the timing of Tibetan Plateau uplift, transgressions and regressions of the Paratethys Sea, and the marine oxygen isotope record suggest that the Eocene climatic evolution of the study region was driven fundamentally by global climate change.
The Eocene was marked by significant cooling during which the global climate was transformed from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. Notable coeval events were the India-Asia collision and the retreat of the Paratethys Sea in Asia. The Eocene section of the long and continuous sedimentary succession of the Xining Basin in Northwest China is characterized by red mudstones with intercalated gypsum and muddy-gypsiferous layers. In this study, we conducted a semi-quantitative analysis of the mineralogy of bulk samples and the clay fraction using X-ray diffraction, with the aim of characterizing the Eocene climatic evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and inland Asia. We used a new pretreatment method to address the problem of extracting sufficient clay particles from the gypsum and gypsiferous layers. The bulk mineralogy is dominated by quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and dolomite; and the clay mineralogy is dominated by illite, chlorite, and smectite(including irregular mixed-layer illite-smectite(I/S)). The variations of the clay mineral assemblages indicate the occurrence of alternations between warm humid conditions and hot dry conditions, with relatively high humidity during ～52–50,～41.5–39 and ～35–34 Ma. Comparison of the results with the timing of Tibetan Plateau uplift, transgressions and regressions of the Paratethys Sea, and the marine oxygen isotope record suggest that the Eocene climatic evolution of the study region was driven fundamentally by global climate change.
The Eocene was marked by significant cooling during which the global climate was transformed from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. Notable coeval events were the India-Asia collision and the retreat of the Paratethys Sea in Asia. The Eocene section of the long and continuous sedimentary succession of the Xining Basin in Northwest China is characterized by red mudstones with intercalated gypsum and muddy-gypsiferous layers. In this study, we conducted a semi-quantitative analysis of the mineralogy of bulk samples and the clay fraction using X-ray diffraction, with the aim of characterizing the Eocene climatic evolution of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and inland Asia. We used a new pretreatment method to address the problem of extracting sufficient clay particles from the gypsum and gypsiferous layers. The bulk mineralogy is dominated by quartz, feldspar, calcite, gypsum and dolomite; and the clay mineralogy is dominated by illite, chlorite, and smectite(including irregular mixed-layer illite-smectite(I/S)). The variations of the clay mineral assemblages indicate the occurrence of alternations between warm humid conditions and hot dry conditions, with relatively high humidity during ～52–50,～41.5–39 and ～35–34 Ma. Comparison of the results with the timing of Tibetan Plateau uplift, transgressions and regressions of the Paratethys Sea, and the marine oxygen isotope record suggest that the Eocene climatic evolution of the study region was driven fundamentally by global climate change.
引文
Abels H A,Dupont-Nivet G,Xiao G,Bosboom R,Krijgsman W.2011.Step-wise change of Asian interior climate preceding the Eocene-Oligocene transition(EOT).Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,299:399-412
An Z S,Kutzbach J E,Prell S C.2001.Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times.Nature,411:62-66
Bains S,Corfield R M,Norris R D.1999.Mechanisms of climate warming at the end of the Paleocene.Science,285:724-727
Beck R A,Burbank D W,Sercombe W J,Riley G W,Barndt J K,Berry JR,Afzal J,Khan A M,Jurgen H,Metje J,Cheema A,Shafique N A,Lawrence R D,Khan M A.1995.Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia.Nature,373:55-58
Bohaty S M,Zachos J C,Florindo F,Delaney M L.2009.Coupled greenhouse warming and deep-sea acidification in the middle Eocene.Paleoceanography,24:1-16
Bosboom R E,Abels H A,Hoorn C,van den Berg B C J,Guo Z J,DupontNivet G.2014a.Aridification in continental Asia after the Middle Eocene climatic optimum(MECO).Earth Planet Sci Lett,389:34-42
Bosboom R E,Dupont-Nivet G,Houben A J P,Brinkhuis H,Villa G,Mandic O,Stoica M,Zachariasse W J,Guo Z J,Li C X,Krijgsman W.2011.Late Eocene sea retreat from the Tarim basin(west China)and concomitant Asian paleoenvironmental change.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,299:385-398
Bosboom R,Dupont-Nivet G,Grothe A,Brinkhuis H,Villa G,Mandic O,Stoica M,Kouwenhoven T,Huang W,Yang W,Guo Z J.2014b.Timing,cause and impact of the late Eocene stepwise sea retreat from the Tarim Basin(west China).Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,403:101-118
Bougeois L,Dupont-Nivet G,de Rafélis M,Tindall J C,Proust J N,Reichart G J,de Nooijer L J,Guo Z,Ormukov C.2018.Asian monsoons and aridification response to Paleogene sea retreat and Neogene westerly shielding indicated by seasonality in Paratethys oysters.Earth Planet Sci Lett,485:99-110
Burtman V S.2000.Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tien Shan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene.Tectonophysics,319:69-92
Cai F,Ding L,Yue Y.2011.Provenance analysis of upper Cretaceous strata in the Tethys Himalaya,southern Tibet:Implications for timing of India-Asia collision.Earth Planet Sci Lett,305:195-206
Caves J K,Winnick M J,Graham S A,Sjostrom D J,Mulch A,Chamberlain C P.2015.Role of the westerlies in Central Asia climate over the Cenozoic.Earth Planet Sci Lett,428:33-43
Chamley H.1989.Clay Sedimentology.New York:Spring-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Chen C F.2009.Cenozoic pollen records and Palaoenvironmental evolution in Xining Basin,Northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Masteral Dissertation.China:Lanzhou University
Dai S,Fang X M,Dupont-Niver G,Song C H,Gao J P,Krijgsman W,Langereis C,Zhang W L.2006.Magnetostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments from the Xining Basin:Tectonic implications for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,111:B11102
Deng Y P,Hong H L,Yin k,Xu Y M,Du J,Zhang K X.2010.Clay mineralogy and its palaeoclimatic indicator of the Late Paleocene to Early Oligocene Sediments in Yongdeng Lanzhou Basin(in Chinese with English abstract).Geoscience,24:793-800
Ding L,Kapp P,Wan X.2005.Paleocene-Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision,south central Tibet.Tectonics,24:TC3001
Ding Z L,Xiong S F,Sun J M,Yang S L,Gu Z Y,Liu T S.1999.Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a~7.0 Ma eolian loess-red clay sequence at Lingtai,Loess Plateau,north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,152:49-66
Dupont-Nivet G,Hoorn C,Konert M.2008.Tibetan uplift prior to the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition:Evidence from pollen analysis of the Xining Basin.Geology,36:987-990
Dupont-Nivet G,Krijgsman W,Langereis C G,Abels H A,Dai S,Fang X.2007.Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition.Nature,445:635-638
Edgar K M,Wilson P A,Sexton P F,Gibbs S J,Roberts A P,Norris R D.2010.New biostratigraphic,magnetostratigraphic and isotopic insights into the Middle Eocene climatic optimum in low latitudes.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,297:670-682
Eldrett J S,Greenwood D R,Harding I C,Huber M.2009.Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes.Nature,459:969-973
Fang X M,Zan J B,Appel E,Lu Y,Song C H,Dai S,Tuo S B.2015.An Eocene-Miocene continuous high resolution rock magnetic record from the sediments in the Xining Basin,NW China:Indication for Cenozoic persistent drying driven by global cooling and Tibetan Plateau uplift.Geophys J Int,201:78-89
Guo Z T,Ruddiman W F,Hao Q Z,Wu H B,Qiao Y S,Zhu R X,Peng S Z,Wei J J,Yuan B Y,Liu T S.2002.Onset of Asian desertification by 22Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,416:159-163
Guo Z T,Sun B,Zhang Z S,Peng S Z,Xiao G Q,Ge J Y,Hao Q Z,Qiao YS,Liang M Y,Liu J F,Yin Q Z,Wei J J.2008.A major reorganization of Asian climate regime by the early Miocene.Clim Past,4:153-174
Gylesj?S,Arnold E.2006.Clay mineralogy of a red clay-loess sequence from Lingtai,the Chinese Loess Plateau.Glob Planet Change,51:181-194
Hetzel R,Dunkl I,Haider V,Strobl M,von Eynatten H,Ding L,Frei D.2011.Peneplain formation in southern Tibet predates the India-Asia collision and plateau uplift.Geology,39:983-986
Hong H L,Zhang K X,Li Z H.2010.Climatic and tectonic uplift evolution since~7 Ma in Gyirong basin,southwestern Tibet plateau:Clay mineral evidence.Int J Earth Sci-Geol Rundsch,99:1305-1315
Hoorn C,Straathof J,Abels H A,Xu Y,Utescher T,Dupont-Nivet G.2012.A late Eocene palynological record of climate change and Tibetan Plateau uplift(Xining Basin,China).Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,344-345:16-38
Hren M T,Sheldon N D,Grimes S T,Collinson M E,Hooker J J,Bugler M,Lohmann K C.2013.Terrestrial cooling in Northern Europe during the Eocene-Oligocene transition.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,110:7562-7567
Hu B,Zhang C X,Guo Z T.2016.A new method of clay mineral extraction from gypsum layer and its application in paleoclimate reconstruction(in Chinese with English abstract).Quat Sci,34:926-934
Kent-Corson M L,Ritts B D,Zhuang G,Bovet P M,Graham S A,Page Chamberlain C.2009.Stable isotopic constraints on the tectonic,topographic,and climatic evolution of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Earth Planet Sci Lett,282:158-166
Kraatz B P,Geisler J H.2010.Eocene-Oligocene transition in Central Asia and its effects on mammalian evolution.Geology,38:111-114
Lear C H,Bailey T R,Pearson P N,Coxall H K,Rosenthal Y.2008.Cooling and ice growth across the Eocene-Oligocene transition.Geology,36:251-254
Lear C H,Elderfield H,Wilson P A.2000.Cenozoic deep-sea temperatures and global ice volumes from Mg/Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite.Science,287:269-272
Lippert P C,van Hinsbergen D J J,Dupont-Nivet G.2014.Early Cretaceous to present latitude of the central proto-Tibetan Plateau:A paleomagnetic synthesis with implications for Cenozoic tectonics,paleogeography,and climate of Asia.Geol Soc Am Spec Pap,507:1-23
Liu T S,Guo Z T.1997.Geological environment in China and global change.In:An Z S,ed.Selected Works of Liu Tungsheng.Beijing:Science Press.192-202
Liu T S.1985.Loess and Environment(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press
Long L Q,Fang X M,Miao Y F,Bai Y,Wang Y L.2011.Northern Tibetan Plateau cooling and aridification linked to Cenozoic global cooling:Evidence from n-alkane distributions of Paleogene sedimentary sequences in the Xining Basin.Chin Sci Bull,56:1221-1231
Miao Y F,Fang X M,Song Z C,Wu F L,Han W X,Dai S,Song C H.2008.Late Eocene pollen records and palaeoenvironmental changes in northern Tibetan Plateau.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,51:1089-1098
Miao Y,Wu F,Chang H,Fang X,Deng T,Sun J,Jin C.2016.A LateEocene palynological record from the Hoh Xil Basin,northern Tibetan Plateau,and its implications for stratigraphic age,paleoclimate and paleoelevation.Gondwana Res,31:241-252
Moore D M,Reynolds J.1989.X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals.New York:Oxford University Press
Najman Y,Appel E,Boudagher-Fadel M,Bown P,Carter A,Garzanti E,Godin L,Han J,Liebke U,Oliver G,Parrish R,Vezzoli G.2010.Timing of India-Asia collision:Geological,biostratigraphic,and palaeomagnetic constraints.J Geophys Res,115:B12416
Patzelt A,Li H,Wang J,Appel E.1996.Palaeomagnetism of Cretaceous to Tertiary sediments from southern Tibet:Evidence for the extent of the northern margin of India prior to the collision with Eurasia.Tectonophysics,259:259-284
Pearson P N,Foster G L,Wade B S.2009.Atmospheric carbon dioxide through the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition.Nature,461:1110-1113
Pei J L,Sun Z M,Wang X S,Zhao Y,Ge X H,Guo X Z,Li H B,Si J L.2009.Evidence for Tibetan plateau uplift in Qaidam basin before Eocene-Oligocene boundary and its climatic implications.J Earth Sci,20:430-437
Petschick R.2000.Mac Diff 4.2.2:A software of calculating concentration of minerals for XRD data.Online:http://servermac.geologie.un-frankfurt.de/Rainer.html
Prell W L,Kutzbach J E.1992.Sensitivity of the indian monsoon to forcing parameters and implications for its evolution.Nature,360:647-652
Qiang X,An Z,Song Y,Chang H,Sun Y,Liu W,Ao H,Dong J,Fu C,Wu F,Lu F,Cai Y,Zhou W,Cao J,Xu X,Ai L.2011.New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago.Sci China Earth Sci,54:136-144
Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources.1985.Geologic Maps of the Duoba,Gaodian,Tianjiazai,and Xining Regions,4 Sheets,with Regional Geologic Report(1:50000 Scale).Beijing:Geol Publ House.199
Robert C,Kennett J P.1994.Antarctic subtropical humid episode at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary:Clay-mineral evidence.Geology,22:211-214
Rohrmann A,Kapp P,Carrapa B,Reiners P W,Guynn J,Ding L,Heizler M.2012.Thermochronologic evidence for plateau formation in central Tibet by 45 Ma.Geology,40:187-190
Rowley D B.1996.Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia:Areview of stratigraphic data.Earth Planet Sci Lett,145:1-13
Rowley D B,Currie B S.2006.Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin,central Tibet.Nature,439:677-681
Ruddiman W F,Kutzbach J E.1989.Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West.J Geophys Res,94:18409
Sayem A S M,Guo Z,Wu H,Zhang C,Yang F,Xiao G,He Z.2018.Sedimentary and geochemical evidence of Eocene climate change in the Xining Basin,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Sci China Earth Sci,61:1292-1305
Shi N.1996.Development of spruce and fir in North China during the Pliocene and the Early Plestocene:Palaeoclimatic implication.Quat Sci,4:319-328
Singer A.1984.The paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in sediments-A review.Earth-Sci Rev,21:251-293
Song B W,Zhang K X,Lu J F,Wang C W,Xu Y D.2013.The middle Eocene to early Miocene integrated sedimentary record in the Qaidam Basin and its implications for paleoclimate and early Tibetan Plateau uplift.Can J Earth Sci,50:183-196
Sun X J,Wang P X.2005.How old is the Asian monsoon system?-Palaeobotanical records from China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,222:181-222
Tang T,Xue Y,Yu C.1992.Characteristics and Sedimentary Environments of the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Marine Strata in the Western Tarim,China.Beijin:Science Press
Velde B.1995.Origin and Mineralogy of Clays.Paris:Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg.207-210
Vonhof H B,Smit J,Brinkhuis H,Montanari A,Nederbragt A J.2000.Global cooling accelerated by early late Eocene impacts?Geology,28:687
Wang C S,Li X H,Hu X,Jansa L F.2002.Latest marine horizon north of Qomolangma(Mt Everest):Implications for closure of Tethys seaway and collision tectonics.Terra Nova,14:114-120
Wang C S,Zhao X X,Liu Z F,Lippert P C,Graham S A,Coe R S,Yi H S,Zhu L D,Liu S,Li Y L.2008.Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,105:4987-4992
Wang C W,Hong H L,Li Z H,Yin K,Xie J,Liang G J,Song B W,Song EP,Zhang K X.2013.The Eocene-Oligocene climate transition in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China:Evidence from clay mineralogy.Appl Clay Sci,74:10-19
Wang C W,Hong H L,Song B W,Yin K,Li Z H,Zhang K X,Ji J L.2011.The early-Eocene climate optimum(EECO)event in the Qaidam basin,northwest China:Clay evidence.Clay miner,46:649-661
Xiao G Q.2009.Magnetostratigraphy and Sedimentary Evolution of the Late Eocene-early Miocene Deposits in the Xining Basin,Northwestern China.Doctoral Dissertation.China:Institute of Earth Environment,Graduate School,CAS
Xiao G Q,Abels H A,Yao Z Q,Dupont-Nivet G,Hilgen F J.2010.Asian aridification linked to the first step of the Eocene-Oligocene climate Transition(EOT)in obliquity-dominated terrestrial records(Xining Basin,China).Clim Past,6:501-513
Xu Q,Ding L,Zhang L,Cai F,Lai Q,Yang D,Liu-Zeng J.2013.Paleogene high elevations in the Qiangtang Terrane,central Tibetan Plateau.Earth Planet Sci Lett,362:31-42
Yi Z,Huang B,Chen J,Chen L,Wang H.2011.Paleomagnetism of early Paleogene marine sediments in southern Tibet,China:Implications to onset of the India-Asia collision and size of Greater India.Earth Planet Sci Lett,9:153-165
Yue L,Heller F,Qiu Z,Zhang L,Xie G,Qiu Z,Zhang Y.2001.Magnetostratigraphy and pavleo-environmental record of Tertiary deposits of Lanzhou Basin.Chin Sci Bull,46:770-773
Zachos J C,Dickens G R,Zeebe R E.2008.An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics.Nature,451:279-283
Zachos J C,R?hl U,Schellenberg S A,Sluijs A,Hodell D A,Kelly D C,Thomas E,Nicolo M,Raffi I,Lourens L J,Mc Carren H,Kroon D.2005.Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum.Science,308:1611-1615
Zachos J C,Wara M W,Bohaty S,Delaney M L,Petrizzo M R,Brill A,Bralower T J,Premoli-Silva I.2003.A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum.Science,302:1551-1554
Zachos J,Pagani M,Sloan L,Thomas E,Billups K.2001.Trends,rhythms,and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present.Science,292:686-693
Zanazzi A,Kohn M J,Mac Fadden B J,Terry D O.2007.Large temperature drop across the Eocene-Oligocene transition in central North America.Nature,445:639-642
Zhang C X,Guo Z T.2014.Clay mineral changes across the EoceneOligocene transition in the sedimentary sequence at Xining occurred prior to global cooling.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,411:18-29
Zhang C X,Xiao G Q,Guo Z T,Wu H B,Hao Q Z.2015.Evidence of late early Miocene aridification intensification in the Xining Basin caused by the northeastern Tibetan Plateau uplift.Glob Planet Change,128:31-46
Zhang J,Wang Y N,Zhang B H,Zhang Y P.2016.Tectonics of the Xining Basin in NW China and its implications for the evolution of the NEQinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Basin Res,28:159-182
Zhang Y,Kong S C,Yan S,Yang Z J,Ni J.The variation of forest line in the north slope of Tian Shan Mountain in the Holocene and its palaeoenvironment feature.Chin Sci Bull,2006,51:1450-1458
Zhang Z S,Flat?y F,Wang H J,Bethke I,Bentsen M,Guo Z T.2012.Early Eocene Asian climate dominated by desert and steppe with limited monsoons.J Asian Earth Sci,44:24-35
Zhu B,Kidd W S F,Rowley D B,Currie B S,Shafique N.2005.Age of initiation of the India-Asia collision in the East-Central Himalaya.JGeol,113:265-285
An Z S,Kutzbach J E,Prell S C.2001.Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times.Nature,411:62-66
Bains S,Corfield R M,Norris R D.1999.Mechanisms of climate warming at the end of the Paleocene.Science,285:724-727
Beck R A,Burbank D W,Sercombe W J,Riley G W,Barndt J K,Berry JR,Afzal J,Khan A M,Jurgen H,Metje J,Cheema A,Shafique N A,Lawrence R D,Khan M A.1995.Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia.Nature,373:55-58
Bohaty S M,Zachos J C,Florindo F,Delaney M L.2009.Coupled greenhouse warming and deep-sea acidification in the middle Eocene.Paleoceanography,24:1-16
Bosboom R E,Abels H A,Hoorn C,van den Berg B C J,Guo Z J,DupontNivet G.2014a.Aridification in continental Asia after the Middle Eocene climatic optimum(MECO).Earth Planet Sci Lett,389:34-42
Bosboom R E,Dupont-Nivet G,Houben A J P,Brinkhuis H,Villa G,Mandic O,Stoica M,Zachariasse W J,Guo Z J,Li C X,Krijgsman W.2011.Late Eocene sea retreat from the Tarim basin(west China)and concomitant Asian paleoenvironmental change.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,299:385-398
Bosboom R,Dupont-Nivet G,Grothe A,Brinkhuis H,Villa G,Mandic O,Stoica M,Kouwenhoven T,Huang W,Yang W,Guo Z J.2014b.Timing,cause and impact of the late Eocene stepwise sea retreat from the Tarim Basin(west China).Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,403:101-118
Bougeois L,Dupont-Nivet G,de Rafélis M,Tindall J C,Proust J N,Reichart G J,de Nooijer L J,Guo Z,Ormukov C.2018.Asian monsoons and aridification response to Paleogene sea retreat and Neogene westerly shielding indicated by seasonality in Paratethys oysters.Earth Planet Sci Lett,485:99-110
Burtman V S.2000.Cenozoic crustal shortening between the Pamir and Tien Shan and a reconstruction of the Pamir-Tien Shan transition zone for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene.Tectonophysics,319:69-92
Cai F,Ding L,Yue Y.2011.Provenance analysis of upper Cretaceous strata in the Tethys Himalaya,southern Tibet:Implications for timing of India-Asia collision.Earth Planet Sci Lett,305:195-206
Caves J K,Winnick M J,Graham S A,Sjostrom D J,Mulch A,Chamberlain C P.2015.Role of the westerlies in Central Asia climate over the Cenozoic.Earth Planet Sci Lett,428:33-43
Chamley H.1989.Clay Sedimentology.New York:Spring-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Chen C F.2009.Cenozoic pollen records and Palaoenvironmental evolution in Xining Basin,Northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Masteral Dissertation.China:Lanzhou University
Dai S,Fang X M,Dupont-Niver G,Song C H,Gao J P,Krijgsman W,Langereis C,Zhang W L.2006.Magnetostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments from the Xining Basin:Tectonic implications for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.J Geophys Res,111:B11102
Deng Y P,Hong H L,Yin k,Xu Y M,Du J,Zhang K X.2010.Clay mineralogy and its palaeoclimatic indicator of the Late Paleocene to Early Oligocene Sediments in Yongdeng Lanzhou Basin(in Chinese with English abstract).Geoscience,24:793-800
Ding L,Kapp P,Wan X.2005.Paleocene-Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision,south central Tibet.Tectonics,24:TC3001
Ding Z L,Xiong S F,Sun J M,Yang S L,Gu Z Y,Liu T S.1999.Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a~7.0 Ma eolian loess-red clay sequence at Lingtai,Loess Plateau,north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,152:49-66
Dupont-Nivet G,Hoorn C,Konert M.2008.Tibetan uplift prior to the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition:Evidence from pollen analysis of the Xining Basin.Geology,36:987-990
Dupont-Nivet G,Krijgsman W,Langereis C G,Abels H A,Dai S,Fang X.2007.Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition.Nature,445:635-638
Edgar K M,Wilson P A,Sexton P F,Gibbs S J,Roberts A P,Norris R D.2010.New biostratigraphic,magnetostratigraphic and isotopic insights into the Middle Eocene climatic optimum in low latitudes.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,297:670-682
Eldrett J S,Greenwood D R,Harding I C,Huber M.2009.Increased seasonality through the Eocene to Oligocene transition in northern high latitudes.Nature,459:969-973
Fang X M,Zan J B,Appel E,Lu Y,Song C H,Dai S,Tuo S B.2015.An Eocene-Miocene continuous high resolution rock magnetic record from the sediments in the Xining Basin,NW China:Indication for Cenozoic persistent drying driven by global cooling and Tibetan Plateau uplift.Geophys J Int,201:78-89
Guo Z T,Ruddiman W F,Hao Q Z,Wu H B,Qiao Y S,Zhu R X,Peng S Z,Wei J J,Yuan B Y,Liu T S.2002.Onset of Asian desertification by 22Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,416:159-163
Guo Z T,Sun B,Zhang Z S,Peng S Z,Xiao G Q,Ge J Y,Hao Q Z,Qiao YS,Liang M Y,Liu J F,Yin Q Z,Wei J J.2008.A major reorganization of Asian climate regime by the early Miocene.Clim Past,4:153-174
Gylesj?S,Arnold E.2006.Clay mineralogy of a red clay-loess sequence from Lingtai,the Chinese Loess Plateau.Glob Planet Change,51:181-194
Hetzel R,Dunkl I,Haider V,Strobl M,von Eynatten H,Ding L,Frei D.2011.Peneplain formation in southern Tibet predates the India-Asia collision and plateau uplift.Geology,39:983-986
Hong H L,Zhang K X,Li Z H.2010.Climatic and tectonic uplift evolution since~7 Ma in Gyirong basin,southwestern Tibet plateau:Clay mineral evidence.Int J Earth Sci-Geol Rundsch,99:1305-1315
Hoorn C,Straathof J,Abels H A,Xu Y,Utescher T,Dupont-Nivet G.2012.A late Eocene palynological record of climate change and Tibetan Plateau uplift(Xining Basin,China).Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,344-345:16-38
Hren M T,Sheldon N D,Grimes S T,Collinson M E,Hooker J J,Bugler M,Lohmann K C.2013.Terrestrial cooling in Northern Europe during the Eocene-Oligocene transition.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,110:7562-7567
Hu B,Zhang C X,Guo Z T.2016.A new method of clay mineral extraction from gypsum layer and its application in paleoclimate reconstruction(in Chinese with English abstract).Quat Sci,34:926-934
Kent-Corson M L,Ritts B D,Zhuang G,Bovet P M,Graham S A,Page Chamberlain C.2009.Stable isotopic constraints on the tectonic,topographic,and climatic evolution of the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.Earth Planet Sci Lett,282:158-166
Kraatz B P,Geisler J H.2010.Eocene-Oligocene transition in Central Asia and its effects on mammalian evolution.Geology,38:111-114
Lear C H,Bailey T R,Pearson P N,Coxall H K,Rosenthal Y.2008.Cooling and ice growth across the Eocene-Oligocene transition.Geology,36:251-254
Lear C H,Elderfield H,Wilson P A.2000.Cenozoic deep-sea temperatures and global ice volumes from Mg/Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite.Science,287:269-272
Lippert P C,van Hinsbergen D J J,Dupont-Nivet G.2014.Early Cretaceous to present latitude of the central proto-Tibetan Plateau:A paleomagnetic synthesis with implications for Cenozoic tectonics,paleogeography,and climate of Asia.Geol Soc Am Spec Pap,507:1-23
Liu T S,Guo Z T.1997.Geological environment in China and global change.In:An Z S,ed.Selected Works of Liu Tungsheng.Beijing:Science Press.192-202
Liu T S.1985.Loess and Environment(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press
Long L Q,Fang X M,Miao Y F,Bai Y,Wang Y L.2011.Northern Tibetan Plateau cooling and aridification linked to Cenozoic global cooling:Evidence from n-alkane distributions of Paleogene sedimentary sequences in the Xining Basin.Chin Sci Bull,56:1221-1231
Miao Y F,Fang X M,Song Z C,Wu F L,Han W X,Dai S,Song C H.2008.Late Eocene pollen records and palaeoenvironmental changes in northern Tibetan Plateau.Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,51:1089-1098
Miao Y,Wu F,Chang H,Fang X,Deng T,Sun J,Jin C.2016.A LateEocene palynological record from the Hoh Xil Basin,northern Tibetan Plateau,and its implications for stratigraphic age,paleoclimate and paleoelevation.Gondwana Res,31:241-252
Moore D M,Reynolds J.1989.X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals.New York:Oxford University Press
Najman Y,Appel E,Boudagher-Fadel M,Bown P,Carter A,Garzanti E,Godin L,Han J,Liebke U,Oliver G,Parrish R,Vezzoli G.2010.Timing of India-Asia collision:Geological,biostratigraphic,and palaeomagnetic constraints.J Geophys Res,115:B12416
Patzelt A,Li H,Wang J,Appel E.1996.Palaeomagnetism of Cretaceous to Tertiary sediments from southern Tibet:Evidence for the extent of the northern margin of India prior to the collision with Eurasia.Tectonophysics,259:259-284
Pearson P N,Foster G L,Wade B S.2009.Atmospheric carbon dioxide through the Eocene-Oligocene climate transition.Nature,461:1110-1113
Pei J L,Sun Z M,Wang X S,Zhao Y,Ge X H,Guo X Z,Li H B,Si J L.2009.Evidence for Tibetan plateau uplift in Qaidam basin before Eocene-Oligocene boundary and its climatic implications.J Earth Sci,20:430-437
Petschick R.2000.Mac Diff 4.2.2:A software of calculating concentration of minerals for XRD data.Online:http://servermac.geologie.un-frankfurt.de/Rainer.html
Prell W L,Kutzbach J E.1992.Sensitivity of the indian monsoon to forcing parameters and implications for its evolution.Nature,360:647-652
Qiang X,An Z,Song Y,Chang H,Sun Y,Liu W,Ao H,Dong J,Fu C,Wu F,Lu F,Cai Y,Zhou W,Cao J,Xu X,Ai L.2011.New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago.Sci China Earth Sci,54:136-144
Qinghai Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources.1985.Geologic Maps of the Duoba,Gaodian,Tianjiazai,and Xining Regions,4 Sheets,with Regional Geologic Report(1:50000 Scale).Beijing:Geol Publ House.199
Robert C,Kennett J P.1994.Antarctic subtropical humid episode at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary:Clay-mineral evidence.Geology,22:211-214
Rohrmann A,Kapp P,Carrapa B,Reiners P W,Guynn J,Ding L,Heizler M.2012.Thermochronologic evidence for plateau formation in central Tibet by 45 Ma.Geology,40:187-190
Rowley D B.1996.Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia:Areview of stratigraphic data.Earth Planet Sci Lett,145:1-13
Rowley D B,Currie B S.2006.Palaeo-altimetry of the late Eocene to Miocene Lunpola basin,central Tibet.Nature,439:677-681
Ruddiman W F,Kutzbach J E.1989.Forcing of late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West.J Geophys Res,94:18409
Sayem A S M,Guo Z,Wu H,Zhang C,Yang F,Xiao G,He Z.2018.Sedimentary and geochemical evidence of Eocene climate change in the Xining Basin,northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Sci China Earth Sci,61:1292-1305
Shi N.1996.Development of spruce and fir in North China during the Pliocene and the Early Plestocene:Palaeoclimatic implication.Quat Sci,4:319-328
Singer A.1984.The paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in sediments-A review.Earth-Sci Rev,21:251-293
Song B W,Zhang K X,Lu J F,Wang C W,Xu Y D.2013.The middle Eocene to early Miocene integrated sedimentary record in the Qaidam Basin and its implications for paleoclimate and early Tibetan Plateau uplift.Can J Earth Sci,50:183-196
Sun X J,Wang P X.2005.How old is the Asian monsoon system?-Palaeobotanical records from China.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,222:181-222
Tang T,Xue Y,Yu C.1992.Characteristics and Sedimentary Environments of the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Marine Strata in the Western Tarim,China.Beijin:Science Press
Velde B.1995.Origin and Mineralogy of Clays.Paris:Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg.207-210
Vonhof H B,Smit J,Brinkhuis H,Montanari A,Nederbragt A J.2000.Global cooling accelerated by early late Eocene impacts?Geology,28:687
Wang C S,Li X H,Hu X,Jansa L F.2002.Latest marine horizon north of Qomolangma(Mt Everest):Implications for closure of Tethys seaway and collision tectonics.Terra Nova,14:114-120
Wang C S,Zhao X X,Liu Z F,Lippert P C,Graham S A,Coe R S,Yi H S,Zhu L D,Liu S,Li Y L.2008.Constraints on the early uplift history of the Tibetan Plateau.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,105:4987-4992
Wang C W,Hong H L,Li Z H,Yin K,Xie J,Liang G J,Song B W,Song EP,Zhang K X.2013.The Eocene-Oligocene climate transition in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China:Evidence from clay mineralogy.Appl Clay Sci,74:10-19
Wang C W,Hong H L,Song B W,Yin K,Li Z H,Zhang K X,Ji J L.2011.The early-Eocene climate optimum(EECO)event in the Qaidam basin,northwest China:Clay evidence.Clay miner,46:649-661
Xiao G Q.2009.Magnetostratigraphy and Sedimentary Evolution of the Late Eocene-early Miocene Deposits in the Xining Basin,Northwestern China.Doctoral Dissertation.China:Institute of Earth Environment,Graduate School,CAS
Xiao G Q,Abels H A,Yao Z Q,Dupont-Nivet G,Hilgen F J.2010.Asian aridification linked to the first step of the Eocene-Oligocene climate Transition(EOT)in obliquity-dominated terrestrial records(Xining Basin,China).Clim Past,6:501-513
Xu Q,Ding L,Zhang L,Cai F,Lai Q,Yang D,Liu-Zeng J.2013.Paleogene high elevations in the Qiangtang Terrane,central Tibetan Plateau.Earth Planet Sci Lett,362:31-42
Yi Z,Huang B,Chen J,Chen L,Wang H.2011.Paleomagnetism of early Paleogene marine sediments in southern Tibet,China:Implications to onset of the India-Asia collision and size of Greater India.Earth Planet Sci Lett,9:153-165
Yue L,Heller F,Qiu Z,Zhang L,Xie G,Qiu Z,Zhang Y.2001.Magnetostratigraphy and pavleo-environmental record of Tertiary deposits of Lanzhou Basin.Chin Sci Bull,46:770-773
Zachos J C,Dickens G R,Zeebe R E.2008.An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics.Nature,451:279-283
Zachos J C,R?hl U,Schellenberg S A,Sluijs A,Hodell D A,Kelly D C,Thomas E,Nicolo M,Raffi I,Lourens L J,Mc Carren H,Kroon D.2005.Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum.Science,308:1611-1615
Zachos J C,Wara M W,Bohaty S,Delaney M L,Petrizzo M R,Brill A,Bralower T J,Premoli-Silva I.2003.A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum.Science,302:1551-1554
Zachos J,Pagani M,Sloan L,Thomas E,Billups K.2001.Trends,rhythms,and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present.Science,292:686-693
Zanazzi A,Kohn M J,Mac Fadden B J,Terry D O.2007.Large temperature drop across the Eocene-Oligocene transition in central North America.Nature,445:639-642
Zhang C X,Guo Z T.2014.Clay mineral changes across the EoceneOligocene transition in the sedimentary sequence at Xining occurred prior to global cooling.Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol,411:18-29
Zhang C X,Xiao G Q,Guo Z T,Wu H B,Hao Q Z.2015.Evidence of late early Miocene aridification intensification in the Xining Basin caused by the northeastern Tibetan Plateau uplift.Glob Planet Change,128:31-46
Zhang J,Wang Y N,Zhang B H,Zhang Y P.2016.Tectonics of the Xining Basin in NW China and its implications for the evolution of the NEQinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Basin Res,28:159-182
Zhang Y,Kong S C,Yan S,Yang Z J,Ni J.The variation of forest line in the north slope of Tian Shan Mountain in the Holocene and its palaeoenvironment feature.Chin Sci Bull,2006,51:1450-1458
Zhang Z S,Flat?y F,Wang H J,Bethke I,Bentsen M,Guo Z T.2012.Early Eocene Asian climate dominated by desert and steppe with limited monsoons.J Asian Earth Sci,44:24-35
Zhu B,Kidd W S F,Rowley D B,Currie B S,Shafique N.2005.Age of initiation of the India-Asia collision in the East-Central Himalaya.JGeol,113:265-285
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |