The impact of crustal rheology on natural seismicity: Campi Flegrei caldera case study
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摘要
We analyze the crustal rheology beneath the active resurgent Campi Flegrei caldera(CFc) in Southern Italy by modelling the 3 D brittle-ductile(B/D) transition, based on available thermal, geological and geophysical data. Firstly, the thermal field in the conductive physical regime is modeled using a finite element method; based on an optimization tool, this method is applied to evaluate the location and dimensions of the deep thermal source beneath the caldera. A horizontally-extended thermal anomaly located at about 5000 m depth below sea level is identified beneath Pozzuoli Bay, a part of the CFc. The same isotherm is located at a depth of 20,000 m beyond the caldera. This indicates a higher horizontal temperature gradient in the caldera with respect to the surrounding area. Next, we utilize this thermal model to image the 3D rheological stratification of the shallow crust below the caldera with two different values of strain rates. Within the caldera, the B/D transitions with ε equal to 10~(-12) s~(-1) and 10~(-8) s~(-1) are located at 3000 m and 5000 m depths, respectively. Outside the caldera, the transition is very deep(15,000-20,000 m), seemingly uninfluenced by the thermal state of the CFc volcanism. Finally, we compare these results with the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters, Benioff strain release and b-value distribution to investigate the relationship between crustal rheology and seismicity characteristics. Our analysis reveals that the image of the B/D transition is in agreement with the distribution of earthquake hypocenters, constraining the potential seismogenic volume of the region. Our study demonstrates that knowledge of the rheological state of a volcanic system is an important element to interpret its dynamic, forecast future activity and improve evaluation of the associated seismic hazard.
We analyze the crustal rheology beneath the active resurgent Campi Flegrei caldera(CFc) in Southern Italy by modelling the 3 D brittle-ductile(B/D) transition, based on available thermal, geological and geophysical data. Firstly, the thermal field in the conductive physical regime is modeled using a finite element method; based on an optimization tool, this method is applied to evaluate the location and dimensions of the deep thermal source beneath the caldera. A horizontally-extended thermal anomaly located at about 5000 m depth below sea level is identified beneath Pozzuoli Bay, a part of the CFc. The same isotherm is located at a depth of 20,000 m beyond the caldera. This indicates a higher horizontal temperature gradient in the caldera with respect to the surrounding area. Next, we utilize this thermal model to image the 3D rheological stratification of the shallow crust below the caldera with two different values of strain rates. Within the caldera, the B/D transitions with ε equal to 10~(-12) s~(-1) and 10~(-8) s~(-1) are located at 3000 m and 5000 m depths, respectively. Outside the caldera, the transition is very deep(15,000-20,000 m), seemingly uninfluenced by the thermal state of the CFc volcanism. Finally, we compare these results with the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters, Benioff strain release and b-value distribution to investigate the relationship between crustal rheology and seismicity characteristics. Our analysis reveals that the image of the B/D transition is in agreement with the distribution of earthquake hypocenters, constraining the potential seismogenic volume of the region. Our study demonstrates that knowledge of the rheological state of a volcanic system is an important element to interpret its dynamic, forecast future activity and improve evaluation of the associated seismic hazard.
We analyze the crustal rheology beneath the active resurgent Campi Flegrei caldera(CFc) in Southern Italy by modelling the 3 D brittle-ductile(B/D) transition, based on available thermal, geological and geophysical data. Firstly, the thermal field in the conductive physical regime is modeled using a finite element method; based on an optimization tool, this method is applied to evaluate the location and dimensions of the deep thermal source beneath the caldera. A horizontally-extended thermal anomaly located at about 5000 m depth below sea level is identified beneath Pozzuoli Bay, a part of the CFc. The same isotherm is located at a depth of 20,000 m beyond the caldera. This indicates a higher horizontal temperature gradient in the caldera with respect to the surrounding area. Next, we utilize this thermal model to image the 3D rheological stratification of the shallow crust below the caldera with two different values of strain rates. Within the caldera, the B/D transitions with ε equal to 10~(-12) s~(-1) and 10~(-8) s~(-1) are located at 3000 m and 5000 m depths, respectively. Outside the caldera, the transition is very deep(15,000-20,000 m), seemingly uninfluenced by the thermal state of the CFc volcanism. Finally, we compare these results with the spatial distribution of earthquake hypocenters, Benioff strain release and b-value distribution to investigate the relationship between crustal rheology and seismicity characteristics. Our analysis reveals that the image of the B/D transition is in agreement with the distribution of earthquake hypocenters, constraining the potential seismogenic volume of the region. Our study demonstrates that knowledge of the rheological state of a volcanic system is an important element to interpret its dynamic, forecast future activity and improve evaluation of the associated seismic hazard.
引文
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Avallone, A., Zollo, A., Briole, P., Delacourt, C., Beauducel, F., 1999. Subsidence of Campi Flegrei(Italy)detected by SAR interferometry. Geophysical Research Letters 26(15), 2303-2306.
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Brocchini, D., Principe, C., Castratori, D., Laurenzi, M.A., Gorla, L., 2001. Quaternary evolution of the sector of the Campanian Plain and Somma-Vesuvius early activity:trecase 1 well insight. Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 67-91.
Bryan, C.J., Sherburn, S., Bibby, H.M., Bannister, S.C., Hurst, A.W., 1999. Shallow seismicity of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand:its distribution and nature. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 42, 533-542.
Carlino, S., Somma, R., Troise, C., De Natale, G., 2013. The geothermal exploration of Campanian volcanoes:historical review and future development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, 1004-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.023.
Castaldo, R., Gola, G., Santilano, A., De Novellis, V., Pepe, S., Manzo, M., Manzella, A.,Tizzani, P., 2017. The role of thermo-rheological properties of the crust beneath Ischia Island(Southern Italy)in the modulation of the ground deformation pattern. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 344, 154-173, 15September 2017.
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Chiarabba, C., Moretti, M., 2006. An insight into the unrest phenomena at the Campi Flegrei caldera from Vp and Vp/Vs tomography. Terra Nova 18(6), 373-379.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00701.x.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Avino, R., Baldini, A., Donnini, M.,Minopoli, C., 2010. Long term variations of the Campi Flegrei(Italy)volcanic system as revealed by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity. Journal of Geophysical Research 115, B03205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006258.
Chiodini, G., Paonita, A., Aiuppa, A., Costa, A., Caliro, S., De Martino, P., Acocella, V.,Vandemeulebrouck, J., 2016. Magmas near the critical degassing pressure drive volcanic unrest towards a critical state. Nature Communications 7, 13712.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13712.
Civetta, L., Carluccio, E., Innocenti, F., Sbrana, A., Taddeucci, G.,1991. Magma chamber evolution at Phlegrean Fields during the last 10 ka, in the light of trace elements and isotope composition. European Journal of Mineralogy 3,415-428.
Convertito, V., Zollo, A., 2011. Assessment of pre-crisis and syn-crisis seismic hazard at Campi Flegrei and Mt. Vesuvius volcanoes, Campania, southern Italy. Bulletin of Volcanology 73, 767-783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0455-2.
Corrado, G.,De Lorenzo, S.,Mongelli,F., Tramacere, A.,Zito, G.,1998. Surface heat flow density at the Phlegrean Fields Caldera Southern Italy. Geothermics 27(4),469-484.
De Lorenzo, S.,Zollo, A., Mongelli, F., 2001. Source parameters and threedimensional attenuation structure from the inversion of microearthquake pulse width data:Qp imaging and inference on the thermal state of the Campi Flegrei caldera(southern Italy). Journal of Geophysical Research 106(B8),16265-16286.
De Natale, G., Iannaccone, G., Martini, M., Zollo, A., 1987. Seismic sources and attenuation properties at the Campi Flegrei volcanic area. Pure and Applied Geophysics 125(6),883-917.
De Natale, G., Zollo, A., Ferraro, A., Virieux, J., 1995. Accurate fault mechanism determinations for a 1984 earthquake swarm at Campi Flegrei caldera(Italy)during an unrest episode:implications for volcanological research. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 24167-24185.
De Siena, L.,Chiodini.,G.,Vilardo, G.,Del Pezzo, E.,Castellano, M.,Colombelli,S.,Tisato, N., Ventura, G., 2017. Source and dynamics of a volcanic caldera unrest:Campi Flegrei, 1983-84. Scientific Reports 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08192-7. Article number:8099(2017).
De Vivo, B.,Belkin, H.E.,Barbieri,M.,Chelini,W., Lattanzi,P., Lima, A.,Tolomeo, L.,1989. The Campi Flegrei(Italy)geothermal system:a fluid inclusion study of the Mofete and San Vito fields. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 36,303-326.
Del Gaudio, C., Aquino, I., Ricciardi, G.P., Ricco, C., Scandone, R., 2010. Unrest episodes at Campi Flegrei:a reconstruction of vertical ground movements during1905-2009. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 195(1), 48-56.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.05.014.
DeNosaquo, K., Smith, R.B., Lowry, A.R., 2009. Density and lithospheric strength models of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain volcanic system from gravity and heat flow data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 188,108-127.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.006.
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Doglioni, C., Barba, S., Carminati, E., Riguzzi, F., 2014. Role of the brittle-ductile transition on fault activation. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 184,160-171.
D'Antonio, M.,Civetta, L.,Orsi,G.,Pappalardo, L.,Piochi,M.,Carandente, A.,De Vita, S., Di Vito, M.A., Isaia, R., Southon, J., 1999. The present state of the magmatic system of the Campi Flegrei caldera based on the reconstruction of its behaviour in the past 12 ka. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research91, 247-268.
D'Auria,L.,Giudicepietro, F., Aquino, I.,Borriello, G.,Del Gaudio, C.,Lo Bascio, D.,Martini, M., Ricciardi, G., Ricciolino, P., Ricco, C., 2011. Repeated fluid-transfer episodes as a mechanism for the recent dynamics of Campi Flegrei caldera(1989-2010). Journal of Geophysical Research 116, B04313. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007837.
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Benioff, H., 1951. Earthquakes and rock creep, partⅠ:creep characteristics of rocks and the origin of aftershocks. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America41, 31-62.
Berrino, G., Corrado, G., Riccardi, U., 2008. Sea gravity data in the Gulf of Naples. A contribution to delineating the structural pattern of the Phlegraean Volcanic District. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 175, 241-252.
Bianchi, R., Coradini, C., Federico, C., Giberti, G., Lanciano, P., Pozzi, J.P., Sartoris, G.,Scandone, R., 1987. Modeling of surface deformations in volcanic areas. The1970-72 and 1982-84 crises of Campi Flegrei, Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research 92,14139-14150.
Brocchini, D., Principe, C., Castratori, D., Laurenzi, M.A., Gorla, L., 2001. Quaternary evolution of the sector of the Campanian Plain and Somma-Vesuvius early activity:trecase 1 well insight. Mineralogy and Petrology 73, 67-91.
Bryan, C.J., Sherburn, S., Bibby, H.M., Bannister, S.C., Hurst, A.W., 1999. Shallow seismicity of the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand:its distribution and nature. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 42, 533-542.
Carlino, S., Somma, R., Troise, C., De Natale, G., 2013. The geothermal exploration of Campanian volcanoes:historical review and future development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, 1004-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.023.
Castaldo, R., Gola, G., Santilano, A., De Novellis, V., Pepe, S., Manzo, M., Manzella, A.,Tizzani, P., 2017. The role of thermo-rheological properties of the crust beneath Ischia Island(Southern Italy)in the modulation of the ground deformation pattern. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 344, 154-173, 15September 2017.
Chapman, D.S., Furlong, K.P., 1992. In:Fountain, D.M., Arculus, R.J., Kay, R.M.(Eds.),Continental Lower Crust. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 179-199.
Chelini, W., Sbrana, A., 1987. Subsurface geology. In:Rosi, M., Sbrana, A.(Eds.),Phlegrean Fields. CNR Quaderni de"La Ricerca Scientifica", vol. 114,pp. 94-103.
Chiarabba, C., Moretti, M., 2006. An insight into the unrest phenomena at the Campi Flegrei caldera from Vp and Vp/Vs tomography. Terra Nova 18(6), 373-379.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00701.x.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Avino, R., Baldini, A., Donnini, M.,Minopoli, C., 2010. Long term variations of the Campi Flegrei(Italy)volcanic system as revealed by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity. Journal of Geophysical Research 115, B03205. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006258.
Chiodini, G., Paonita, A., Aiuppa, A., Costa, A., Caliro, S., De Martino, P., Acocella, V.,Vandemeulebrouck, J., 2016. Magmas near the critical degassing pressure drive volcanic unrest towards a critical state. Nature Communications 7, 13712.https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13712.
Civetta, L., Carluccio, E., Innocenti, F., Sbrana, A., Taddeucci, G.,1991. Magma chamber evolution at Phlegrean Fields during the last 10 ka, in the light of trace elements and isotope composition. European Journal of Mineralogy 3,415-428.
Convertito, V., Zollo, A., 2011. Assessment of pre-crisis and syn-crisis seismic hazard at Campi Flegrei and Mt. Vesuvius volcanoes, Campania, southern Italy. Bulletin of Volcanology 73, 767-783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0455-2.
Corrado, G.,De Lorenzo, S.,Mongelli,F., Tramacere, A.,Zito, G.,1998. Surface heat flow density at the Phlegrean Fields Caldera Southern Italy. Geothermics 27(4),469-484.
De Lorenzo, S.,Zollo, A., Mongelli, F., 2001. Source parameters and threedimensional attenuation structure from the inversion of microearthquake pulse width data:Qp imaging and inference on the thermal state of the Campi Flegrei caldera(southern Italy). Journal of Geophysical Research 106(B8),16265-16286.
De Natale, G., Iannaccone, G., Martini, M., Zollo, A., 1987. Seismic sources and attenuation properties at the Campi Flegrei volcanic area. Pure and Applied Geophysics 125(6),883-917.
De Natale, G., Zollo, A., Ferraro, A., Virieux, J., 1995. Accurate fault mechanism determinations for a 1984 earthquake swarm at Campi Flegrei caldera(Italy)during an unrest episode:implications for volcanological research. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 24167-24185.
De Siena, L.,Chiodini.,G.,Vilardo, G.,Del Pezzo, E.,Castellano, M.,Colombelli,S.,Tisato, N., Ventura, G., 2017. Source and dynamics of a volcanic caldera unrest:Campi Flegrei, 1983-84. Scientific Reports 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08192-7. Article number:8099(2017).
De Vivo, B.,Belkin, H.E.,Barbieri,M.,Chelini,W., Lattanzi,P., Lima, A.,Tolomeo, L.,1989. The Campi Flegrei(Italy)geothermal system:a fluid inclusion study of the Mofete and San Vito fields. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 36,303-326.
Del Gaudio, C., Aquino, I., Ricciardi, G.P., Ricco, C., Scandone, R., 2010. Unrest episodes at Campi Flegrei:a reconstruction of vertical ground movements during1905-2009. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 195(1), 48-56.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.05.014.
DeNosaquo, K., Smith, R.B., Lowry, A.R., 2009. Density and lithospheric strength models of the Yellowstone-Snake River Plain volcanic system from gravity and heat flow data. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 188,108-127.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.006.
Di Vito, M.A., Isaia, R., Orsi, G., Southon, J., De Vita, S., D'Antonio, M., Pappalardo, L.,Piochi, M., 1999. Volcanic and deformational history of the Campi Flegrei caldera in the past 12 ka. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 91,221-246.
Di Vito, M.A., Acocella, V., Aiello, G., Barra, D., Battaglia, M., Carandente, A., Del Gaudio, C., de Vita, S., Ricciardi, G.P., Ricco, C., Scandone, R., Terrasi, F., 2016.Magma transfer at Campi Flegrei caldera(Italy)before the 1538 AD eruption.Scientific Reports 6, 32245. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32245.
Doglioni, C., Barba, S., Carminati, E., Riguzzi, F., 2014. Role of the brittle-ductile transition on fault activation. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 184,160-171.
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