Failure behavior of soil-rock mixture slopes based on centrifuge model test
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摘要
The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.
The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.
The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.
引文
Coli N,Berry P,Boldini D(2011)In situ non-conventional shear tests for the mechanical characterisation of a bimrock.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences48(1):95-102.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.09.012
Evans MD,Zhou S(1995)Liquefaction behaviour of sand-gravel composites.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 121(3):287-298.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:3(287)
Fragaszy RJ,Su J,Siddiqi FH,et al.(1992)Modeling strength of sandy gravel.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118(6):920-935.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:6(920)
Harris C,Smith JS,Davies MC,et al.(2008)An investigation of periglacial slope stability in relation to soil properties based on physical modelling in the geotechnical centrifuge.Geomorphology 93(3-4):437-459.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.009
Hu Y,Zhang G,Zhang JM,et al.(2010)Centrifuge modelling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes.Geotextiles and Geomembranes 28(1):12-22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.09.001
Irfan TY,Tang KY(1993)Effect of the coarse fraction on the shear strength of colluvium in Hong Kong.Hong Kong Geotechnical Engineering Office Report 23,1993,TN 4/92.
Lindquist ES(1994)The strength and deformation properties of mélanges.Ph.D.dissertation,Department of Civil Engineering,University of California,Berkeley.
Lindquist ES,Goodman RE(1994)Strength deformation properties of a physical model melange.In Proceedings of 1st North American Rock Mechanics.Symposium,Austin,Texas,pp 843-850.
Ling H,Ling HI(2012)Centrifuge model simulations of rainfallinduced slope instability.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 138(9):1151-1157.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000679
Luo R,Zeng YW,Kong DX,et al.(2013)Research on stochastic model and stability analysis of soil-rock mixture slope based on sort judgement.In ISRM SINOROCK.International Society for Rock Mechanics.
Malvick EJ,Kutter BL,Boulanger RW(2008)Postshaking shear strain localisation in a centrifuge model of a saturated sand slope.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 134(2):164-174.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:2(164)
Medley EW(1994).The engineering characterisation of mélanges and similar block-in-matrix rocks(bimrocks).Ph.D.dissertation,Dept of Civil Engineering,University of California,Berkley.
Medley EW(2001)Orderly characterisation of chaotic Franciscan Mélanges.Felsbau Rock Soil Eng.19(4):420-421.
Medley EW(2002)Estimating block size distributions of mélanges and similar block-in-matrix rocks(bimrocks).In Proceedings of 5th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium(NARMS),Toronto,Canada,pp.509-606.
Medley EW,Sanz PR(2003)Increases in slope stability of rock/soil mixtures due to tortuosity of failure surfaces around rock blocks.In Annual Meeting of Geological Society,America,Seattle,WA.
Napoli ML,Barbero M,Ravera E,et al.(2018)A stochastic approach to slope stability analysis in bimrocks.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 101:41-49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.009
Rajabian A,Viswanadham BVS(2016)Behaviour of anchored geosynthetic-reinforced slopes subjected to seepage in a geotechnical centrifuge.Geosynthetics International 23(1):36-47.https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.15.00031
Seif El Dine B,Dupla JC,Frank R,et al.(2010)Mechanical characterisation of matrix coarse-grained soils with a largesized triaxial device.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47(4):425-438.https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-113
Shakoor A,Cook BD(1990)The effect of stone content,size,and shape on the engineering properties of a compacted Silty Clay.Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 27(2):245-253.
Sonmez H,Tuncay E,Gokceoglu C(2004)Models to predict the uniaxial compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity for Ankara Agglomerate.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41(5):717-729.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.01.011
Sun SR,Xu PL,Wu JM,et al.(2014)Strength parameter identification and application of soil-rock mixture for steepwalled talus slopes in southwestern China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 73(1):123-140.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0524-1
Vallejo LE,Zhou Y(1994)The mechanical properties of simulated soil-rock mixtures.In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,New Delhi,India,pp.365-368.
Vallejo LE(2001)Interpretation of the limits in shear strength in binary granular mixtures.Canadian Geotechnical Journal38(5):1097-1104.https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-029
Viswanadham BVS,Koenig D(2009)Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to differential settlements.Geotextiles and Geomembranes 27(2):77-88.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.09.008
Xu WJ,Xu Q,Hu RL(2011)Study on the shear strength of soilrock mixture by large scale direct shear test.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 48(8):1235-1247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.09.018
Zhang G,Hu Y,Zhang JM(2009)New image analysis-based displacement-measurement system for geotechnical centrifuge modeling test.Measurements 42(1):87-96.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2008.04.002
Zhang G,Wang LP(2016)Integrated analysis of a coupled mechanism for the failure processes of pile-reinforced slopes.Acta Geotechnica 11(4):941-952.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0410-z
Evans MD,Zhou S(1995)Liquefaction behaviour of sand-gravel composites.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 121(3):287-298.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:3(287)
Fragaszy RJ,Su J,Siddiqi FH,et al.(1992)Modeling strength of sandy gravel.Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 118(6):920-935.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1992)118:6(920)
Harris C,Smith JS,Davies MC,et al.(2008)An investigation of periglacial slope stability in relation to soil properties based on physical modelling in the geotechnical centrifuge.Geomorphology 93(3-4):437-459.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.009
Hu Y,Zhang G,Zhang JM,et al.(2010)Centrifuge modelling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes.Geotextiles and Geomembranes 28(1):12-22.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.09.001
Irfan TY,Tang KY(1993)Effect of the coarse fraction on the shear strength of colluvium in Hong Kong.Hong Kong Geotechnical Engineering Office Report 23,1993,TN 4/92.
Lindquist ES(1994)The strength and deformation properties of mélanges.Ph.D.dissertation,Department of Civil Engineering,University of California,Berkeley.
Lindquist ES,Goodman RE(1994)Strength deformation properties of a physical model melange.In Proceedings of 1st North American Rock Mechanics.Symposium,Austin,Texas,pp 843-850.
Ling H,Ling HI(2012)Centrifuge model simulations of rainfallinduced slope instability.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 138(9):1151-1157.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000679
Luo R,Zeng YW,Kong DX,et al.(2013)Research on stochastic model and stability analysis of soil-rock mixture slope based on sort judgement.In ISRM SINOROCK.International Society for Rock Mechanics.
Malvick EJ,Kutter BL,Boulanger RW(2008)Postshaking shear strain localisation in a centrifuge model of a saturated sand slope.Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 134(2):164-174.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:2(164)
Medley EW(1994).The engineering characterisation of mélanges and similar block-in-matrix rocks(bimrocks).Ph.D.dissertation,Dept of Civil Engineering,University of California,Berkley.
Medley EW(2001)Orderly characterisation of chaotic Franciscan Mélanges.Felsbau Rock Soil Eng.19(4):420-421.
Medley EW(2002)Estimating block size distributions of mélanges and similar block-in-matrix rocks(bimrocks).In Proceedings of 5th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium(NARMS),Toronto,Canada,pp.509-606.
Medley EW,Sanz PR(2003)Increases in slope stability of rock/soil mixtures due to tortuosity of failure surfaces around rock blocks.In Annual Meeting of Geological Society,America,Seattle,WA.
Napoli ML,Barbero M,Ravera E,et al.(2018)A stochastic approach to slope stability analysis in bimrocks.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 101:41-49.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.009
Rajabian A,Viswanadham BVS(2016)Behaviour of anchored geosynthetic-reinforced slopes subjected to seepage in a geotechnical centrifuge.Geosynthetics International 23(1):36-47.https://doi.org/10.1680/gein.15.00031
Seif El Dine B,Dupla JC,Frank R,et al.(2010)Mechanical characterisation of matrix coarse-grained soils with a largesized triaxial device.Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47(4):425-438.https://doi.org/10.1139/T09-113
Shakoor A,Cook BD(1990)The effect of stone content,size,and shape on the engineering properties of a compacted Silty Clay.Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 27(2):245-253.
Sonmez H,Tuncay E,Gokceoglu C(2004)Models to predict the uniaxial compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity for Ankara Agglomerate.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 41(5):717-729.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.01.011
Sun SR,Xu PL,Wu JM,et al.(2014)Strength parameter identification and application of soil-rock mixture for steepwalled talus slopes in southwestern China.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 73(1):123-140.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-013-0524-1
Vallejo LE,Zhou Y(1994)The mechanical properties of simulated soil-rock mixtures.In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering,New Delhi,India,pp.365-368.
Vallejo LE(2001)Interpretation of the limits in shear strength in binary granular mixtures.Canadian Geotechnical Journal38(5):1097-1104.https://doi.org/10.1139/t01-029
Viswanadham BVS,Koenig D(2009)Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced slopes subjected to differential settlements.Geotextiles and Geomembranes 27(2):77-88.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2008.09.008
Xu WJ,Xu Q,Hu RL(2011)Study on the shear strength of soilrock mixture by large scale direct shear test.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 48(8):1235-1247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.09.018
Zhang G,Hu Y,Zhang JM(2009)New image analysis-based displacement-measurement system for geotechnical centrifuge modeling test.Measurements 42(1):87-96.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2008.04.002
Zhang G,Wang LP(2016)Integrated analysis of a coupled mechanism for the failure processes of pile-reinforced slopes.Acta Geotechnica 11(4):941-952.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-015-0410-z