石河子市采暖季和非采暖季住宅中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染特征及婴幼儿健康风险评估
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摘要
为了解石河子市住宅中邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalates,PAEs)的污染特征及PAEs对婴幼儿产生的健康风险.本研究对石河子市采暖季和非采暖季50户住宅降尘中的7种PAEs物质进行检测,利用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)模拟和生理提取实验(PBET)评估了PAEs暴露对0～3岁婴幼儿产生的生殖和癌症风险.结果表明:①不同时期石河子市卧室和客厅降尘中邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(diisobutyl phthalate,DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(Dibutyl phthalate,DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯[Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP]均为室内PAEs的主要组成物质,占总PAEs的99.5%以上,其中DEHP为首要PAEs物质(浓度中位数值为361～462μg·g~(-1)),DBP次之(浓度中位数值为94.9～166μg·g~(-1));②除DIBP外,采暖季卧室和客厅降尘中各PAEs的浓度均高于非采暖季,且差异具有统计学显著性(p<0.05),此趋势对小分子质量的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate,DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(Diethyl phthalate,DEP)而言更明显,DMP采暖季浓度中位数值:0.36～0.42μg·g~(-1)>非采暖季:nd,DEP采暖季:0.65～0.71μg·g~(-1)>非采暖季:nd～0.03μg·g~(-1);③利用风险指数(HQ)进行健康风险评估表明,采暖季和非采暖季DBP暴露可能会对0～3岁婴幼儿产生较大的生殖风险(HQ_(DBP )=2.62～5.79);DEHP暴露可能会对0～2岁婴幼儿产生较大的癌症风险(HQ_(DEHP)=3.51～5.22).当考虑生物可及性后,仍有8%～37%的婴幼儿可能存在生殖风险,几乎所有婴幼儿无癌症风险.
In order to understand the characteristics of phthalates(PAEs) indoor concentrations and the associated health risks to infants and children during heating and non-heating seasons in the City of Shihezi, China, this study investigated the concentrations of seven PAEs in dust samples collected from 50 families during the heating and non-heating periods. Monte Carlo simulation and physiological based extraction test(PBET) were used to assess the risk of reproduction and cancer. The results show that Diisobutyl phthalate(DIBP), dibutyl phthalate(DBP) and di(2-ethyl) phthalate(DEHP) were the major phthalates during both heating and non-heating periods, together accounting for more than 99.5% of PAEs. DEHP was the primary phthalate(median=361～462 μg·g~(-1)), followed by DBP(median=94.9～166 μg·g~(-1)). Except for DIBP, the concentrations of other six PAEs in the bedrooms and living rooms during the heating period were statistically higher than these during the non-heating period(p<0.05). This trend appears even more obvious for the compounds with lower molecule weight, such as dimethyl phthalate(DMP) and diethyl phthalate(DEP). DMP concentration during the heating period varied from 0.36 μg·g~(-1) to 0.42 μg·g~(-1) while under the detection limit during the non-heating period. Similarly, DEP concentration during the heating period varied between 0.65 μg·g~(-1) and 0.71 μg·g~(-1) while it was generally less than 0.03 μg·g~(-1) during the non-heating period. Health risk assessment by hazard quotient(HQ) indicated that during both heating and non-heating periods, DBP exposure may cause reproductive risk to the age group of 0～3 years old(HQ_(DBP)=2.62～5.79); DEHP exposure may cause greater cancer risk to the age group of 0～2 years old(HQ_(DEHP)=3.51～5.22). After considering the bioavailability of PAEs in dust, 8% to 37% of infants and children may still face the reproductive risk, and almost all infants and children don′t face the cancer risk.
In order to understand the characteristics of phthalates(PAEs) indoor concentrations and the associated health risks to infants and children during heating and non-heating seasons in the City of Shihezi, China, this study investigated the concentrations of seven PAEs in dust samples collected from 50 families during the heating and non-heating periods. Monte Carlo simulation and physiological based extraction test(PBET) were used to assess the risk of reproduction and cancer. The results show that Diisobutyl phthalate(DIBP), dibutyl phthalate(DBP) and di(2-ethyl) phthalate(DEHP) were the major phthalates during both heating and non-heating periods, together accounting for more than 99.5% of PAEs. DEHP was the primary phthalate(median=361～462 μg·g~(-1)), followed by DBP(median=94.9～166 μg·g~(-1)). Except for DIBP, the concentrations of other six PAEs in the bedrooms and living rooms during the heating period were statistically higher than these during the non-heating period(p<0.05). This trend appears even more obvious for the compounds with lower molecule weight, such as dimethyl phthalate(DMP) and diethyl phthalate(DEP). DMP concentration during the heating period varied from 0.36 μg·g~(-1) to 0.42 μg·g~(-1) while under the detection limit during the non-heating period. Similarly, DEP concentration during the heating period varied between 0.65 μg·g~(-1) and 0.71 μg·g~(-1) while it was generally less than 0.03 μg·g~(-1) during the non-heating period. Health risk assessment by hazard quotient(HQ) indicated that during both heating and non-heating periods, DBP exposure may cause reproductive risk to the age group of 0～3 years old(HQ_(DBP)=2.62～5.79); DEHP exposure may cause greater cancer risk to the age group of 0～2 years old(HQ_(DEHP)=3.51～5.22). After considering the bioavailability of PAEs in dust, 8% to 37% of infants and children may still face the reproductive risk, and almost all infants and children don′t face the cancer risk.
引文
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Blanchard O,Glorennec P,Mercier F,et al.2014.Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(7):3959-3969
Bu Z M,Zhang Y P,Mmereki D,et al.2016.Indoor phthalate concentration in residential apartments in Chongqing,China:Implications for preschool children's exposure and risk assessment[J].Atmospheric Environment,127:34-45
Butte W,Heinzow B.2002.Pollutants in house dust as indicators of indoor contamination[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,175(1):1-46
Chen Y,Lv D,Li X,et al.2018.PM2.5-bound phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Beijing:Seasonal distributions and human exposure via inhalation[J].Environmental Pollution,241:369-377
Ehlers L J,Luthy R G.2003.Contaminant bioavailability in soil and sediment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,37(15):295A
EPA U.S.2011.Exposure factors handbook.Environmental Protection Agency Web[OL].2019-01-10.https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.Cfm?Lab=NCEA&Direntryid=236252
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Fan G,Xie J C,Yoshino H,et al.2018.Common SVOCs in house dust from urban dwellings with schoolchildren in six typical cities of China and associated non-dietary exposure and health risk assessment[J].Environment International,120:431-442
Fan W,Xia X,Sha Y.2008.Distribution of phthalic acid esters in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,154(1):317-324
Gaspar F W,Castorina R,Maddalena R L,et al.2014.Phthalate exposure and risk assessment in California child care facilities[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(13):7593-7601
Guo Y,Kannan K.2011.Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from house dust in China and the United States[J].Environmental Science & Technology,45(8):3788-3794
He R,Li Y,Xiang P,et al.2016.Organophosphorus flame retardants and phthalate esters in indoor dust from different microenvironments:Bioaccessibility and risk assessment[J].Chemosphere,150:528-535
Hou M M,Wang Y,Zhao H X,et al.2018.Halogenated flame retardants in building and decoration materials in China:Implications for human exposure via inhalation and dust ingestion[J].Chemosphere,203:291-299
Huo C Y,Liu L Y,Zhang Z F,et al.2016.Phthalate esters in endoor window films in a northeastern Chinese urban center:Film growth and implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science & Technology,50(14):7743-7751
Kashyap D,Agarwal T.2018.Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust:A global scenario[J].Science of the Total Environment,635:817-827
Kim S,Eom S,Kim H J,et al.2018.Association between maternal exposure to major phthalates,heavy metals,and persistent organic pollutants,and the neurodevelopmental performances of their children at 1 to 2 years of age- CHECK cohort study[J].Science of the Total Environment,624:377-384
Kong S F,Ji Y Q,Liu L L,et al.2013.Spatial and temporal variation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 and the influence of ambient temperature in Tianjin,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,74:199-208
Li H L,Song W W,Zhang Z F,et al.2016.Phthalates in dormitory and house dust of northern Chinese cities:Occurrence,human exposure,and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,565:496-502
Lin L Y,Tsai M S,Chen M H,et al.2018.Childhood exposure to phthalates and pulmonary function[J].Science of the Total Environment,615:1282-1289
Liu R,He R,Cui X,et al.2018.Impact of particle size on distribution,bioaccessibility,and cytotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,357:341-347
Liu R,Jian Z,Yang D,et al.2016.Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced reproductive toxicity involved in DNA damage-dependent oocyte apoptosis using alternative Caenorhabditis elegans model[J].Toxicology Letters,258:S70-S71
梁浩花,王亚娟,陶红,等.2018.银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,38(9):3703-3713
Luongo G,?stman C.2016.Organophosphate and phthalate esters in settled dust from apartment buildings in Stockholm[J].Indoor Air,26(3):414-425
刘文龙.2017.上海城区室内灰尘中双酚A和邻苯二甲酸酯的研究[D].上海:上海大学
刘芃岩,冯关涛,刘金巍,等.2008.邻苯二甲酸酯的光降解研究[J].环境科学学报,29(5):1049-1055
Ma W L,Subedi B,Kannan K.2014.The occurrence of bisphenol A,phthalates,parabens and other environmental phenolic compounds in house dust:A review[J].Current Organic Chemistry,18(17):2182-2199
Mercier F,Gilles E,Saramito G,et al.2014.A multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis in indoor dust of several classes of semi-volatile organic compounds by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1336(7):101-111
Rostami L,Juhasz A L.2011.Assessment of persistent organic pollutant (POP) bioavailability and bioaccessibility for human health exposure assessment:A critical review[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology,41:623-656
Sathyanarayana S,Grady R,Barrett E S,et al.2016.First trimester phthalate exposure and male newborn genital anomalies[J].Environmental Research,151:777-782
Subedi B,Sullivan K D,Dhungana B.2017.Phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in indoor dust from childcare facilities,salons,and homes across the USA[J].Environmental Pollution,230:701-708
Wang L,Gong M,Xu Y,et al.2017.Phthalates in dust collected from various indoor environments in Beijing,China and resulting non-dietary human exposure[J].Building and Environment,124:315-322
Wang W,Wu F Y,Huang M J,et al.2013.Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation,bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust,and risk assessment of human exposure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,261:753-762
Wang X K,Tao W,Xu Y,et al.2014.Indoor phthalate concentration and exposure in residential and office buildings in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,87:146-152
张文娟,王利军,王丽,等.2016.西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布_来源及人群暴露[J].环境科学,37(10):3758-3765
王夫美,姬亚芹,陈丽,等.2012.住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价[J].中国环境科学,32(5):780-786
Bek? G,Callesen M,Weschler C J,et al.2015.Phthalate exposure through different pathways and allergic sensitization in preschool children with asthma,allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis[J].Environmental Research,137:432-439
Bi C Y,Liang Y R,Xu Y.2015.Fate and transport of phthalates in indoor environments and the influence of temperature:A case study in a test house[J].Environmental Science & Technology,49(16):9674-9681
Blanchard O,Glorennec P,Mercier F,et al.2014.Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor air and settled dust in 30 French dwellings[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(7):3959-3969
Bu Z M,Zhang Y P,Mmereki D,et al.2016.Indoor phthalate concentration in residential apartments in Chongqing,China:Implications for preschool children's exposure and risk assessment[J].Atmospheric Environment,127:34-45
Butte W,Heinzow B.2002.Pollutants in house dust as indicators of indoor contamination[J].Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,175(1):1-46
Chen Y,Lv D,Li X,et al.2018.PM2.5-bound phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Beijing:Seasonal distributions and human exposure via inhalation[J].Environmental Pollution,241:369-377
Ehlers L J,Luthy R G.2003.Contaminant bioavailability in soil and sediment[J].Environmental Science & Technology,37(15):295A
EPA U.S.2011.Exposure factors handbook.Environmental Protection Agency Web[OL].2019-01-10.https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.Cfm?Lab=NCEA&Direntryid=236252
EPA U.S.2016.Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).Environmental Protection Agency Web[OL].2019-01-10.https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate.pdf
Fan G,Xie J C,Yoshino H,et al.2018.Common SVOCs in house dust from urban dwellings with schoolchildren in six typical cities of China and associated non-dietary exposure and health risk assessment[J].Environment International,120:431-442
Fan W,Xia X,Sha Y.2008.Distribution of phthalic acid esters in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,154(1):317-324
Gaspar F W,Castorina R,Maddalena R L,et al.2014.Phthalate exposure and risk assessment in California child care facilities[J].Environmental Science & Technology,48(13):7593-7601
Guo Y,Kannan K.2011.Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from house dust in China and the United States[J].Environmental Science & Technology,45(8):3788-3794
He R,Li Y,Xiang P,et al.2016.Organophosphorus flame retardants and phthalate esters in indoor dust from different microenvironments:Bioaccessibility and risk assessment[J].Chemosphere,150:528-535
Hou M M,Wang Y,Zhao H X,et al.2018.Halogenated flame retardants in building and decoration materials in China:Implications for human exposure via inhalation and dust ingestion[J].Chemosphere,203:291-299
Huo C Y,Liu L Y,Zhang Z F,et al.2016.Phthalate esters in endoor window films in a northeastern Chinese urban center:Film growth and implications for human exposure[J].Environmental Science & Technology,50(14):7743-7751
Kashyap D,Agarwal T.2018.Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust:A global scenario[J].Science of the Total Environment,635:817-827
Kim S,Eom S,Kim H J,et al.2018.Association between maternal exposure to major phthalates,heavy metals,and persistent organic pollutants,and the neurodevelopmental performances of their children at 1 to 2 years of age- CHECK cohort study[J].Science of the Total Environment,624:377-384
Kong S F,Ji Y Q,Liu L L,et al.2013.Spatial and temporal variation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 and the influence of ambient temperature in Tianjin,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,74:199-208
Li H L,Song W W,Zhang Z F,et al.2016.Phthalates in dormitory and house dust of northern Chinese cities:Occurrence,human exposure,and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,565:496-502
Lin L Y,Tsai M S,Chen M H,et al.2018.Childhood exposure to phthalates and pulmonary function[J].Science of the Total Environment,615:1282-1289
Liu R,He R,Cui X,et al.2018.Impact of particle size on distribution,bioaccessibility,and cytotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor dust[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,357:341-347
Liu R,Jian Z,Yang D,et al.2016.Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced reproductive toxicity involved in DNA damage-dependent oocyte apoptosis using alternative Caenorhabditis elegans model[J].Toxicology Letters,258:S70-S71
梁浩花,王亚娟,陶红,等.2018.银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,38(9):3703-3713
Luongo G,?stman C.2016.Organophosphate and phthalate esters in settled dust from apartment buildings in Stockholm[J].Indoor Air,26(3):414-425
刘文龙.2017.上海城区室内灰尘中双酚A和邻苯二甲酸酯的研究[D].上海:上海大学
刘芃岩,冯关涛,刘金巍,等.2008.邻苯二甲酸酯的光降解研究[J].环境科学学报,29(5):1049-1055
Ma W L,Subedi B,Kannan K.2014.The occurrence of bisphenol A,phthalates,parabens and other environmental phenolic compounds in house dust:A review[J].Current Organic Chemistry,18(17):2182-2199
Mercier F,Gilles E,Saramito G,et al.2014.A multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis in indoor dust of several classes of semi-volatile organic compounds by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,1336(7):101-111
Rostami L,Juhasz A L.2011.Assessment of persistent organic pollutant (POP) bioavailability and bioaccessibility for human health exposure assessment:A critical review[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology,41:623-656
Sathyanarayana S,Grady R,Barrett E S,et al.2016.First trimester phthalate exposure and male newborn genital anomalies[J].Environmental Research,151:777-782
Subedi B,Sullivan K D,Dhungana B.2017.Phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in indoor dust from childcare facilities,salons,and homes across the USA[J].Environmental Pollution,230:701-708
Wang L,Gong M,Xu Y,et al.2017.Phthalates in dust collected from various indoor environments in Beijing,China and resulting non-dietary human exposure[J].Building and Environment,124:315-322
Wang W,Wu F Y,Huang M J,et al.2013.Size fraction effect on phthalate esters accumulation,bioaccessibility and in vitro cytotoxicity of indoor/outdoor dust,and risk assessment of human exposure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,261:753-762
Wang X K,Tao W,Xu Y,et al.2014.Indoor phthalate concentration and exposure in residential and office buildings in Xi'an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,87:146-152
张文娟,王利军,王丽,等.2016.西安城区地表灰尘中邻苯二甲酸酯分布_来源及人群暴露[J].环境科学,37(10):3758-3765
王夫美,姬亚芹,陈丽,等.2012.住宅室内降尘中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及暴露评价[J].中国环境科学,32(5):780-786
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