青海省祁连县不同生境蝶类群落特征与月度变化规律
|
摘要
2016—2017年对青海省祁连县的5种生境(农田生境、草原生境、河漫滩生境、高寒灌丛草甸生境和森林生境)中蝴蝶的群落特征以及月度变化规律进行了调查,结果表明:不同生境中蝶类的相似性有所差异,表现为河漫滩和森林生境的相似性系数最高(0. 516),其次是农田和草原生境(0. 513),相似性系数最低的为农田和高寒灌丛草甸生境(0. 250),农田和森林生境、高寒灌丛草甸和森林生境的相似性系数也较低,分别为0. 257和0. 286;在高寒灌丛草甸、草原和森林生境中蝶类的多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数较高,在森林生境中蝶类的多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数最低;优势度指数从高到低依次为草原(0. 259)、森林(0. 246)、农田(0. 230)、河漫滩(0. 213)和高寒灌丛草甸生境(0. 129);蝴蝶多样性指数、优势度指数和丰富度指数在部分月份间具有显著差异(P<0. 05),均匀度指数在各月间没有显著差异。不同生境的蝶类相似性系数、多样性指数、优势度指数和丰富度指数主要与海拔梯度、植被类型和植物构成密切相关;不同月份蝴蝶各指数间的差异性取决于植物的物候期和温度差异等因素。
During the period of 2016-2017,the community characteristics and monthly changes of butterflies in five habitats of Qilian County,Qinghai Province were investigated. The five habitats include cultivated land habitat,steppe habitat,alluvial flat habitat,alpine shrub meadow habitat and forest habitat. The results are as follows:the similarity of butterflies in different habitats was different. The similarity index of alluvial flat habitat and forest habitat was the highest(0. 516),followed by cultivated land habitat and steppe habitat(0. 513),the lowest similarity index was for cultivated land habitat and alpine shrub meadow habitat(0. 250),and the similarity index of cultivated land habitat and forest habitat,alpine shrub meadow habitat and forest habitat were also lower,0. 257 and 0. 286,respectively. The diversity index,evenness index and richness index of butterflies in alpine shrub meadow habitat,steppe habitat and forest habitat were relatively high,and the diversity index,evenness index and richness index of butterflies in forest habitat were the lowest,and the dominance index from high to low were steppe habitat(0. 259),forest habitat(0. 246),cultivated land habitat(0. 230),alluvial flat habitat(0. 213)and alpine shrub meadow habitat(0. 129). The diversity index,dominance index and richness index of butterflies had significant differences in some months(P<0. 05),but there was no significant difference in the evenness index between the months. The butterfly similarity index,diversity index,dominance index and richness index in different habitats were closely related to the elevation gradient,the vegetation type and the plant composition. The difference between butterflies in different months depended on the phenological phase of the plant and temperature difference.
During the period of 2016-2017,the community characteristics and monthly changes of butterflies in five habitats of Qilian County,Qinghai Province were investigated. The five habitats include cultivated land habitat,steppe habitat,alluvial flat habitat,alpine shrub meadow habitat and forest habitat. The results are as follows:the similarity of butterflies in different habitats was different. The similarity index of alluvial flat habitat and forest habitat was the highest(0. 516),followed by cultivated land habitat and steppe habitat(0. 513),the lowest similarity index was for cultivated land habitat and alpine shrub meadow habitat(0. 250),and the similarity index of cultivated land habitat and forest habitat,alpine shrub meadow habitat and forest habitat were also lower,0. 257 and 0. 286,respectively. The diversity index,evenness index and richness index of butterflies in alpine shrub meadow habitat,steppe habitat and forest habitat were relatively high,and the diversity index,evenness index and richness index of butterflies in forest habitat were the lowest,and the dominance index from high to low were steppe habitat(0. 259),forest habitat(0. 246),cultivated land habitat(0. 230),alluvial flat habitat(0. 213)and alpine shrub meadow habitat(0. 129). The diversity index,dominance index and richness index of butterflies had significant differences in some months(P<0. 05),but there was no significant difference in the evenness index between the months. The butterfly similarity index,diversity index,dominance index and richness index in different habitats were closely related to the elevation gradient,the vegetation type and the plant composition. The difference between butterflies in different months depended on the phenological phase of the plant and temperature difference.
引文
[1] CALDAS A,ROBBINS R K.Modified Pollard Transects for Assessing Tropical Butterfly Abundance and Diversity[J].Biological Conservation,2003,110(2):211-219.
[2]晏华,袁兴中,刘文萍,等.城市化对蝴蝶多样性的影响:以重庆市为例[J].生物多样性,2006,14(3):216-222.[YAN Hua,YUAN Xing-zhong,LIU Wen-ping,et al. Butterfly Diversity Along a Gradient of Urbanization:Chongqing as a Case Study[J].Biodiversity Science,2006,14(3):216-222.]
[3] NOWICKI P,SETTELE J,HENRY P Y,et al. Butterfly Monitoring Methods:The Ideal and the Real World[J].Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution,2008,54(1):69-88.
[4] VAN SWAAY C A M,NOWICKI P,SETTELE J,et al. Butterfly Monitoring in Europe:Methods,Applications and Perspectives[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2008,17(14):3455-3469.
[5]于非,王晗,王绍坤,等.阿波罗绢蝶种群数量和垂直分布变化及其对气候变暖的响应[J].生态学报,2012,32(19):6203-6209.[YU Fei,WANG Han,WANG Shao-kun,et al. Response of Parnassiusapollo Population and Vertical Distribution to Climate Warming[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(19):6203-6209.]
[6]吴云鹤,顾成波,李文博,等.城市化对合肥蝶类多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(4):992-996.[WU Yun-he,GU Cheng-bo,LI Wen-bo,et al. The Influence of Urbanization on Butterfly Diversity in Hefei,Anhui Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(4):992-996.]
[7]梅杰,冉辉,杨天友,等.贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(2):504-509.[MEI Jie,RAN Hui,YANG Tian-you,et al. Species Diversity of Butterflies in Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserve of Guizhou[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(2):504-509.]
[8]李志刚,曾焕忱,叶静文,等.东莞银瓶山自然保护区蝶类群落的多样性[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(9):2385-2390.[LI Zhi-gang,ZENG Huan-chen,YE Jing-wen,et al. Butterfly Diversity in Yinpingshan Nature Reserve of Dongguan,South China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(9):2385-2390.]
[9]高可,房丽君,尚素琴,等.陕西太白山南坡蝶类的多样性及区系特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(6):1559-1564.[GAO Ke,FANG Li-jun,SHANG Su-qin,et al. Butterfly Diversity and Faunal Characteristics on the South Slope of Taibai Mountain,Shaanxi Province of Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(6):1559-1564.]
[10]尚素琴,张红勇,田赋斌,等.甘肃省兴隆山国家级自然保护区蝶类区系组成与多样性[J].草业科学,2017,34(6):1314-1322.[SHANG Su-qin,ZHANG Hong-yong,TIAN Fu-bin,et al.Diversity of Butterfly Fauna in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve of Gansu Province[J]. Pratacultural Science,2017,34(6):1314-1322.]
[11] WAHLBERG N,BRABY M F,BROWER A V Z,et al. Synergistic Effects of Combining Morphological and Molecular Data in Resolving the Phylogeny of Butterflies and Skippers[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,2005,272(1572):1577-1586.
[12]诸立新,吴孝兵,晏鹏,等.从COⅠ和COⅡ基因部分序列研究中国翠凤蝶亚属(鳞翅目:凤蝶科)的分子系统关系[J].动物学报,2007,53(2):257-263.[ZHU Li-xin,WU Xiao-bing,YAN Peng,et al. Phylogeny of Princeps Butterflies From China:Evidences From Mitochondrial Partial COⅠand COⅡGene Sequences(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae)[J].Acta Zoologica Sinica,2007,53(2):257-263.]
[13]李晓明,倪永清,张建奇,等.甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区的蝶类(一)[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2000,35(4):382-387.[LI Xiao-ming,NI Yong-qing,ZHANG Jian-qi,et al. The Butterflies in Gansu Qilianshan National Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2000,35(4):382-387.]
[14]张如力,张如清,肖云峰.绢蝶在祁连山(北坡)寺大隆林牧区的垂直分布及物种多样性[J].草业科学,2005,22(9):9-13.[ZHANG Ru-li,ZHANG Ru-qin,XIAO Yun-feng. The Vertical Distribution and Biodiversity of Parnassius at Si-Da-Long Forest-Pastoral Areas in Qilianshan Mts.(Northern Slope)[J].Pratacultural Science,2005,22(9):9-13.]
[15]曾阳,陈振宁.青海祁连地区蝶类及其区系分析[J].黄冈师范学院学报,2000,20(6):49-52.[ZENG Yang,CHEN Zhen-ning. Fauna Analysis of Butterflies in Qilian Region,Qinghai Province[J]. Journal of Huanggang Normal University,2000,20(6):49-52.]
[16]陈振宁,曾阳.青海祁连地区不同生境类型蝶类多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2001,9(2):109-114.[CHEN Zhen-ning,ZENG Yang. The Butterfly Diversity of Different Habitat Types in Qilian,Qinghai Province[J].Biodiversity Science,2001,9(2):109-114.]
[17]翁锦泅,吕文龙,胡诗佳,等.广东古田自然保护区蝶类群落多样性[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(1):132-136.[WENG Jin-qiu,L¨üWen-long,HU Shi-jia,et al. Butterfly Species Diversity in Gutian Provincial Nature Reserve,Guangdong[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(1):132-136.]
[18]马方舟,徐海根,陈萌萌,等.全国蝴蝶多样性观测网络(China BON-Butterflies)建设进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(1):27-36.[MA Fang-zhou,XU Hai-gen,CHEN Meng-meng,et al. Progress in Construction of China Butterfly Diversity Observation Network(China BON-Butterflies)[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(1):27-36.]
[19]周尧.中国蝴蝶分类与鉴定[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1998:1-439.[ZHOU Yao. Classification and Identification of Chinese Butterflies[M]. Zhengzhou:Henan Science and Technological Publishing House,1998:1-439.]
[20]周尧.中国蝶类志(上卷、下卷)[M]. 2版.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2000:1-746.[ZHOU Yao. Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium(Roll UP and DOWN)[M]. 2nd ed. Zhengzhou:Henan Science and Technological Publishing House,2000:1-746.]
[21]武春生,徐堉峰.中国蝴蝶图鉴(全4册)[M].福州:海峡出版发行集团,2017:1-1440.[WU Chun-sheng,XU Yu-feng. Butterflies of China[M].Fuzhou:The Straits Publishing&Distribution Group,2017:1-1440.]
[22]陶治,张元明. 3种荒漠植物群落物种组成与丰富度的季节变化及地上生物量特征[J].草业学报,2011,20(6):1-11.[TAO Ye,ZHANG Yuan-ming. Seasonal Changes in Species Composition,Richness and the Aboveground Biomass of Three Community Types in Gurbantunggut Desert,Northwestern China[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(6):1-11.]
[23] RENWICK J.Nonpreference Mechanisms:Plant Characteristics Influencing Insect Behavior[M].New York,USA:Wiley-Interscience,1983:199-213.
[24]叶水送,方燕,李恺.城市化对昆虫多样性的影响[J].生物多样性,2013,21(3):260-268.[YE Shui-song,FANG Yan,LI Kai. Impacts of Urbanization Process on Insect Diversity[J].Biodiversity Science,2013,21(3):260-268.]
[25]刘艳梅,杨航宇.麦积山风景区不同生境类型蝶类的多样性[J].昆虫知识,2008,45(3):465-469.[LIU Yan-Mei,YANG Hang-yu. The Butterfly Diversity of Different Habitat Types in Maijishan of Gansu[J].Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,2008,45(3):465-469.]
[26]刘立伟,潘成椿,刘菊莲,等.九龙山国家级自然保护区蝶类资源与区系[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(12):3438-3442.[LIU Li-wei,PAN Cheng-chun,LIU Ju-lian,et al. Resources and Fauna of Butterflies in Jiulongshan Mountain National Nature Reserve[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(12):3438-3442.]
[27]蒲正宇,周德群,姚俊,等.中国蝶类生物多样性生存现状及其新的保护模式探索[J].生态经济,2011(11):148-151,165.[PU Zheng-yu,ZHOU De-qun,YAO Jun,et al. The Living Situation of Biodiversity Resource of China Butterfly and a New Conservation Mode Exploration[J]. Ecological Economy,2011(11):148-151,165.]
[28]黄德青,于兰,张耀生,等.祁连山北坡天然草地地上生物量及其与土壤水分关系的比较研究[J].草业学报,2011,20(3):20-27.[HUANG De-qing,YU Lan,ZHANG Yao-sheng,et al. Above-Ground Biomass and Its Relationship to Soil Moisture of Natural Grassland in the Northern Slopes of the Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(3):20-27.]
[2]晏华,袁兴中,刘文萍,等.城市化对蝴蝶多样性的影响:以重庆市为例[J].生物多样性,2006,14(3):216-222.[YAN Hua,YUAN Xing-zhong,LIU Wen-ping,et al. Butterfly Diversity Along a Gradient of Urbanization:Chongqing as a Case Study[J].Biodiversity Science,2006,14(3):216-222.]
[3] NOWICKI P,SETTELE J,HENRY P Y,et al. Butterfly Monitoring Methods:The Ideal and the Real World[J].Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution,2008,54(1):69-88.
[4] VAN SWAAY C A M,NOWICKI P,SETTELE J,et al. Butterfly Monitoring in Europe:Methods,Applications and Perspectives[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2008,17(14):3455-3469.
[5]于非,王晗,王绍坤,等.阿波罗绢蝶种群数量和垂直分布变化及其对气候变暖的响应[J].生态学报,2012,32(19):6203-6209.[YU Fei,WANG Han,WANG Shao-kun,et al. Response of Parnassiusapollo Population and Vertical Distribution to Climate Warming[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(19):6203-6209.]
[6]吴云鹤,顾成波,李文博,等.城市化对合肥蝶类多样性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(4):992-996.[WU Yun-he,GU Cheng-bo,LI Wen-bo,et al. The Influence of Urbanization on Butterfly Diversity in Hefei,Anhui Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(4):992-996.]
[7]梅杰,冉辉,杨天友,等.贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(2):504-509.[MEI Jie,RAN Hui,YANG Tian-you,et al. Species Diversity of Butterflies in Fanjing Mountain National Nature Reserve of Guizhou[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(2):504-509.]
[8]李志刚,曾焕忱,叶静文,等.东莞银瓶山自然保护区蝶类群落的多样性[J].生态学杂志,2012,31(9):2385-2390.[LI Zhi-gang,ZENG Huan-chen,YE Jing-wen,et al. Butterfly Diversity in Yinpingshan Nature Reserve of Dongguan,South China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2012,31(9):2385-2390.]
[9]高可,房丽君,尚素琴,等.陕西太白山南坡蝶类的多样性及区系特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(6):1559-1564.[GAO Ke,FANG Li-jun,SHANG Su-qin,et al. Butterfly Diversity and Faunal Characteristics on the South Slope of Taibai Mountain,Shaanxi Province of Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(6):1559-1564.]
[10]尚素琴,张红勇,田赋斌,等.甘肃省兴隆山国家级自然保护区蝶类区系组成与多样性[J].草业科学,2017,34(6):1314-1322.[SHANG Su-qin,ZHANG Hong-yong,TIAN Fu-bin,et al.Diversity of Butterfly Fauna in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve of Gansu Province[J]. Pratacultural Science,2017,34(6):1314-1322.]
[11] WAHLBERG N,BRABY M F,BROWER A V Z,et al. Synergistic Effects of Combining Morphological and Molecular Data in Resolving the Phylogeny of Butterflies and Skippers[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London,2005,272(1572):1577-1586.
[12]诸立新,吴孝兵,晏鹏,等.从COⅠ和COⅡ基因部分序列研究中国翠凤蝶亚属(鳞翅目:凤蝶科)的分子系统关系[J].动物学报,2007,53(2):257-263.[ZHU Li-xin,WU Xiao-bing,YAN Peng,et al. Phylogeny of Princeps Butterflies From China:Evidences From Mitochondrial Partial COⅠand COⅡGene Sequences(Lepidoptera:Papilionidae)[J].Acta Zoologica Sinica,2007,53(2):257-263.]
[13]李晓明,倪永清,张建奇,等.甘肃祁连山国家级自然保护区的蝶类(一)[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2000,35(4):382-387.[LI Xiao-ming,NI Yong-qing,ZHANG Jian-qi,et al. The Butterflies in Gansu Qilianshan National Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2000,35(4):382-387.]
[14]张如力,张如清,肖云峰.绢蝶在祁连山(北坡)寺大隆林牧区的垂直分布及物种多样性[J].草业科学,2005,22(9):9-13.[ZHANG Ru-li,ZHANG Ru-qin,XIAO Yun-feng. The Vertical Distribution and Biodiversity of Parnassius at Si-Da-Long Forest-Pastoral Areas in Qilianshan Mts.(Northern Slope)[J].Pratacultural Science,2005,22(9):9-13.]
[15]曾阳,陈振宁.青海祁连地区蝶类及其区系分析[J].黄冈师范学院学报,2000,20(6):49-52.[ZENG Yang,CHEN Zhen-ning. Fauna Analysis of Butterflies in Qilian Region,Qinghai Province[J]. Journal of Huanggang Normal University,2000,20(6):49-52.]
[16]陈振宁,曾阳.青海祁连地区不同生境类型蝶类多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2001,9(2):109-114.[CHEN Zhen-ning,ZENG Yang. The Butterfly Diversity of Different Habitat Types in Qilian,Qinghai Province[J].Biodiversity Science,2001,9(2):109-114.]
[17]翁锦泅,吕文龙,胡诗佳,等.广东古田自然保护区蝶类群落多样性[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(1):132-136.[WENG Jin-qiu,L¨üWen-long,HU Shi-jia,et al. Butterfly Species Diversity in Gutian Provincial Nature Reserve,Guangdong[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(1):132-136.]
[18]马方舟,徐海根,陈萌萌,等.全国蝴蝶多样性观测网络(China BON-Butterflies)建设进展[J].生态与农村环境学报,2018,34(1):27-36.[MA Fang-zhou,XU Hai-gen,CHEN Meng-meng,et al. Progress in Construction of China Butterfly Diversity Observation Network(China BON-Butterflies)[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2018,34(1):27-36.]
[19]周尧.中国蝴蝶分类与鉴定[M].郑州:河南科学技术出版社,1998:1-439.[ZHOU Yao. Classification and Identification of Chinese Butterflies[M]. Zhengzhou:Henan Science and Technological Publishing House,1998:1-439.]
[20]周尧.中国蝶类志(上卷、下卷)[M]. 2版.郑州:河南科学技术出版社,2000:1-746.[ZHOU Yao. Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium(Roll UP and DOWN)[M]. 2nd ed. Zhengzhou:Henan Science and Technological Publishing House,2000:1-746.]
[21]武春生,徐堉峰.中国蝴蝶图鉴(全4册)[M].福州:海峡出版发行集团,2017:1-1440.[WU Chun-sheng,XU Yu-feng. Butterflies of China[M].Fuzhou:The Straits Publishing&Distribution Group,2017:1-1440.]
[22]陶治,张元明. 3种荒漠植物群落物种组成与丰富度的季节变化及地上生物量特征[J].草业学报,2011,20(6):1-11.[TAO Ye,ZHANG Yuan-ming. Seasonal Changes in Species Composition,Richness and the Aboveground Biomass of Three Community Types in Gurbantunggut Desert,Northwestern China[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(6):1-11.]
[23] RENWICK J.Nonpreference Mechanisms:Plant Characteristics Influencing Insect Behavior[M].New York,USA:Wiley-Interscience,1983:199-213.
[24]叶水送,方燕,李恺.城市化对昆虫多样性的影响[J].生物多样性,2013,21(3):260-268.[YE Shui-song,FANG Yan,LI Kai. Impacts of Urbanization Process on Insect Diversity[J].Biodiversity Science,2013,21(3):260-268.]
[25]刘艳梅,杨航宇.麦积山风景区不同生境类型蝶类的多样性[J].昆虫知识,2008,45(3):465-469.[LIU Yan-Mei,YANG Hang-yu. The Butterfly Diversity of Different Habitat Types in Maijishan of Gansu[J].Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,2008,45(3):465-469.]
[26]刘立伟,潘成椿,刘菊莲,等.九龙山国家级自然保护区蝶类资源与区系[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(12):3438-3442.[LIU Li-wei,PAN Cheng-chun,LIU Ju-lian,et al. Resources and Fauna of Butterflies in Jiulongshan Mountain National Nature Reserve[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(12):3438-3442.]
[27]蒲正宇,周德群,姚俊,等.中国蝶类生物多样性生存现状及其新的保护模式探索[J].生态经济,2011(11):148-151,165.[PU Zheng-yu,ZHOU De-qun,YAO Jun,et al. The Living Situation of Biodiversity Resource of China Butterfly and a New Conservation Mode Exploration[J]. Ecological Economy,2011(11):148-151,165.]
[28]黄德青,于兰,张耀生,等.祁连山北坡天然草地地上生物量及其与土壤水分关系的比较研究[J].草业学报,2011,20(3):20-27.[HUANG De-qing,YU Lan,ZHANG Yao-sheng,et al. Above-Ground Biomass and Its Relationship to Soil Moisture of Natural Grassland in the Northern Slopes of the Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2011,20(3):20-27.]