基于IHA/RVA法的近年来鄱阳湖生态水位变异研究
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摘要
湖泊水位是影响其生态功能正常发挥的重要因素,开展湖泊水位变异特征研究是正确认识湖泊水资源系统变化的前提。基于鄱阳湖区5个水文站1960～2014年的日水位监测数据,研究分析了近年来鄱阳湖水位年际变化的异常特征,并借鉴IHA/RVA法,定量揭示了2000～2014年鄱阳湖生态水位变异程度及其空间差异。结果表明:鄱阳湖水位近年来下降明显,湖口、星子和都昌站年平均水位自2009年以来呈现高度一致的变化特征,水位差几乎消失;2000～2014年鄱阳湖生态水位发生中度改变,整体改变度为38.86%;各水文站改变程度由高到低依次为都昌站、星子站、湖口站、康山站和棠荫站;主要水位指标体系中6和11月平均水位、最小3日和30日平均水位、年最高水位出现时间、年高水位频率和年水位减少率等指标变异程度均达到50%以上。近年来鄱阳湖水位异常及其空间差异与人为采砂导致的湖盆地形变化密切相关,这种水位变异已对湖泊湿地生态系统产生了众多不利影响。
Lake water level is a significant factors which essentially affects normal ecological function of lake. Proceeding researches and investigations specifically on characteristics of lake ecological water level alteration is prerequisite and imperative for enhancing understanding and comprehending about how lake water resources system changes during decades periods. Based on daily water level from year 1960 to year 2014 which acquired from monitoring data of 5 hydrological stations distributed over the region of Poyang Lake from 1960 to 2014, this current study first analyzed characteristics of inter-annual variation of Poyang Lake water level in recent years. On this basis then the IHA/RVA method was applied in this research to quantitative degree of ecological water level alteration and its corresponding spatial from time period of 2000-2014. Result shows that water level of the Poyang Lake has declined and recessed evidently in recent years. Specifically the annual average water level of Hukou, Xingzi and Duchang stations shares highly consistent and conformant alteration tendency, without apparent water level changes since 2009, and water level variation among those three stations has almost vanished from graph. In general speculate ecological water level variation of Poyang Lake during 2000-2014 is comparatively moderate which amounts to 38.86%.Among those 5 hydrological stations, Duchang station enjoys the highest changing, followed by Xingzi, Hukou, Kangshan and Tangyin station descendingly. Furthermore the variability of 5 major hydrological indicators which includes monthly water level(June and November), minimum 3 days and 30 days average water level, time of highest annual water level, frequency of high water level as well as annual water level reduction rate are all amount to over 50%. It is revealed that water level anomaly of Poyang Lake and its spatial variability during recent years may closely related to lake bottom morphology and topography alteration caused by sand mining. From those above analyses it is certainly illustrated that the current hydrological variation and alteration of Poyang Lake has already caused multiple adverse effects.
Lake water level is a significant factors which essentially affects normal ecological function of lake. Proceeding researches and investigations specifically on characteristics of lake ecological water level alteration is prerequisite and imperative for enhancing understanding and comprehending about how lake water resources system changes during decades periods. Based on daily water level from year 1960 to year 2014 which acquired from monitoring data of 5 hydrological stations distributed over the region of Poyang Lake from 1960 to 2014, this current study first analyzed characteristics of inter-annual variation of Poyang Lake water level in recent years. On this basis then the IHA/RVA method was applied in this research to quantitative degree of ecological water level alteration and its corresponding spatial from time period of 2000-2014. Result shows that water level of the Poyang Lake has declined and recessed evidently in recent years. Specifically the annual average water level of Hukou, Xingzi and Duchang stations shares highly consistent and conformant alteration tendency, without apparent water level changes since 2009, and water level variation among those three stations has almost vanished from graph. In general speculate ecological water level variation of Poyang Lake during 2000-2014 is comparatively moderate which amounts to 38.86%.Among those 5 hydrological stations, Duchang station enjoys the highest changing, followed by Xingzi, Hukou, Kangshan and Tangyin station descendingly. Furthermore the variability of 5 major hydrological indicators which includes monthly water level(June and November), minimum 3 days and 30 days average water level, time of highest annual water level, frequency of high water level as well as annual water level reduction rate are all amount to over 50%. It is revealed that water level anomaly of Poyang Lake and its spatial variability during recent years may closely related to lake bottom morphology and topography alteration caused by sand mining. From those above analyses it is certainly illustrated that the current hydrological variation and alteration of Poyang Lake has already caused multiple adverse effects.
引文
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[11] WANTZEN KM,ROTHHAUPT KO,MORTL M et al.Ecological effects of water-level fluctuations in lakes:An urgent issue.Hydrobiologia,2008,613:1-4.
[12] YE X C,XU C Y,ZHANG Q.Quantifying the human induced water level decline of China’s largest freshwater lake from the changing underlying surface in the lake region[J].Water resources management,2017,32(4):1467-1482.
[13] 叶许春,张奇,刘健,等.鄱阳湖流域天然径流变化特征与水旱灾害[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(01):140-147.YE X C,ZHANG Q,LIU J,et al.Natural runoff change characteristics and flood /drought disasters in Poyang Lake catchment basin[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(1):140-147.
[14] 刘小东,任兵芳.鄱阳湖低枯水位变化特征与成因探讨[J].人民长江,2014,45(4):12-16.LIU X D,REN B F.Analysis on variation characteristics and genesis of lower water level of Poyang Lake[J].Yangtze River,2014,45(4):12-16.
[15] 戴雪,万荣荣,杨桂山,等.鄱阳湖水文节律变化及其与江湖水量交换的关系[J].地理科学,2014,34(12):1488-1496.DAI X,WAN R R,YANG G S,et al.Temporal variation of hydrological rhythm in Poyang Lake and the associated water exchange with the Changjiang River[J].Sciatica Geographica Sinica,2014,34(12):1488-1496.
[16] BRIAN D.RICHTER.How much water does a river need?[J].Freshwater Biology,1997,37(1):231-249.
[17] GUO H,HU Q,ZHANG Q,et al.Effects of the Three Gorges Dam Yangtze River flow and river interaction with Poyang Lake,China:2003-3008[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,46(2):19-27.
[18] YUAN Y,ZENG G,LIANG J,et al.Variation of water level in Dongting Lake over a 50-year period:Implications for the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic factors[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,525(10):450-456.
[19] 史常乐,唐立模,肖洋.鄱阳湖都昌水位站50年水位特征变化分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2016,27(02):45-50.SHI C L,TANG L M,XIAO Y.Analysis of character variation of water level at Duchang station of Poyang Lake for 50 years[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2016,27(2):45-50.
[20] LIU Y B,WU G P,ZHAO X S.Recent declines in china’s largest freshwater lake:Trend or regime shift?[J].Environmental Research Letters,2013,8(2013):014010.
[21] 李景保,周永强,欧朝敏,等.洞庭湖与长江水体交换能力演变及对三峡水库运行的响应[J].地理学报,2013,68(1):108-117.LI J B,ZHOU Y Q,OU C M,et al.Evolution of water exchange ability between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River and its response to the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):108-117.
[22] LAI X ,SHANKMAN D,HUBER C,et al.Sand mining and increasing Poyang Lake’s discharge ability:A reassessment of causes for lake decline in China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:1698-1706.
[23] 崔保山,赵翔,杨志峰.基于生态水文学原理的湖泊最小生态需水量计算[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1788-1795.CUI B S,ZHAO X,YANG Z P.Eco-hydrology-based calculation of minimum ecological water requirement for lakes[J].Acta Ecological sinica,2005,25(7):1788-1795.
[24] 李新虎,宋郁东,张奋东,等.博斯腾湖最低生态水位计算[J].湖泊科学,2007,19(2):177-181.LI X H,SONG Y D,ZHANG F D,et al.The calculation of the lowest ecological water level of Lake Bosten[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2007,19(2):177-181.
[25] HAN X,CHEN X,FENG L.Four decades of winter wetland changes in Poyang Lake based on landsat observations between 1973 and 2013[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2015,156:426-437.
[26] 胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林.鄱阳湖湿地植被退化原因分析及其预警[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(3):318-386.HU Z P,GE G,LIU C L.Cause analysis and early warning for wetland vegetation degradation in Poyang Lake[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(3):318-386.
[27] 余莉,何隆华,张奇,等.三峡工程蓄水运行对鄱阳湖典型湿地植被的影响[J].地理研究,2011,30(1):134-144.YU L ,HE L H,ZHANG Q,et al.Effects of the Three Gorges Project on the typical wetland vegetations of Poyang Lake[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(1):134-144.
[2] FENG L,HU C,CHEN X,et al.Dramatic inundation changes of china’s two largest freshwater lakes linked to the Three Gorges Dem[J].Environmental science & technology,2013,47(17):9628-9634.
[3] LIU Y,WU G.Hydro-climatological influences on recently increased droughts in china largest freshwater lake[J].Hydrology and Earth System Science,2016,20(1):93-107.
[4] SUN Z,HUANG Q,et al.Impacts and implications of major changes caused by the Three Gorges Dem in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,china[J].Water Resources Management,2012,26(12):3367-3378.
[5] 张范平,方少文,周祖昊,等.鄱阳湖水位多时间尺度动态变化特性分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(01):126-133.ZHANG F P,FANG S W,ZHOU Z H,et al.Research on multi-time-scale dynamic characteristics of water-level fluctuation of the Poyang Lake in China[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2017,26(01):126-133.
[6] BRIAN D RICHTER,JEFFREY V.BAUMGARTNER.A spatial assessment of hydrologic alteration within a river network[J].Regulated Rivers-Research & Management,1996,14(4):329-340.
[7] 张洪波,王义民,黄强,等.基于RVA的水库工程对河流水文条件的影响评价[J].西安理工大学学报,2008(03):262-267.ZHANG H B,WANG Y M,HUANG Q,et al.Effects of reservoir engineering based on RVA upon river flow regime[J].Journal of Xi’an University of technology,2008(03):262-267.
[8] SHIEH C L,GUH Y R,WANG S Q.The application of range of variability approach to the assessment of a check dam on riverine habitat alteration[J].Environmental Geology,2007,52(3):427-435.
[9] 刘成林,谭胤静,林联盛,等.鄱阳湖水位变化对候鸟栖息地的影响[J].湖泊科学,2010,23(1):129-135.LIU C L,TAN Y J,LIN L S,et al.The wetland water level process and habitat of migratory birds in Lake Poyang[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2010,23(1):129-135.
[10] 淦峰,唐琳,郭怀成,等.湖泊生态水位计算新方法与应用[J].湖泊科学,2015,27(5):783-790.GAN F,TANG L,GUO H C,et al.New method and application of estimating ecological water level of the Lake Poyang[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2015,27(5):783-790.
[11] WANTZEN KM,ROTHHAUPT KO,MORTL M et al.Ecological effects of water-level fluctuations in lakes:An urgent issue.Hydrobiologia,2008,613:1-4.
[12] YE X C,XU C Y,ZHANG Q.Quantifying the human induced water level decline of China’s largest freshwater lake from the changing underlying surface in the lake region[J].Water resources management,2017,32(4):1467-1482.
[13] 叶许春,张奇,刘健,等.鄱阳湖流域天然径流变化特征与水旱灾害[J].自然灾害学报,2012,21(01):140-147.YE X C,ZHANG Q,LIU J,et al.Natural runoff change characteristics and flood /drought disasters in Poyang Lake catchment basin[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2012,21(1):140-147.
[14] 刘小东,任兵芳.鄱阳湖低枯水位变化特征与成因探讨[J].人民长江,2014,45(4):12-16.LIU X D,REN B F.Analysis on variation characteristics and genesis of lower water level of Poyang Lake[J].Yangtze River,2014,45(4):12-16.
[15] 戴雪,万荣荣,杨桂山,等.鄱阳湖水文节律变化及其与江湖水量交换的关系[J].地理科学,2014,34(12):1488-1496.DAI X,WAN R R,YANG G S,et al.Temporal variation of hydrological rhythm in Poyang Lake and the associated water exchange with the Changjiang River[J].Sciatica Geographica Sinica,2014,34(12):1488-1496.
[16] BRIAN D.RICHTER.How much water does a river need?[J].Freshwater Biology,1997,37(1):231-249.
[17] GUO H,HU Q,ZHANG Q,et al.Effects of the Three Gorges Dam Yangtze River flow and river interaction with Poyang Lake,China:2003-3008[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,46(2):19-27.
[18] YUAN Y,ZENG G,LIANG J,et al.Variation of water level in Dongting Lake over a 50-year period:Implications for the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic factors[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,525(10):450-456.
[19] 史常乐,唐立模,肖洋.鄱阳湖都昌水位站50年水位特征变化分析[J].水资源与水工程学报,2016,27(02):45-50.SHI C L,TANG L M,XIAO Y.Analysis of character variation of water level at Duchang station of Poyang Lake for 50 years[J].Journal of Water Resources & Water Engineering,2016,27(2):45-50.
[20] LIU Y B,WU G P,ZHAO X S.Recent declines in china’s largest freshwater lake:Trend or regime shift?[J].Environmental Research Letters,2013,8(2013):014010.
[21] 李景保,周永强,欧朝敏,等.洞庭湖与长江水体交换能力演变及对三峡水库运行的响应[J].地理学报,2013,68(1):108-117.LI J B,ZHOU Y Q,OU C M,et al.Evolution of water exchange ability between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River and its response to the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):108-117.
[22] LAI X ,SHANKMAN D,HUBER C,et al.Sand mining and increasing Poyang Lake’s discharge ability:A reassessment of causes for lake decline in China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,519:1698-1706.
[23] 崔保山,赵翔,杨志峰.基于生态水文学原理的湖泊最小生态需水量计算[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1788-1795.CUI B S,ZHAO X,YANG Z P.Eco-hydrology-based calculation of minimum ecological water requirement for lakes[J].Acta Ecological sinica,2005,25(7):1788-1795.
[24] 李新虎,宋郁东,张奋东,等.博斯腾湖最低生态水位计算[J].湖泊科学,2007,19(2):177-181.LI X H,SONG Y D,ZHANG F D,et al.The calculation of the lowest ecological water level of Lake Bosten[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2007,19(2):177-181.
[25] HAN X,CHEN X,FENG L.Four decades of winter wetland changes in Poyang Lake based on landsat observations between 1973 and 2013[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2015,156:426-437.
[26] 胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林.鄱阳湖湿地植被退化原因分析及其预警[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(3):318-386.HU Z P,GE G,LIU C L.Cause analysis and early warning for wetland vegetation degradation in Poyang Lake[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(3):318-386.
[27] 余莉,何隆华,张奇,等.三峡工程蓄水运行对鄱阳湖典型湿地植被的影响[J].地理研究,2011,30(1):134-144.YU L ,HE L H,ZHANG Q,et al.Effects of the Three Gorges Project on the typical wetland vegetations of Poyang Lake[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(1):134-144.