城市街旁绿地的生物多样性支持功能及其环境影响——以上海世纪大道街旁绿地鸟类研究为例
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摘要
街旁绿地的休闲、美化功能及其环境设计已有大量的讨论,而生态功能尤其是生物多样性支持功能却常常被忽略。通过上海浦东世纪大道沿线街旁绿地的鸟类多样性实测调查与统计,对街旁绿地与其他对照组绿地的鸟种数量、密度和多样性进行比较,分析街旁绿地与周边绿地的鸟类物种丰富度与相似性,探讨对鸟类等物种多样性有支持功能的环境影响要素。研究结果表明:1)街旁绿地作为一种面积有限的微型绿地,可以成为鸟类等城市野生动物的庇护所和中转站,在城市绿地系统布局中应该重视该类"边角料"用地的生物多样性支持功能;2)干扰边界比例和首层乔木退界率对街旁绿地的鸟类物种多样性具有一定的影响,尽可能降低周边人工环境对生物的干扰是提升街旁绿地生物多样性的主要路径。研究为街旁绿地的生态功能及其环境影响提供了新的研究视角,研究结论可为设计、建设和管理城市生物友好型街旁绿地提供科学依据和方法,也为进一步探讨街旁绿地在高密度城市生态绿网中的生物"踏脚石"作用机制奠定基础。
There have been a lot of discussions on the leisure and beautification functions and environmental designs of urban roadside green spaces, but their ecological functions, especially the biodiversity supporting services, are often overlooked. This paper analyzes the richness and similarity of bird species in roadside and surrounding green spaces, to explore the built environment influencing factors that can support the diversity of bird species, by surveys in roadside green spaces along the Century Avenue in Pudong New District, Shanghai, and comparing the numbers,density and diversity of bird species between roadside green spaces and the surrounding green spaces. The results show that 1) As small scale green patches, the roadside green spaces can act as shelters and transit stations for birds and other urban wildlife. So in the layout of urban green space system, we should pay attention to the biodiversity supporting services of such "leftover" spaces. 2) Disturbance/interaction edge ratio and setback rate of the first row of trees can have certain influence on the avian diversity of the roadside green spaces, thus minimizing the disturbance of surrounding artificial environment to the wildlife is the main way to enhance the biodiversity of the roadside green spaces. The paper provides a new perspective for the studies of the ecological functions of urban roadside green spaces and the built environment influences on them. The findings can provide scientific basis and methods for the design, construction and management of urban bio-friendly roadside green spaces. They also lay a solid foundation for further exploration of the biological "stepping stone" function mechanism of roadside green spaces in the high density urban ecological green network.
There have been a lot of discussions on the leisure and beautification functions and environmental designs of urban roadside green spaces, but their ecological functions, especially the biodiversity supporting services, are often overlooked. This paper analyzes the richness and similarity of bird species in roadside and surrounding green spaces, to explore the built environment influencing factors that can support the diversity of bird species, by surveys in roadside green spaces along the Century Avenue in Pudong New District, Shanghai, and comparing the numbers,density and diversity of bird species between roadside green spaces and the surrounding green spaces. The results show that 1) As small scale green patches, the roadside green spaces can act as shelters and transit stations for birds and other urban wildlife. So in the layout of urban green space system, we should pay attention to the biodiversity supporting services of such "leftover" spaces. 2) Disturbance/interaction edge ratio and setback rate of the first row of trees can have certain influence on the avian diversity of the roadside green spaces, thus minimizing the disturbance of surrounding artificial environment to the wildlife is the main way to enhance the biodiversity of the roadside green spaces. The paper provides a new perspective for the studies of the ecological functions of urban roadside green spaces and the built environment influences on them. The findings can provide scientific basis and methods for the design, construction and management of urban bio-friendly roadside green spaces. They also lay a solid foundation for further exploration of the biological "stepping stone" function mechanism of roadside green spaces in the high density urban ecological green network.
引文
[1]刘斯萌.城市街旁绿地设计研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[2]丁峰.街旁绿地规划设计研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[3]曾伟.浅析城市街旁绿地细部的“人性化”设计[D].北京:北京林业大学,2004.
[4]李文,金洋.城市街旁绿地设计探讨[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(21):10268-10270,10287.
[5]许浩.对日本近代城市公园绿地历史发展的探讨[J].中国园林,2002,18(3):62-65.
[6]张文英.口袋公园:躲避城市喧嚣的绿洲[J].中国园林,2007,23(4):47-53.
[7]PESCHARDT K K,SCHIPPERIJN J,STIGSDOTTERKU.Use of Small Public Urban Green Spaces[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2012,11(3):235-244.
[8]刘骏,蒲蔚然.城市街旁绿地规划设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2013.
[9]NORDH H,?STBY K.Pocket Parks for People:AStudy of Park Design and Use[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2013,12(1):12-17.
[10]PESCHARDT K K,STIGSDOTTER K U.Associations between Park Characteristics and Perceived Restorativeness of Small Public Urban Green Spaces[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,112(112):26-39.
[11]李铮生.城市园林绿地规划与设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[12]KONG F,YIN H,NAKAGOSHI N,ZONG Y.Urban Green Space Network Development for Biodiversity Conservation:Identification based on Graph Theory and Gravity Modeling[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2010,95(1):16-27.
[13]JONGMAN R H G.Ecological Networks from Concept to Implementation[M]//HONG S K,Nakagoshi N,FU B J,Morimoto Y.Landscape Ecological Applications in ManInfluenced Areas:Linking Man and Nature Systems.Dordrecht:Springer Science+Business Media B.V.,2008:57-69.
[14]BAUM A K,HAYNES J K,DILLEMUTH P F.The Matrix Enhances the Effectiveness of Corridors and Steppingstones[J].Ecology,2004,85(10):2671-2676.
[15]孔繁花,尹海伟.济南城市绿地生态网络构建[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1711-1719.
[16]李雅琦.广州市白云区绿地生态网络的构建[D].广州:仲恺农业工程学院,2016.
[17]董卉卉.绿地景观格局优化及崇明实证研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2010.
[18]CARBó-RAMíREZ P.,Zuria I.The Value of Small urban Greenspaces for Birds in a Mexican City[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2011,100(3):213-222.
[19]STROHBACH M W,LERMAN S B,WARREN P S,Are Small Greening Areas Enhancing Bird Diversity?Insights from Community-driven Greening Projects in Boston[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,114(114):69-79.
[20]Department for Communities and Local Government.Pocket parks:Support for Small Areas of Inviting Public Space Where People Can Enjoy Relief from the Hustle and Bustle of City Street[M/OL].(2015-12-01)[2018-01-02]https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pocket-parkssupport-for-communities-to-manage-small-green-spaces.
[21]干靓,郭光普.基于生态位需求的高密度城区鸟类微生境选择研究:以上海市浦东新区世纪大道地区为例[J].风景园林,2017(11):86-92.
[22]郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[23]干靓,郭光普.上海高密度城区不同用地的鸟类群落结构研究[J].中国城市林业,2017,15(2):18-23.
[24]SAARINEN K,VALTONEN A,JANTUNEN J,et al.Butterflies and Diurnal Moths along Road Verges:does Road Type Affect Diversity and Abundance?[J].Biological Conservation,2005,123(3):403-412.
[25]PECAREVIC M,DANOFF-BURG J,DUNN R R.Biodiversity on Broadway-enigimatic Diversity of the Societies of ants(Formicidae)on the Streets of New York City[J].Plos One,2012,5(10):e1000938-e1000938.
[26]干靓.城市建成环境对生物多样性的影响要素与优化路径[J].国际城市规划,2018(4):67-73
[27]LEONARD R J,MCARTHUR C,HOCHULI D F.Habitat Complexity does not Affect Arthropod Community Composition in Roadside Greenspaces[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2018(30):108-114.
[28]O’SULLIVAN O S,HOLT A R,WARREN P H,et al.Optimising UK Urban Road Verge Contributions to Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services with Cost-effective Management[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017(191):162-171.
[29]NOORDIJK J,DELILLE K,SCHAFFERS A P,et al.Optimizing Grassland Management for Flower-visiting Insects in Roadside Verges[J].Biological Conservation,2009,142(10):2097-2103.
(1)综合公园、生产绿地和湿地只有一个样点的数据,故未参与显著性检验,后同。
(2)因篇幅有限,未附鸟类调查统计表,如有需要,可联系作者邮箱:jinggan@tongji.edu.cn。
(3)本文图片均为作者自绘,表格均为作者根据调研数据自制。
[2]丁峰.街旁绿地规划设计研究[D].上海:同济大学,2007.
[3]曾伟.浅析城市街旁绿地细部的“人性化”设计[D].北京:北京林业大学,2004.
[4]李文,金洋.城市街旁绿地设计探讨[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(21):10268-10270,10287.
[5]许浩.对日本近代城市公园绿地历史发展的探讨[J].中国园林,2002,18(3):62-65.
[6]张文英.口袋公园:躲避城市喧嚣的绿洲[J].中国园林,2007,23(4):47-53.
[7]PESCHARDT K K,SCHIPPERIJN J,STIGSDOTTERKU.Use of Small Public Urban Green Spaces[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2012,11(3):235-244.
[8]刘骏,蒲蔚然.城市街旁绿地规划设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2013.
[9]NORDH H,?STBY K.Pocket Parks for People:AStudy of Park Design and Use[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2013,12(1):12-17.
[10]PESCHARDT K K,STIGSDOTTER K U.Associations between Park Characteristics and Perceived Restorativeness of Small Public Urban Green Spaces[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,112(112):26-39.
[11]李铮生.城市园林绿地规划与设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.
[12]KONG F,YIN H,NAKAGOSHI N,ZONG Y.Urban Green Space Network Development for Biodiversity Conservation:Identification based on Graph Theory and Gravity Modeling[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2010,95(1):16-27.
[13]JONGMAN R H G.Ecological Networks from Concept to Implementation[M]//HONG S K,Nakagoshi N,FU B J,Morimoto Y.Landscape Ecological Applications in ManInfluenced Areas:Linking Man and Nature Systems.Dordrecht:Springer Science+Business Media B.V.,2008:57-69.
[14]BAUM A K,HAYNES J K,DILLEMUTH P F.The Matrix Enhances the Effectiveness of Corridors and Steppingstones[J].Ecology,2004,85(10):2671-2676.
[15]孔繁花,尹海伟.济南城市绿地生态网络构建[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1711-1719.
[16]李雅琦.广州市白云区绿地生态网络的构建[D].广州:仲恺农业工程学院,2016.
[17]董卉卉.绿地景观格局优化及崇明实证研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2010.
[18]CARBó-RAMíREZ P.,Zuria I.The Value of Small urban Greenspaces for Birds in a Mexican City[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2011,100(3):213-222.
[19]STROHBACH M W,LERMAN S B,WARREN P S,Are Small Greening Areas Enhancing Bird Diversity?Insights from Community-driven Greening Projects in Boston[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2013,114(114):69-79.
[20]Department for Communities and Local Government.Pocket parks:Support for Small Areas of Inviting Public Space Where People Can Enjoy Relief from the Hustle and Bustle of City Street[M/OL].(2015-12-01)[2018-01-02]https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pocket-parkssupport-for-communities-to-manage-small-green-spaces.
[21]干靓,郭光普.基于生态位需求的高密度城区鸟类微生境选择研究:以上海市浦东新区世纪大道地区为例[J].风景园林,2017(11):86-92.
[22]郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录(第三版)[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[23]干靓,郭光普.上海高密度城区不同用地的鸟类群落结构研究[J].中国城市林业,2017,15(2):18-23.
[24]SAARINEN K,VALTONEN A,JANTUNEN J,et al.Butterflies and Diurnal Moths along Road Verges:does Road Type Affect Diversity and Abundance?[J].Biological Conservation,2005,123(3):403-412.
[25]PECAREVIC M,DANOFF-BURG J,DUNN R R.Biodiversity on Broadway-enigimatic Diversity of the Societies of ants(Formicidae)on the Streets of New York City[J].Plos One,2012,5(10):e1000938-e1000938.
[26]干靓.城市建成环境对生物多样性的影响要素与优化路径[J].国际城市规划,2018(4):67-73
[27]LEONARD R J,MCARTHUR C,HOCHULI D F.Habitat Complexity does not Affect Arthropod Community Composition in Roadside Greenspaces[J].Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2018(30):108-114.
[28]O’SULLIVAN O S,HOLT A R,WARREN P H,et al.Optimising UK Urban Road Verge Contributions to Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services with Cost-effective Management[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2017(191):162-171.
[29]NOORDIJK J,DELILLE K,SCHAFFERS A P,et al.Optimizing Grassland Management for Flower-visiting Insects in Roadside Verges[J].Biological Conservation,2009,142(10):2097-2103.
(1)综合公园、生产绿地和湿地只有一个样点的数据,故未参与显著性检验,后同。
(2)因篇幅有限,未附鸟类调查统计表,如有需要,可联系作者邮箱:jinggan@tongji.edu.cn。
(3)本文图片均为作者自绘,表格均为作者根据调研数据自制。