Translocation of Otostegia bucharica, a highly threatened narrowly distributed relict shrub
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摘要
Translocation is a recognized means of rescuing imperiled species but the evidence for the long-term success of translocations is limited. We report the successful translocation of reproductive individuals of a critically endangered shrub Otostegia bucharica from a site facing imminent habitat destruction into a nearby natural population of the species. The relocated plants were visited the year after planting and 13 years later to assess short-and long-term plant survival. Significant percentage of plants that survived transplanting shock and very dry spring following transplanting(around 36%), and further decrease of this number in the next 12 years by only 14%, indicated that O. bucharica is amenable to translocation using reproductive plants. Based on results of species distribution modeling, and failed attempts of ex situ cultivation, we propose introduction of this species into areas with suitable climatic and soil conditions.However, because there is currently no nature reserve in Uzbekistan having suitable conditions for the species under the present climate and that expected in the near future, and because all known habitats of O. bucharica are exposed to the very strong anthropogenic pressure, establishment of a new protected area, awareness building and involvement of local community in conservation activities are required to prevent extinction of this extremely rare species.
Translocation is a recognized means of rescuing imperiled species but the evidence for the long-term success of translocations is limited. We report the successful translocation of reproductive individuals of a critically endangered shrub Otostegia bucharica from a site facing imminent habitat destruction into a nearby natural population of the species. The relocated plants were visited the year after planting and 13 years later to assess short-and long-term plant survival. Significant percentage of plants that survived transplanting shock and very dry spring following transplanting(around 36%), and further decrease of this number in the next 12 years by only 14%, indicated that O. bucharica is amenable to translocation using reproductive plants. Based on results of species distribution modeling, and failed attempts of ex situ cultivation, we propose introduction of this species into areas with suitable climatic and soil conditions.However, because there is currently no nature reserve in Uzbekistan having suitable conditions for the species under the present climate and that expected in the near future, and because all known habitats of O. bucharica are exposed to the very strong anthropogenic pressure, establishment of a new protected area, awareness building and involvement of local community in conservation activities are required to prevent extinction of this extremely rare species.
Translocation is a recognized means of rescuing imperiled species but the evidence for the long-term success of translocations is limited. We report the successful translocation of reproductive individuals of a critically endangered shrub Otostegia bucharica from a site facing imminent habitat destruction into a nearby natural population of the species. The relocated plants were visited the year after planting and 13 years later to assess short-and long-term plant survival. Significant percentage of plants that survived transplanting shock and very dry spring following transplanting(around 36%), and further decrease of this number in the next 12 years by only 14%, indicated that O. bucharica is amenable to translocation using reproductive plants. Based on results of species distribution modeling, and failed attempts of ex situ cultivation, we propose introduction of this species into areas with suitable climatic and soil conditions.However, because there is currently no nature reserve in Uzbekistan having suitable conditions for the species under the present climate and that expected in the near future, and because all known habitats of O. bucharica are exposed to the very strong anthropogenic pressure, establishment of a new protected area, awareness building and involvement of local community in conservation activities are required to prevent extinction of this extremely rare species.
引文
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Bottin,L.,et al.,2007.Re-establishment trials in endangered plants:a review and the example of Arenaria grandiflora,a species on the brink of extinction in the Parisian region(France).Ecoscience 14,410e419.
Dalrymple,S.E.,et al.,2012.A meta-analysis of threatened plant reintroductions from across the globe.In:Maschinski,J.,Haskins,E.H.(Eds.),Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate:Promises and Perils.Island Press,Washington,D.C.,pp.31e50
Drayton,B.,Primack,R.B.,2012.Success rates for reintroductions of eight perennial plant species after 15 years.Restor.Ecol.20,299e303.
Fischer,G.,et al.,2008.Global Agro-Ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture(GAEZ 2008).IIASA,Laxenburg,Austria and FAO,Rome,Italy.
Godefroid,S.,et al.,2011.How successful are plant species reintroductions?Biol.Conserv.144,672e682.
Hijmans,R.J.,et al.,2005.Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.Int.J.Climatol.25,1965e1978.
Hoekstra,J.M.,Clark,J.A.,Fagan,W.F.,Boersma,P.D.,2002.A comprehensive review of Endangered Species Act recovery plans.Ecol.Appl.12,630e640.
Holl,K.D.,Hayes,G.F.,2006.Challenges to introducing and managing disturbance regimes for Holocarpha macradenia,an endangered annual grassland forb.Conserv.Biol.20,1121e1131.
IUCN/SSC,2013.Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations.Version 1.0.IUCN Species Survival Commission,Gland,Switzerland.
Maunder,M.,1992.Plant reintroduction-an overview.Biodivers.Conserv.1,51e61.
Menges,E.S.,et al.,2016.Adaptive introductions:how multiple experiments and comparisons to wild populations provide insights into requirements for longterm introduction success of an endangered shrub.Plant Diversity 38,238e246.
Monks,L.,et al.,2012.Determining Success Criteria for Reintroductions of Threatened Long-Lived Plants,Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate.Island Press/Center for Resource Economics,pp.189e208.
Morgan,J.W.,1999.Have tubestock plantings successfully established populations of rare grassland species into reintroduction sites in western Victoria?Biol.Conserv.89,235e243.
Moss,R.,et al.,2008.Towards New Scenarios for the Analysis of Emissions:Climate Change,Impacts and Response Strategies.Towards New Scenarios for Analysis of Emissions,Climate Change,Impacts,and Response Strategies.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,Geneva.
Phillips,S.J.,et al.,2006.Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions.Ecol.Model.190,231e259.
Phillips,S.J.,Dudik,M.,2008.Modeling of species distributions with Maxent:new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation.Ecography 31,161e175.
Seddon,P.J.,et al.,2007.Developing the science of reintroduction biology.Conserv.Biol.21,303e312.
Tojibaev,K.S.,2009a.Monitoring of the relic endemics of Uzbekistan's flora.Czech J.Genet.Plant Breed.(CJGPB)46,S45e S46.
Tojibaev,K.S.,2009b.Otostegia bucharica B.Fedtsch..In:The Red Data Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan.Chinor ENK,Tashkent,pp.276e277.
Tulaganova,M.,1987.Otostegia Benth..In:Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae,vol.9.Fan Publishers,Tashkent,pp.132e133.
Bottin,L.,et al.,2007.Re-establishment trials in endangered plants:a review and the example of Arenaria grandiflora,a species on the brink of extinction in the Parisian region(France).Ecoscience 14,410e419.
Dalrymple,S.E.,et al.,2012.A meta-analysis of threatened plant reintroductions from across the globe.In:Maschinski,J.,Haskins,E.H.(Eds.),Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate:Promises and Perils.Island Press,Washington,D.C.,pp.31e50
Drayton,B.,Primack,R.B.,2012.Success rates for reintroductions of eight perennial plant species after 15 years.Restor.Ecol.20,299e303.
Fischer,G.,et al.,2008.Global Agro-Ecological Zones Assessment for Agriculture(GAEZ 2008).IIASA,Laxenburg,Austria and FAO,Rome,Italy.
Godefroid,S.,et al.,2011.How successful are plant species reintroductions?Biol.Conserv.144,672e682.
Hijmans,R.J.,et al.,2005.Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.Int.J.Climatol.25,1965e1978.
Hoekstra,J.M.,Clark,J.A.,Fagan,W.F.,Boersma,P.D.,2002.A comprehensive review of Endangered Species Act recovery plans.Ecol.Appl.12,630e640.
Holl,K.D.,Hayes,G.F.,2006.Challenges to introducing and managing disturbance regimes for Holocarpha macradenia,an endangered annual grassland forb.Conserv.Biol.20,1121e1131.
IUCN/SSC,2013.Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations.Version 1.0.IUCN Species Survival Commission,Gland,Switzerland.
Maunder,M.,1992.Plant reintroduction-an overview.Biodivers.Conserv.1,51e61.
Menges,E.S.,et al.,2016.Adaptive introductions:how multiple experiments and comparisons to wild populations provide insights into requirements for longterm introduction success of an endangered shrub.Plant Diversity 38,238e246.
Monks,L.,et al.,2012.Determining Success Criteria for Reintroductions of Threatened Long-Lived Plants,Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate.Island Press/Center for Resource Economics,pp.189e208.
Morgan,J.W.,1999.Have tubestock plantings successfully established populations of rare grassland species into reintroduction sites in western Victoria?Biol.Conserv.89,235e243.
Moss,R.,et al.,2008.Towards New Scenarios for the Analysis of Emissions:Climate Change,Impacts and Response Strategies.Towards New Scenarios for Analysis of Emissions,Climate Change,Impacts,and Response Strategies.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,Geneva.
Phillips,S.J.,et al.,2006.Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions.Ecol.Model.190,231e259.
Phillips,S.J.,Dudik,M.,2008.Modeling of species distributions with Maxent:new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation.Ecography 31,161e175.
Seddon,P.J.,et al.,2007.Developing the science of reintroduction biology.Conserv.Biol.21,303e312.
Tojibaev,K.S.,2009a.Monitoring of the relic endemics of Uzbekistan's flora.Czech J.Genet.Plant Breed.(CJGPB)46,S45e S46.
Tojibaev,K.S.,2009b.Otostegia bucharica B.Fedtsch..In:The Red Data Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan.Chinor ENK,Tashkent,pp.276e277.
Tulaganova,M.,1987.Otostegia Benth..In:Conspectus Florae Asiae Mediae,vol.9.Fan Publishers,Tashkent,pp.132e133.